College: What it was, is, and should be

College: What it Was, Is, and Should Be

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Delbanco, Andrew ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

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EID: 84866878992     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (256)

1. Malcolm Gladwell, "The Order of Things: What College Rankings Really Tell Us," New Yorker, February 14 and 21, 2011, p. 72.
2. Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University, 5th ed. (1963; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 49.
3. Jaimes Amber, "Neouniversitas," Harvard Crimson, October 12, 2010.
4. L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, and Mary-Jo Kline (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975), p. 152;
5. David Starr Jordan, quoted in Julie A. Reuben, The Making of the Modern University: Intellectual Transformation and the Marginalization of Morality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. 253.
6. Scott McNealy, chairman of Sun Microsystems, quoted in Anan Giridharadas, "Virtual Classrooms Could Create a Marketplace of Knowledge," New York Times, November 6, 2009.
7. Bowen, commencement address at the graduate school of Indiana University, May 6, 2011.
8. Alison Wolf, Does Education Matter? Myths about Education and Economic Growth (London: Penguin Books, 2002), p. 247.
9. Earnest Earnest, quoted in Jerome Karabel, The Chosen (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 2005), p. 19.
10. Anya Kamenetz, DIYU: Edupunks, Edupreneurs, and the Coming Transformation of Higher Education (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2010), p. 34.
11. For a detailed analysis of the growing gap between well-funded and poorly funded colleges, see the report Trends in College Spending: 1999-2009 (September 2011), by the Delta Cost Project and the Lumina Foundation, http://www.deltacostproject.org/resources/pdf/Trends2011_Final_090711.pdf.
12. This experience pertains mainly to colleges where most students are of "traditional" age. The number of "nontraditional" students, i.e., those who have come to college at a later stage of life, has been rapidly growing.
13. Shulman, quoted in Donald N. Levine, Powers of the Mind: The Rein{reversed not sign}vention of Liberal Learning in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 130.
14. Recent studies of student evaluations have found that students tend to give good reviews "to instructors who are easy graders or who are good looking," and lesser reviews to women and instructors born outside the United States. The largest such study, at Ohio State University, finds "no correlation between professor evaluations and the learning that is actually taking place." See InsideHigherEd.com, January 29, 2007.
15. New England's First Fruits (1643), in Samuel Eliot Morison, The Founding of Harvard College (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1935), p. 432.
16. Wallace Stegner, Crossing to Safety (New York: Penguin Books, 1988), p. 31.
17. Michael S. McPherson and Morton Owen Schapiro, "The Future Economic Challenges for the Liberal Arts Colleges," in Distinctively American: The Residential Liberal Arts Colleges, ed. Steven Koblik and Stephen R. Graubard (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2000), p. 50.
18. For a statistical portrait of undergraduate education, see the annual "Almanac of Higher Education," published most recently by the Chronicle of Higher Education, August 26, 2011.
19. Mark Lilla's lecture, "The Soldier, The Sage, The Saint, and the Citizen" (delivered on April 23, 2010), is posted on the Columbia University website: http://www.college.columbia.edu/core/lectures/spring2010-0.
20. See Suniya S. Luthar and Shawn J. Latendresse, "Children of the Affluent: Challenges to Well-Being," Current Directions in Psychological Science 14, no. 1 (February 2005): 49-53.
21. As early as 1869, Charles W. Eliot, Harvard's first president without a clerical background, dismissed "the notion that education consists in the authoritative inculcation of what the teacher deems true," and declared "the very word 'education' " to be "a standing protest against dogmatic teaching" (Eliot, inaugural address as president of Harvard [1869], in American Higher Education: A Documentary History, 2 vols.
22. Richard Hofstadter and Wilson Smith [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961], 2:606). There are, alas, still dogmatic teachers, although their numbers are exaggerated and their dogma is more likely today to be political than theological.
23. Laurence R. Veysey, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), p. 271.
24. Charles Franklin Thwing, The American College: What It Is and What It May Become (New York: Platt and Peck, 1914), p. 97.
25. I am grateful to Steven Wheatley of the American Council of Learned Societies for drawing my attention to this book. The English professor was Fred Lewis Pattee, quoted in Gerald Graff, Professing Literature: An Insti{reversed not sign}tutional History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 107.
26. Trilling, "The Uncertain Future of the Humanistic Educational Ideal" (1974), in The Last Decade: Essays and Reviews, 1965-75 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1979), pp. 160-76.
27. Sam Lipsyte, The Ask (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2010), p. 51.
28. Spencer Foreman, MD in First Person: An Oral History (Chicago: American Hospital Association Center for Hospital Administration and Health Care Administration History and Health Research and Educational Trust, 2008), p. 6.
29. Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), p. 227;
30. Veysey, Emergence of the University, p. 269.
31. Morison, Founding of Harvard, p. 229.
32. Roth, Indignation (New York: Vintage Books, 2009), p. 49.
33. "Tufts U. Bans Student Sex When Roommates Are Present," Chronicle of Higher Education, September 28, 2009.
34. For an account of social life on the same campus, see "Lady Power," by Nancy Bauer, Opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com, June 20, 2010.
35. Thorstein Veblen, The Higher Learning in America (1918: repr. New York: Hill and Wang, 1957), pp. 101, 99.
36. Romano, "Will the Book Survive Generation Text?" Chronicle of Higher Education, August 29, 2010;
37. Kevin Kiley, "Long Reads," InsideHigherEd.com, May 12, 2011;
38. Clydesdale, "Wake up and Smell the New Epistemology," Chronicle of Higher Education, January, 23, 2009;
39. Menand, The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), p. 19.
40. Bowen, preface to Jefferson and Education, ed. Jennings L. Wagoner Jr. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), pp. 11-12.
41. Richard Vedder, Going Broke by Degree: Why College Costs Too Much (Washington DC: American Enterprise Institute, 2004), p. 52;
42. Brody, quoted in Dale Keiger, "Measuring the Unmeasurable," Johns Hopkins Magazine, November, 2008, p. 29.
43. Harriet Beecher Stowe, My Wife and I (New York, 1871), pp. 76-77.
44. Harry Lewis, Excellence without a Soul: How a Great University For{reversed not sign}got Education (New York: Public Affairs, 2006), p. 17.
45. The phrase "service-station conception" comes from Robert Maynard Hutchins, The Higher Learning in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1936), p. 6.
46. Riley, quoted in Mildred Garcia, "A New Model of Liberal Learning for the 21st Century," DailyBreeze.com, November 23, 2009.
47. Garcia, a staunch defender of liberal education, is president of California State University at Dominguez Hills, a community college serving a large minority population. President Obama, quoted in Politico, February 24, 2009.
48. Alison Wolf, Does Education Matter? Myths about Education and Eco{reversed not sign}nomic Growth (London: Penguin, 2002), p. 18
49. "The more educated you are, the more likely you are to be in work, to stay in work, and to enjoy stable, long-term employment on a permanent contract." There is also evidence that an associate's degree from a two-year college, April 1, 2010.
50. Recent data are available in "The College Payoff: Education, Occupation, Lifetime Earnings, " http://cew.georgetown.edu/collegepayoff/, released on August 5, 2011, by the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, in partnership with the Lumina Foundation.
51. See Clifford Adelman, The Spaces Between Numbers: Getting Interna{reversed not sign}tional Data on Higher Education Straight (Washington DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy, 2009)
52. Jane V. Wellman, Apples and Oranges in the Flat World: A Layperson's Guide to International Com{reversed not sign}parisons of Postsecondary Education (Washington DC: American Council on Education, 2007).
53. Brian K. Fitzgerald, "Missed Opportunities: Has College Opportunity Fallen Victim to Policy Drift?" Change 36, no. 4 ( July-August 2004): 14. The estimates of chances to attend college are cited, with permission, from a talk given on March 5, 2010
54. Eugene Tobin, former president of Hamilton College, currently program officer on higher education at the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Tobin was drawing on Ross Douthat, "Does Meritocracy Work?" Atlantic Monthly, November 2005, p. 120;
55. William G. Bowen, Martin A. Kurzweil, and Eugene M. Tobin, Equity and Excellence in Ameri{reversed not sign}can Higher Education (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005), pp. 77-94.
56. Danette Gerald and Kati Haycock, "Engines of Inequality: Diminishing Equity in the Nation's Premier Public Universities" (Washington DC: Education Trust, 2006).
57. See, for example, Charles Murray, "Are Too Many People Going to College?" The American Journal of the American Enterprise Institute 2, no. 5 (September-October 2008): 40-49.
58. Ann Larson, "Higher Education's Big Lie," InsideHigherEd.com, June 3, 2010;
59. Jacques Steinberg, "Plan B: Skip College," New York Times, May 14, 2010.
60. Jan J. Barendregt et al., "The Health Care Costs of Smoking," New En{reversed not sign}gland Journal of Medicine 337 (October 9, 1997): 1052-57.
61. In Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams{reversed not sign}Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Ad{reversed not sign}ams (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971), p. 480.
62. Smith made this statement at Oxford in 1914.
63. In a talk delivered at the National Convention for Teachers of English, published in Neil Postman and Charles Weingartner, Teach{reversed not sign}ing as a Subversive Activity (New York: Delacorte, 1969)
64. Postman credited the phrase "crap detector" to Ernest Hemingway as a term describing the one thing necessary for good writing.
65. Anthony Kronman, Education's End: Why Our Colleges and Univer{reversed not sign}sities Have Given Up on the Meaning of Life (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 172-73.
66. Victor E. Ferrall Jr., Liberal Arts on the Brink (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011), p. 8.
67. Bruce Kimball, Orators and Philosophers: A History of the Idea of Liberal Education (1986)
68. quoted in Francis Oakley, Community of Learning: The American College and the Liberal Arts Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 51.
69. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (1869), ed. Samuel Lipman (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 5.
70. John Henry Newman, The Idea of a University (1852), ed. Frank M. Turner (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 81.
71. My impression is at odds with that of Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa, Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011).
72. Owen Johnson, Stover at Yale (1912; Boston: Little, Brown, 1926), p. 234
73. Aristotle, Politics, Book 7; H. I. Marrou, A History of Education in Antiquity (New York: New American Library, 1964), p. 402;
74. Oakley, Community of Learning, p. 18.
75. Morison, Founding of Harvard, p. 37.
76. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, The Life of Francis Higginson (New York, 1891), pp. 11-12.
77. Morison, Founding of Harvard, pp. 80-81.
78. Frederick Rudolph, The American College and University: A History (1962) (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990), p. 90, suggests that early American colleges failed to replicate this plan because they could not afford the cost of such elaborate construction.
79. Morison, Founding of Harvard, p. 82.
80. Alan Heimert, "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men," Cambridge Review 106 (November 1985): 177-82.
81. Jennifer Tomase, "Tale of John Harvard's Surviving Book," Harvard University Gazette, November 1, 2007.
82. Lawrence Cremin, American Education: The Colonial Experience (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), pp. 214, 221.
83. Morison, Founding of Harvard, p. 249.
84. Jonathan Edwards, Scientific and Philosophical Writings, ed. Wallace E. Anderson (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980), p. 306.
85. Newman, The Idea of a University, ed. Turner, p. 76;
86. Edwards, Scien{reversed not sign}tific and Philosophical Writings, p. 344.
87. Frederick Barnard, quoted in Reuben, Making of the Modern University, p. 22.
88. Horatio Greenough, Form and Function: Remarks on Art, Design, and Architecture, ed. Harold A. Small (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1947), p. 74. The essays constituting this volume were originally published in 1853.
89. Morison, Founding of Harvard, p. 252.
90. Daniel Coit Gilman, quoted in Veysey, Emergence of the University, p. 161.
91. Lewis, quoted by Bowen in his commencement address at Indiana University, May 6, 2011.
92. Jerome Karabel, The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005), p. 51.
93. Quoted in James O. Freedman, Liberal Education and the Public In{reversed not sign}terest (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2003), p. 107.
94. Newman, Idea of a University, ed. Turner, p. 83.
95. Oakley, Community of Learning, pp. 50-51.
96. Seneca, Moral Epistles, no. 88 ("On Liberal and Vocational Studies"), 3 vols., trans. Richard M. Gummere (Loeb Classical Library) (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1917-1925), 2:353-55.
97. Emerson, journal entry, April 20, 1834, in Emerson in His Journals, ed. Joel Porte (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982), p. 123.
98. Ascham, quoted in Morison, Founding of Harvard, p. 61;
99. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism, p. 243.
100. This number may be somewhat misleading, since the range of ages contributing to the average was relatively wide. See James Morgan Hart, in Hofstadter and Smith, Higher Education: A Documentary History, 2:579.
101. "Normal age" is Charles W. Eliot's phrase, in Hofstadter and Smith, eds., Higher Edu{reversed not sign}cation, 2:705.
102. Cotton, Christ the Fountaine of Life, p. 98;
103. Emerson, journal entry, September 13, 1831, in Porte, ed., Emerson in His Journals, p. 80.
104. William G. Perry Jr., Forms of Ethical and Intellectual Development in the College Years, ed. L. Lee Knefelkamp (1970; San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1999), pp. xii, 3.
105. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 2 vols. (1702; Hartford, CT, 1853), 1:273, 260.
106. Perry, Forms of Development, p. 37.
107. John Davenport, The Saint's Anchor{reversed not sign}Hold (London, 1682), p. 132.
108. The concept of stereotype threat was introduced in 1995 by Claude M. Steele and Joshua Aronson in their article "Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans," Journal of Per{reversed not sign}sonality and Social Psychology 69 (5): 797-811.
109. Weber, "Science as a Vocation" (1918) in From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, ed. Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 136;
110. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (1918; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), pp. 80-81.
111. William James, Varieties of Religious Experience (1902; New York: Collier Books, 1973), p. 172.
112. Nate Kornell and Janet Metcalfe, " 'Blockers' Do Not Block Recall during Tip-of-the-Tongue States," Metacognition and Learning 1 (2006): 248-61.
113. Janet Metcalfe, "Improving Student Learning: Empirical Findings," PowerPoint presentation, Columbia University Center for Teaching and Learning, January 29, 2009.
114. "A mind must work to grow" is from C. W. Eliot, in Hofstadter and Smith, eds., Higher Education, 2:610.
115. "Passive absorption" is quoted from John Dewey, in Donald Levine, Powers of the Mind, p. 81.
116. John Cotton, A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace (London, 1671), p. 154.
117. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana (1702), in Hofstadter and Smith, eds., Higher Education, 1:15.
118. Jarrell, Pictures from an Institution (1952; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 82.
119. John S. Coolidge, The Pauline Renaissance in England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 49-50
120. John Cotton, Christ the Fountaine of Life (London, 1651), p. 156.
121. Interview with Yongfang Chen and Li Wan, "A True Liberal Arts Education," InsideHigherEd.com, October 16, 2009.
122. DuBois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (1940; New York: Schocken, 1968), pp. 38, 33.
123. Cotton, Christ the Fountaine of Life, p. 200.
124. Robert Greene, quoted in Paul Seaver, The Puritan Lectureships: The Politics of Religious Dissent, 1560-1662 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1970), p. 40.
125. Harry Stout, The New England Soul: Preaching and Religious Culture in Colonial New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 4.
126. Santayana, Character and Opinion in the United States (1920; New York: W. W. Norton, 1967), p. 96.
127. Morison, Founding of Harvard, p. 85.
128. Franklin, "Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania" (1749) in Benjamin Franklin: Representative Selections, ed. Frank Luther Mott (New York: Hill and Wang, 1962), p. 206.
129. William G. Durden, "Reclaiming the Distinctiveness of American Higher Education," Liberal Education 93, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 40.
130. See James T. Axtell, "Dr. Wheelock's Little Red School," chap. 4 in The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).
131. Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, Princeton: 1746-1896 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1946), p. 18.
132. Jefferson to Adams, in Cappon, ed., Adams-Jefferson Letters, p. 599.
133. Charles A. Brixted, Five Years in an English University, 2 vols. (New York, 1852), 1:106. Thanks to James O'Donnell for alerting me to this book. For the growth of colleges in the 1820s, see David B. Potts, Liberal Education for a Land of Colleges: Yale's Reports of 1828 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 9.
134. Richard Hofstadter, Academic Freedom in the Age of the College (1955; repr. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1996), pp. 223-24.
135. Kamenetz, DIYU, p. 10.
136. Charles Sumner, quoted in David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Knopf, 1961), p. 14
137. Adams, Education, pp. 54-55.
138. Bledstein, Culture of Professionalism, p. 229. Diary of Hugh Gwynn, 1850-51; coll. 298, folder 30 (manuscript collections, Wilson Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), p. 67.
139. Reuben, Making of the Modern University (1996), is a distinguished exception.
140. See Potts, Liberal Education for a Land of Colleges, pp. 16-19.
141. James McPherson, The Abolitionist Legacy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 7.
142. Bowen et al., Equity and Excellence, p. 21.
143. Charles Dickens, American Notes for General Circulation (1842
144. London: Penguin Books, 1972), p. 77.
145. D. H. Meyer, The Instructed Conscience: The Shaping of the American National Ethic (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972), pp. 68, 66.
146. James McCosh, The Divine Government, Physical and Moral (New York, 1852), p. 320.
147. Noah Porter, The American Colleges and the American Public (1870), in Education in the United States: A Documentary History, 5 vols., ed. Sol Cohen (New York: Random House, 1974), 3:1474.
148. Carnegie, quoted in Frank Donoghue, The Last Professors: The Corporate University and the Fate of the Humanities (New York: Fordham University Press, 2008), p. 4.
149. Dunne, "Education of the Young," in Mr. Dooley's Philosophy (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1900), pp. 248-49.
150. Lawrence H. Fuchs, The American Kaleidoscope: Race, Ethnicity and the Civic Culture (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1990), p. 283.
151. Emerson, quoted in Rudolph, American College and University, p. 241.
152. George Ticknor, Remarks on Changes Lately Proposed or Adopted in Harvard University (Boston, 1825), p. 40.
153. Michael Rosenthal, Nicholas Miraculous: The Amazing Career of the Redoubtable Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2006), p. 75.
154. White, History of the Warfare of Science with Technology (New York: Appleton, 1896), 2 vols., 1:vii.
155. In his biography of Butler (Nicholas Miraculous), Michael Rosenthal points out (p. 346) that in several "first-rank urban universities" during
156. This is Thomas Goodspeed's characterization of Harper's attitude, quoted in Levine, Powers of the Mind, p. 40, n. 2.
157. Gerald Graff, Professing Literature: An Institutional History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 40.
158. Alexander C. McCormick and Chun-Mei Zhao, "Rethinking and Reframing the Carnegie Classification," Change, September-October 2005.
159. Rudolph, American College and University, p. 133.
160. Wertenbaker, Princeton: 1746-1896, pp. 304-6
161. McCosh, in Hofstadter and Smith, American Higher Education, 2:720-21.
162. Eliot, in Hofstadter and Smith, American Higher Education, 2:705.
163. Bulletin of Ursinus College, 2009-10, p. 35.
164. Kerr, Uses of the University, p. 49.
165. Eliot, in Hofstadter and Smith, American Higher Education, 2:713.
166. Ticknor, Remarks on Changes in Harvard University, p. 38.
167. Eliot, in Hofstadter and Smith, American Higher Education, 2:711.
168. Louis Menand, quoted in Harvard Crimson, September 4, 2009.
169. Gilman and Eliot, in Hofstadter and Smith, American Higher Education, 2:646, 711.
170. Quoted in Donoghue, Last Professors, p. 7.
171. Jonathan Cole, The Great American Research University (New York: Public Affairs, 2009), p. 4. 47
172. Reuben, Making of the Modern University, p. 207.
173. McIntyre, Three Rival Versions, p. 225.
174. Rachel Hadas, Strange Relation: A Memoir of Marriage, Dementia, and Poetry (Philadelphia: Paul Dry Books, 2011), p. 41.
175. Weber, "The Chinese Literati" (1915), in Gerth and Mills, ed., From Max Weber, p. 426. Weber's analysis was anticipated in some respects by Immanuel Kant, The Conflict of the Faculties (1798).
176. John McNees, "The Quest at Princeton for the Cocktail Soul," Harvard Crimson, February 21, 1958.
177. W. Barksdale Maynard, Woodrow Wilson: Princeton to the Presidency (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), p. 96.
178. Johnson, Stover at Yale, p. 265.
179. Today there is a vestige of the practice of conditional acceptance in cases where Ivy League colleges admit certain students on the condition that they take a "gap year" before matriculating.
180. Karabel, The Chosen, p. 199.
181. Eliot, quoted in Karabel, The Chosen, p. 41.
182. See Rosenthal, Nicholas Miraculous, pp. 332-52
183. Diana Trilling, The Beginning of the Journey (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1993), p. 269.
184. Lowell, quoted in Karabel, The Chosen, p. 51.
185. George Anthony Weller, Not to Eat, Not for Love (New York: Harrison Smith and Robert Haas, 1933), pp. 16-17, 37.
186. Theodore H. White, In Search of History: A Personal Adventure (New York: Harper Collins, 1978), pp. 42-43.
187. See Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz, The Race Between Education and Technology (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008).
188. A view attributed to Diderot in Richard Sennett, The Craftsman (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), p. 281.
189. Simeon Baldwin to James Kent, quoted in Robert Middlekauff, Ancients and Axioms: Secondary Education in 18th Century New England (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963), p. 119.
190. Eliot, in Hofstadter and Smith, American Higher Education, 2:613
191. Rudolph, American College and University, p. 418.
192. Karabel, The Chosen, p. 183.
193. Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1835-40), trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York: Library of America, 2004), p. 58.
194. Mitchell L. Stevens, Creating a Class: College Admissions and the Education of Elites (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007), p. 93.
195. See Clifford Adelman, The Toolbox Revisited: Paths to Degree Completion from High School through College (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, 2006).
196. Peter Sacks, Tearing Down the Gates: Confronting the Class Divide in American Education (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), p. 167.
197. Sacks, Tearing Down the Gates, p. 178.
198. Veblen, Higher Learning in America, p. 78.
199. Sternberg, College Admissions for the 21st Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010)
200. X. Michaels, The Trouble with Diversity: How We Learned to Love Identity and Ignore Inequality (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006), p. 98.
201. The ad was in Harvard Magazine, July-August, 2011, p. 79. See www.applicationbootcamp.com and www.ivywise.com, and Jacques Steinberg, "Before College, Costly Advice Just on Getting In," New York Times, July 18, 2009. Michaels, Trouble with Diversity, p. 87.
202. Bowen et al., Equity and Excellence, p. 162.
203. "Despite Surging Endowments, High-Ranking Universities and Colleges Show Disappointing Results in Enrolling Low-Income Students," Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, January 6, 2008. David Leonhart, "Top Colleges, Largely for the Elite," New York Times, May 24, 2011.
204. Michaels, Trouble with Diversity, p. 17.
205. See Trends in College Spending: Where Does the Money Come From? Where Does It Go? Delta Cost Project and Lumina Foundation for Education, 2008, available at www.deltacostproject.org; and David Levinson, "Grand Solution or Grab Bag," American Prospect, November, 2009, p. A15.
206. See Arum and Jopska, Academically Adrift; and William G. Bowen, Matthew M. Chingos, and Michael S. McPherson, Crossing the Finish Line: Completing College at America's Public Universities (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009).
207. Karabel, The Chosen, p. 5.
208. John Murray Cuddihy, The Ordeal of Civility: Freud, Marx, Lévi-Strauss, and the Jewish Struggle with Modernity (New York: Basic Books, 1974), p. 5; Owen Johnson, Stover at Yale, p. 176.
209. Eliot, in Hofstadter and Smith, American Higher Education, 2:614.
210. See Richard F. Miller, Harvard's Civil War: A History of the Twentieth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 2005). Shaw and his troops are the subject of a bronze memorial frieze by Augustus Saint Gaudens overlooking the Boston Common.
211. James, The Bostonians (1886; Baltimore: Penguin, 1966), p. 210.
212. Johnson, Stover at Yale, p. 186.
213. Geoffrey Kabaservice, The Guardians: Kingman Brewster, His Circle, and the Rise of the Liberal Establishment (New York: Henry Holt, 2004).
214. Auchincloss, The Rector of Justin (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1964), p. 33.
215. Karabel, The Chosen, p. 35.
216. Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870-2033 (London: Penguin Books, 1961), p. 92.
217. See Shamus Khan, "Meritocracy Is an Engine of Inequality," Columbia Spectator, March 3, 2011, which describes a system in which "the winners think they've won because of their merit, not their advantages."
218. Quoted in Ben Wildavsky, The Great Brain Race: How Global Universities Are Shaping the World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), p. 125.
219. Jack Matthews, "Nathaniel Hawthorne's Untold Tale," Chronicle of Higher Education, August 15, 2010.
220. Miller, Harvard's Civil War, p. 3; Melville, "The College Colonel," in Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War (1866).
221. Michaels, Trouble with Diversity, p. 85. Ross Gregory Douthat, Privilege: Harvard and the Education of the Ruling Class (New York: Hyperion, 2005), pp. 12-13.
222. John Cotton, A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace, in The Puritans in America, ed. Alan Heimert and Andrew Delbanco (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), p.151.
223. Karabel, The Chosen, p. 557.
224. Joseph O'Neill, Netherland (New York: Pantheon, 2008), p. 91.
225. Andrew Dickson White, president of Cornell (1873), quoted in Bok, Universities in the Marketplace, p. 55; Bowen et al., Equity and Excellence, p. 171; Lewis, Excellence without a Soul, p. 252.
226. Christopher Jencks and David Riesman, The Academic Revolution (1968; New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2002), p. 243.
227. Bok, Universities in the Marketplace, p. 30.
228. Michael S. McPherson and Morton O. Schapiro, "The Future Economic Challenges for the Liberal Arts Colleges," in Koblik and Graubard, eds., Distinctively American, pp. 49-50.
229. New York Times, August 25, 2010.
230. Eugene Tobin, comments to the board of the Teagle Foundation (March 5, 2010), quoted by permission.
231. David Kirp, Shakespeare, Einstein, and the Bottom Line: The Marketing of Higher Education (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 69.
232. Donoghue, Last Professors, p. xiv.
233. Diane Auer Jones, "Assessment Changes Online Teaching from an Art to a Science," Chronicle of Higher Education, November 6, 2011.
234. Ticknor, Remarks on Changes in Harvard University, p. 35.
235. McCosh, in Hofstadter and Smith, American Higher Education, 2:723.
236. Cotton Mather, in Hofstadter and Smith, American Higher Education, 1:16. Margery Foster, "Out of Smalle Beginnings: An Economic History of Harvard College in the Puritan Period (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 105.
237. Dave Gershman, "Legislative Study Group Explores Idea of Privatizing the University of Michigan," Ann Arbor News, December 18, 2008.
238. Christopher Jencks, "The Graduation Gap," American Prospect, November 18, 2009.
239. Eliot, in Hofstadter and Smith, American Higher Education, 2:604.
240. Bowen, Chingos, and McPherson, Crossing the Finish Line, pp. 204, 219.
241. New York Times, April 26, 2009.
242. Emerson, journal entry, September 14, 1839, in Porte, ed., Emerson in his Journals, p. 223.
243. Richard L. Morrill, Strategic Leadership: Integrating Strategy and Leadership in Colleges and Universities (Westport, CT: American Council on Education/Praeger, 2007), p. 26.
244. See Open Learning Initiative, http://oli.web.cmu.edu/openlearning/, which offers courses in statistics, biochemistry, economics, and other subjects.
245. One interesting experiment is "University of the People," a global online university that, up to now, has charged no tuition and minimal processing and examination fees. www.uopeople.org.
246. Emerson, quoted in Bledstein, Culture of Professionalism, p. 265.
247. Ronald G. Ehrenberg, Harriet Zuckerman, Jeffrey A. Groen, and Sharon M. Brucker, Educating Scholars: Doctoral Education in the Humanities (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), p. 260.
248. Edward J. Eckenfels, Doctors Serving People: Restoring Humanism to Medicine Through Student Community Service (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008), p. 5.
249. Robert Maynard Hutchins, The Higher Learning in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1936), p. 115.
250. Quoted in Mark Schwehn, Exiles from Eden: Religion and the Academic Vocation in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 70.
251. I have put forward this suggestion in greater detail in "What Should PhD Mean?" PMLA 115 (2000): 1205-9.
252. Donald I. Finkel, Teaching with Your Mouth Shut (Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook, 2000).
253. John Cotton, Christ the Fountaine of Life, p. 119.
254. Emerson, The American Scholar (1837), in Selections from Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Stephen Whicher (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1957), p. 69.
255. Leon Botstein, "Con Ed," New Republic, November, 6, 2009; Debra Satz and Rob Reich, "The Liberal Reach," Dissent (Winter 2004): 72-75.
256. Project Pericles, www.projectpericles.org.