메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 1-2, 2004, Pages 101-121

The transition from the Neolithic to the Copper Age: Excavations at Vésztő-Bikeri, Hungary, 2000-2002

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84866879980     PISSN: 00934690     EISSN: 20424582     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/jfa.2004.29.1-2.101     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (33)

References (81)
  • 7
    • 0027737903 scopus 로고
    • Animal Traction and Household Economies in Neolithic Europe
    • Bogucki, Peter 1993 "Animal Traction and Household Economies in Neolithic Europe," Antiquity 67: 492-503.
    • (1993) Antiquity , vol.67 , pp. 492-503
    • Bogucki, P.1
  • 8
    • 84866866849 scopus 로고
    • Battonya-Gödrösök Neolithikus Gerinces Faunája
    • Gy. Goldman, ed., Békéscsaba, Hungary: Békés Megyei Múzeum
    • Bökönyi, Sándor 1984 "Battonya- Gödrösök Neolithikus Gerinces Faunája," in Gy. Goldman, ed., Battonya-Gödrösök) Eine Neolithische Siedlung in Siidost-Ungarn. Békéscsaba, Hungary: Békés Megyei Múzeum,151-169.
    • (1984) Battonya-Gödrösök Eine Neolithische Siedlung in Siidost-Ungarn , pp. 151-169
    • Bökönyi, S.1
  • 9
    • 5844297953 scopus 로고
    • Environmental and Cultural Effects on the Faunal Assemblages of Four Large Fourth Millennium B.C. Sites
    • 1986 "Environmental and Cultural Effects on the Faunal Assemblages of Four Large Fourth Millennium B.C. Sites," A Bléri Balough Adam Muzeum Evkonyve 13: 69-88.
    • (1986) A Bléri Balough Adam Muzeum Evkonyve , vol.13 , pp. 69-88
    • Bökönyi, S.1
  • 11
    • 32644452184 scopus 로고
    • Social Power in the Early Farming Communities of Eastern Hungary- Perspectives from the Upper Tisza Region
    • Chapman, John 1994 "Social Power in the Early Farming Communities of Eastern Hungary- Perspectives from the Upper Tisza Region," A Jósa András Muzeum Évkönyve 36: 79-100.
    • (1994) A Jósa András Muzeum Évkönyve , vol.36 , pp. 79-100
    • Chapman, J.1
  • 12
    • 79956923518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ch,anging Gender Relations in the Later Prehistory of Eastern Hungary
    • J. Moore and E. Scott, eds., London: Leicester University Press
    • 1997 "Ch,anging Gender Relations in the Later Prehistory of Eastern Hungary," in J. Moore and E. Scott, eds., Invisible People and Processes: Writing Gender and Childhood into European Archaeology. London: Leicester University Press, 131-149.
    • (1997) Invisible People and Processes: Writing Gender and Childhood into European Archaeology , pp. 131-149
    • Chapman, J.1
  • 15
    • 0007015863 scopus 로고
    • Review of Aegean Prehistory I: The Islands of the Aegean
    • Davis, Jack L. 1992 "Review of Aegean Prehistory I: The Islands of the Aegean," American Journal of Archaeology 96: 699-756.
    • (1992) American Journal of Archaeology , vol.96 , pp. 699-756
    • Davis, J.L.1
  • 17
    • 0031404166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age and Gender at the Site of Tiszapolgar-Basatanya, Hungary
    • Derevenski, Joanna Sofaer 1997 "Age and Gender at the Site of Tiszapolgar-Basatanya, Hungary," Antiquity 71: 875-89.
    • (1997) Antiquity , vol.71 , pp. 875-889
    • Derevenski, J.S.1
  • 18
    • 5844310852 scopus 로고
    • Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms
    • Diamant, S. R. 1974 The Later Village Farming Stage in Southern Greece. Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
    • (1974) The Later Village Farming Stage in Southern Greece
    • Diamant, S.R.1
  • 21
    • 84866866852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A General Survey of the Animal Husbandry in the Tell of Parta by Compareing (sic) with the Vinca Communities in the Danube Valley
    • F. Draşovean, ed., Timişoara: The Museum of Banat
    • El Susi, Georgeta 1996 "A General Survey of the Animal Husbandry in the Tell of Parta by Compareing (sic) with the Vinca Communities in the Danube Valley," in F. Draşovean, ed., The Vinča Culture, Its Rille and Cultural Connections. Timişoara: The Museum of Banat, 309-323.
    • (1996) The Vinča Culture, Its Rille and Cultural Connections , pp. 309-323
    • El Susi, G.1
  • 22
    • 0002299490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Process and Agency in Early State Formation
    • Flannery, Kent V. 1999 "Process and Agency in Early State Formation," Cambridge Archaeological Journal 9: 3-21.
    • (1999) Cambridge Archaeological Journal , vol.9 , pp. 3-21
    • Flannery, K.V.1
  • 23
    • 0038705644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Origins of the Village Revisited: From Nuclear to Extended Households
    • 2002 "The Origins of the Village Revisited: From Nuclear to Extended Households," American Antiquity 67: 417-433.
    • (2002) American Antiquity , vol.67 , pp. 417-433
    • Flannery, K.V.1
  • 25
    • 84954570846 scopus 로고
    • Praistorisko Nacelje u Crnoi Bari
    • 1957 "Praistorisko Nacelje u Crnoi Bari," Rad 6: 199-218.
    • (1957) Rad , vol.6 , pp. 199-218
    • Garašanin, D.1    Garašanin, M.2
  • 26
    • 0346739324 scopus 로고
    • Old Europe c. 7,000-3500 B.C.: The Earliest Civilization before the Invasion of the Indo-European Peoples
    • Gimbutas, Marija 1973 "Old Europe c. 7,000-3500 B.C.: The Earliest Civilization Before the Invasion of the Indo-European Peoples," Journal of Indo-European Studies 1: 1-21.
    • (1973) Journal of Indo-European Studies , vol.1 , pp. 1-21
    • Gimbutas, M.1
  • 27
    • 3943068744 scopus 로고
    • The First Wave of Eurasian Steppe Pastoralists into Copper Age Europe
    • 1977 "The First Wave of Eurasian Steppe Pastoralists into Copper Age Europe," Journal of Indo-European Studies 5: 277-231.
    • (1977) Journal of Indo-European Studies , vol.5 , pp. 277-1231
    • Gimbutas, M.1
  • 30
    • 84866845262 scopus 로고
    • The Exploitation of Copper Minerals
    • R. Tringham and D. Krstić, eds., Los Angeles, California: Institute of Archaeology, University of California Los Angeles
    • Glumac, Petar, and Ruth Tringham 1990 "The Exploitation of Copper Minerals," in R. Tringham and D. Krstić, eds., Selevac: A Neolithic Village in Yugoslavia. MonumentaArchaeologica 15. Los Angeles, California: Institute of Archaeology, University of California Los Angeles, 549-565.
    • (1990) Selevac: A Neolithic Village in Yugoslavia. MonumentaArchaeologica , vol.15 , pp. 549-565
    • Glumac, P.1    Tringham, R.2
  • 32
    • 4243519363 scopus 로고
    • The Palaeoeconomy of the Central Balkans (Serbia): A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age (4,500-1,000 B.C.)
    • Oxford: B.A.R.
    • Greenfield, Haskel J. 1986 The Palaeoeconomy of the Central Balkans (Serbia): A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age (4,500-1,000 B.C.). BAR International Series 304. Oxford: B.A.R.
    • (1986) BAR International Series , vol.304
    • Greenfield, H.J.1
  • 33
    • 4444370492 scopus 로고
    • The Origins of Milk and Wool Production in the Old World: A Zooarchaeological Perspective from the Central Balkans
    • 1988 "The Origins of Milk and Wool Production in the Old World: A Zooarchaeological Perspective from the Central Balkans," Current Anthropology 29: 573-593.
    • (1988) Current Anthropology , vol.29 , pp. 573-593
    • Greenfield, H.J.1
  • 34
    • 0002359902 scopus 로고
    • The Economy has a Normal Surplus: Economic Stability and Social Change among Early Farming Communities of Thessaly, Greece
    • P. Halstead and J. O'Shea, eds., New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Halstead, Paul 1989 "The Economy has a Normal Surplus: Economic Stability and Social Change Among Early Farming Communities of Thessaly, Greece," in P. Halstead and J. O'Shea, eds., Bad Year Economics: Cultural Responses to Risk and Uncertainty. New York: Cambridge University Press, 68-80.
    • (1989) Bad Year Economics: Cultural Responses to Risk and Uncertainty , pp. 68-80
    • Halstead, P.1
  • 35
    • 17044364149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neighbours from Hell? The Household in Neolithic Greece
    • P. Halstead, ed., Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press
    • 1999 "Neighbours from Hell? The Household in Neolithic Greece", in P. Halstead, ed., Neolithic Society in Greece. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 77-95.
    • (1999) Neolithic Society in Greece , pp. 77-95
    • Halstead, P.1
  • 36
    • 32644451262 scopus 로고
    • Vészto{combining double acute accent} Archaeological Report
    • Hegedu{combining double acute accent}s, Katalin 1977 "Vé szto{combining double acute accent} Archaeological Report," Rigeszeti Fiizetek 30: 15.
    • (1977) Rigeszeti Fiizetek , vol.30 , pp. 15
    • Hegedus, K.1
  • 38
    • 3042655942 scopus 로고
    • Vészto{combining double acute accent}-Mágor: A Settlement of the Tisza Culture
    • P. Raczky, ed., Budapest-Szolnok: Szolnok County Museums
    • Hegedu{combining double acute accent}s, Katalin, and János Makkay 1987 "Vészto{combining double acute accent}-Mágor: A Settlement of the Tisza Culture," in P. Raczky, ed., The Late Neolithic of the Tisza Region: A Survey of Recent Excavations and their Findings. Budapest-Szolnok: Szolnok County Museums, 85-104.
    • (1987) The Late Neolithic of the Tisza Region: A Survey of Recent Excavations and Their Findings , pp. 85-104
    • Hegedus, K.1    Makkay, J.2
  • 41
    • 84866872032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Vertebrate Fauna from Middle and Late Neolithic Sânadrei, SW Romania, 1992
    • F. Draovean, ed., Timişoara: The Museum of Banat
    • Jongsma, Tina, and Haskel Greenfield 1996 "The Vertebrate Fauna from Middle and Late Neolithic Sânadrei, SW Romania, 1992," in F. Draovean, ed., The Vinča Culture, Its Role and Cultural Connections. Timişoara: The Museum of Banat, 295-308.
    • (1996) The Vinča Culture, Its Role and Cultural Connections , pp. 295-308
    • Jongsma, T.1    Greenfield, H.2
  • 44
    • 0040630721 scopus 로고
    • Sedentism and Economic Change in the Balkan Neolithic
    • Kaiser, Timothy, and Barbara Voytek 1983 "Sedentism and Economic Change in the Balkan Neolithic," Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2: 323-353.
    • (1983) Journal of Anthropological Archaeology , vol.2 , pp. 323-353
    • Kaiser, T.1    Voytek, B.2
  • 45
    • 0040630724 scopus 로고
    • The Late Neolithic of the Tisza Region: A Survey of Recent Archaeological Research
    • P. Raczky, ed., Budapest-Szolnok: Kossuth Press
    • Kalicz, Nándor, and Pál Raczky 1987 "The Late Neolithic of the Tisza Region: A Survey of Recent Archaeological Research," in P. Raczky, ed., The Late Neolithic of the Tisza Region. Budapest-Szolnok: Kossuth Press, 11-30.
    • (1987) The Late Neolithic of the Tisza Region , pp. 11-30
    • Kalicz, N.1    Raczky, P.2
  • 47
    • 0343764198 scopus 로고
    • Chapter 5: Animals, Economy, and Environment
    • R. Tringham and D. Krstić, eds., Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California Los Angeles
    • Legge, Anthony J. 1990 "Chapter 5: Animals, Economy, and Environment," in R. Tringham and D. Krstić, eds., Selevac: A Neolithic Village in Yugoslavia. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California Los Angeles, 215-242.
    • (1990) Selevac: A Neolithic Village in Yugoslavia , pp. 215-242
    • Legge, A.J.1
  • 48
    • 0002028157 scopus 로고
    • Cult, Metallurgy and Rank Societies - Chalcolithic Period (ca. 4500-3500 B.C.E.)
    • T. E. Levy, ed., New York: Facts on File, Inc.
    • Levy, Thomas E. 1995 "Cult, Metallurgy and Rank Societies - Chalcolithic Period (ca. 4500-3500 B.C.E.)," in T. E. Levy, ed., The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 226-244.
    • (1995) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land , pp. 226-244
    • Levy, T.E.1
  • 53
    • 0002306702 scopus 로고
    • Ancient Maya Political Organization
    • J. Sabloff and J. Henderson, eds., Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection
    • Marcus, Joyce 1993 "Ancient Maya Political Organization" in J. Sabloff and J. Henderson, eds., Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 111-172.
    • (1993) Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D. , pp. 111-172
    • Marcus, J.1
  • 55
    • 33947701935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Archaeology and Tribal Societies
    • W A. Parkinson, ed., Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory
    • 2002a "Introduction: Archaeology and Tribal Societies," in W A. Parkinson, ed., The Archaeology of Tribal Societies. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, 1-12.
    • (2002) The Archaeology of Tribal Societies , pp. 1-12
    • Parkinson, W.1
  • 56
    • 3042510957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration, Interaction, and Tribal 'Cycling': The Transition to the Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain
    • WA. Parkinson, ed., Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory
    • 2002b "Integration, Interaction, and Tribal 'Cycling': The Transition to the Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain," in WA. Parkinson, ed., The Archaeology of Tribal Societies. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, 391-437.
    • (2002) The Archaeology of Tribal Societies , pp. 391-437
    • Parkinson, W.1
  • 57
    • 3042607330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Neolithic-Copper Age Transition on the Great Hungarian Plain: Recent Excavations at the Tiszapolgár Culture Settlement of Vé szto{combining double acute accent}-Bikeri
    • Parkinson, William, Attila Gyucha, and Richard Yerkes 2002 "The Neolithic-Copper Age Transition on the Great Hungarian Plain: Recent Excavations at the Tiszapolgár Culture Settlement of Vészto{combining double acute accent}-Bikeri," Antiquity 76: 619-620.
    • (2002) Antiquity , vol.76 , pp. 619-620
    • Parkinson, W.1    Gyucha, A.2    Yerkes, R.3
  • 59
    • 32644452070 scopus 로고
    • Öcsöd -Kováshalom: A Settlement of the Tisza Culture
    • P. Raczky, ed., Budapest- Szolnok: Kossuth Press
    • Raczky, Pal 1987 "Öcsöd -Kováshalom: A Settlement of the Tisza Culture," in P. Raczky, ed., The Late Neolithic of the Tisza Region. Budapest- Szolnok: Kossuth Press, 61-83.
    • (1987) The Late Neolithic of the Tisza Region , pp. 61-83
    • Raczky, P.1
  • 60
    • 32644449881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polgár-Cso{combining double acute accent}szhalom du{combining double acute accent}lo{combining double acute accent}
    • P. Raczky, T. Kovács, and A. Anders, eds., Budapest: Magyar Nernzeti Mlizeum es az Eötvös Loránd Tudomauyegyetem Régészettudomáuyi Intézet
    • Raczky, Pál, Alexandra Anders, Emese Nagy, Katalin Kurucz, Zsigmond Hajdú, and Walter Meier-Arendt 1997 "Polgár- Cso{combining double acute accent}szhalom du{combining double acute accent}lo{combining double acute accent}," in P. Raczky, T. Kovács, and A. Anders, eds., Utak a Múltba: Az M3-as Autópálya Régészeti Leletmentései. Budapest: Magyar Nernzeti Mlizeum es az Eötvös Loránd Tudomauyegyetem Régé szettudomáuyi Intézet, 34-44.
    • (1997) Utak a Múltba: Az M3-as Autópálya Régészeti Leletmentései , pp. 34-44
    • Raczky, P.1    Anders, A.2    Nagy, E.3    Kurucz, K.4    Hajdú, Z.5    Meier-Arendt, W.6
  • 61
    • 0005672239 scopus 로고
    • The Evolution of Settlement in the Southern Argolid, Greece. An Economic Explanation
    • Runnels, Curtis, and Tjeerd van Andel 1987 "The Evolution of Settlement in the Southern Argolid, Greece. An Economic Explanation," Hesperia 56: 303-334.
    • (1987) Hesperia , vol.56 , pp. 303-334
    • Runnels, C.1    Van Andel, T.2
  • 62
    • 0004119797 scopus 로고
    • Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall
    • Sahlins, Marshall 1968 Tribesmen. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall.
    • (1968) Tribesmen
    • Sahlins, M.1
  • 64
    • 0019366659 scopus 로고
    • Plough and Pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution
    • I. Hodder, G. Isaac, and N. Hammond, eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Sherratt, Andrew G. 1981 "Plough and Pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution," in I. Hodder, G. Isaac, and N. Hammond, eds., Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 261-305.
    • (1981) Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke , pp. 261-305
    • Sherratt, A.G.1
  • 65
    • 0040037608 scopus 로고
    • Mobile Resources: Settlement and Exchange in Early Agricultural Europe
    • A. C. Renfrew and S. J. Shennan, eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • 1982 "Mobile Resources: Settlement and Exchange in Early Agricultural Europe," in A. C. Renfrew and S. J. Shennan, eds., Ranking Resources and Exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 13-26.
    • (1982) Ranking Resources and Exchange , pp. 13-26
    • Sherratt, A.G.1
  • 66
    • 0020378772 scopus 로고
    • The Development of Neolithic and Copper Age Settlement in the Great Hungarian Plain, Part I: The Regional Setting
    • 1983a "The Development of Neolithic and Copper Age Settlement in the Great Hungarian Plain, Part I: The Regional Setting," Oxford Journal of Archaeology 1: 287-316.
    • (1983) Oxford Journal of Archaeology , vol.1 , pp. 287-316
    • Sherratt, A.G.1
  • 67
    • 0021038287 scopus 로고
    • The Secondary Exploitation of Animals in the Old World
    • 1983b "The Secondary Exploitation of Animals in the Old World," World Archaeology 15: 90-104.
    • (1983) World Archaeology , vol.15 , pp. 90-104
    • Sherratt, A.G.1
  • 68
    • 0020685942 scopus 로고
    • The Development of Neolithic and Copper Age Settlement in the Great Hungarian Plain, Part II: Site Survey and Settlement Dynamics
    • 1984 "The Development of Neolithic and Copper Age Settlement in the Great Hungarian Plain, Part II: Site Survey and Settlement Dynamics," Oxftrd Journal of Archaeology 2: 13-41.
    • (1984) Oxftrd Journal of Archaeology , vol.2 , pp. 13-41
    • Sherratt, A.G.1
  • 69
    • 2842547574 scopus 로고
    • Neolithic Exchange Systems in Central Europe, 5000-3500 B.C
    • G. Sieveking and M. Newcomer, eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • 1987 "Neolithic Exchange Systems in Central Europe, 5000-3500 B.C.," in G. Sieveking and M. Newcomer, eds., The Human Uses of Flint and Chert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 193-204.
    • (1987) The Human Uses of Flint and Chert , pp. 193-204
    • Sherratt, A.G.1
  • 70
    • 79951899032 scopus 로고
    • Elo{combining double acute accent}zetes Jelentés a Tiszaug- Kisrétparti Rézkori Telep Ásatásról
    • Siklódi, Csilla 1982 "Elo{combining double acute accent}zetes Jelentés a Tiszaug- Kisrétparti Rézkori Telep Ásatásról," Archeologiai Értesito{combining double acute accent} 109: 231-238.
    • (1982) Archeologiai Értesito{combining Double Acute Accent} , vol.109 , pp. 231-238
    • Siklódi, C.1
  • 71
    • 32644444592 scopus 로고
    • Kora Rézkori Település TiszafȯIdváron
    • 1983 "Kora Rézkori Település Tiszafȯ Idváron," Szolnok Megyei Múzeum Évkiinyv 1982-1983: 11-31.
    • (1983) Szolnok Megyei Múzeum Évkiinyv , vol.1982-1983 , pp. 11-31
    • Siklódi, C.1
  • 72
    • 84914186783 scopus 로고
    • Die Tiszapolgár- Kultur in der Slowakei
    • Šiška, Stanislav 1968 "Die Tiszapolgár- Kultur in der Slowakei," Slovenská Archeológia (Bratislava) 16: 154-175.
    • (1968) Slovenská Archeológia (Bratislava) , vol.16 , pp. 154-175
    • Šiška, S.1
  • 73
    • 0342285651 scopus 로고
    • The Social Organization of the Tiszapolgár group at Basatanya - Carpathian Basin Copper Age
    • Skomal, Susan N acev 1980 "The Social Organization of the Tiszapolgár group at Basatanya - Carpathian Basin Copper Age," ournal of Inda-European Studies 8: 75-82.
    • (1980) Ournal of Inda-European Studies , vol.8 , pp. 75-82
    • Skomal, S.N.1
  • 75
    • 0001324090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Age of Clay: The Social Dynamics of House Destruction
    • Stevanović, Mirjana 1997 "The Age of Clay: The Social Dynamics of House Destruction," Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16: 334-395.
    • (1997) Journal of Anthropological Archaeology , vol.16 , pp. 334-395
    • Stevanović, M.1
  • 76
    • 0038852614 scopus 로고
    • Conclusion: Selevac in the Wider Context of European Prehistory
    • R. Tringham and D. Krsti, eds., Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California Los Angeles
    • Tringham, Ruth, and Duan Krstić 1990 "Conclusion: Selevac in the Wider Context of European Prehistory," in R. Tringham and D. Krsti, eds., Selevac: A Neolithic Village in Yugoslavia. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California Los Angeles, 567-616.
    • (1990) Selevac: A Neolithic Village in Yugoslavia , pp. 567-616
    • Tringham, R.1    Krstić, D.2
  • 77
    • 84974985093 scopus 로고
    • The Opovo Project: A Study of Socioeconomic Change in the Balkan Neolithic
    • Tringham, Ruth, Bogdan Brukner, and Barbara Voytek 1985 "The Opovo Project: A Study of Socioeconomic Change in the Balkan Neolithic," Journal of Field Archaeology 12: 425-444.
    • (1985) Journal of Field Archaeology , vol.12 , pp. 425-444
    • Tringham, R.1    Brukner, B.2    Voytek, B.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.