Fire in the air: Biomass burning impacts in a changing climate

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 40-83

  Keywood, Melita ^a   Kanakidou, Maria ^b   Stohl, Andreas ^c   Dentener, Frank ^d   Grassi, Giacomo ^d   Meyer, C P ^a   Torseth, Kjetil ^c   Edwards, David ^e   Thompson, Anne M ^f   Lohmann, Ulrike ^g   Burrows, John ^h  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^c NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

^d JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

^e NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^f PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g Land Climate Dynamics Group   (Switzerland)

^h UNIVERSITY OF BREMEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Atmospheric chemistry; Biomass burning; Models; Observations; Policy

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS; BIOMASS-BURNING; ECOSYSTEM SERVICES; EMISSION REDUCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES; MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING; OBSERVATIONS; SOCIOLOGICAL FACTOR;

ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; CLIMATE CHANGE; DEFORESTATION; EMISSION CONTROL; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; FOOD SUPPLY; GREENHOUSE GASES; MODELS; PUBLIC POLICY; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

FIRES;

AMMONIA; CARBON; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON MONOXIDE; HALIDE; METHANE; NITRATE; NITROGEN OXIDE; OXYGEN; SULFATE; SULFUR DIOXIDE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BIOMASS BURNING; BIOME; CARBON CYCLE; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; EMISSION INVENTORY; FIRE MANAGEMENT; WILDFIRE;

AEROSOL; AIR POLLUTION; AIR QUALITY; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; CARBON CYCLING; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY; FIRE ECOLOGY; FOOD SECURITY; FOREST; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; GREENHOUSE GAS; HUMAN; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; LAND BIOME; POLICY; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; POVERTY; PYROCONVECTION; SEASONAL VARIATION; THERMODYNAMICS; UNITED STATES; WEATHER;

AEROSOLS; BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; DEFORESTATION; FIRES; GREENHOUSE GASES; MODELS;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 84866696600     PISSN: 10643389     EISSN: 15476537     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2011.604248     Document Type: Article

References (181)

1. Bond, W. J., and Keeley, J. E. (2005). Fire as a global 'herbivore': the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20, 387-94.
2. Randerson, J. T., Liu, H., Flanner, M. G., Chambers, S. D., Jin, Y., Hess, P. G., et al. (2006). The impact of boreal forest fire on climate warming. Science, 314(5802), 1130-2.
3. 3Cl, and COS. Nature, 282(5736), 253-6.
4. Feingold, G., Remer, L. A., Ramaprasad, J., and Kaufman, Y. J. (2001). Analysis of smoke impact on clouds in Brazilian biomass burning regions: An extension of Twomey's approach. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 106(D19), 22907-22.
5. Penner, J. E., Dickinson, R. E., and O'Neill, C. A. (1992). Effects of aerosol from biomass burning on the global radiation budget. Science, 256(5062), 1432-4.
6. Beerling, D. J., and Osborne, C. P. (2006). The origin of the savanna biome. Global Change Biology, 12, 2023-31.
7. Turner, M. G., Smithwick, E. A. H., Metzger, K. L., Tinker, D. B., and Romme, W. H. (2007). Inorganic nitrogen availability after severe stand-replacing fire in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104, 4782-9.
8. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2006). FAO forestry paper (FaAOotU). Rome, Italy: FAO.
9. Potapov, P., Hansen, M. C., Stehman, S. V., Loveland, T. R., and Pittman, K. (2008). Combining MODIS and Landsat imagery to estimate and map boreal forest cover loss. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112, 3708-19.
10. Amiro, B. D., Stocks, B. J., Alexander, M. E., Flannigan, M. D., and Wotton, B. M. (2001). Fire, climate change, carbon and fuel management in the Canadian boreal forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 10, 405-13.
11. Conard, S. G., Sukhinin, A. I., Stocks, B. J., Cahoon, D. R., Davidenko, E. P., and Ivanova, G. A. (2002). Determining effects of area burned and fire severity on carbon cycling and emissions in Siberia. Climatic Change, 55, 197-211.
12. de Mendonca, M. J. C., Diaz, M. D. V., Nepstad, D., da Motta, R. S., Alencar, A., Gomes, J. C., et al. (2004). The economic cost of the use of fire in the Amazon. Ecological Economics, 49, 89-105.
13. Houghton, R. A. (2000). Interannual variability in the global carbon cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 105(D15), 20121-30.
14. Page, S. E., Siegert, F., Rieley, J. O., Boehm, H. D. V., Jaya, A., and Limin, S. (2002). The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997. Nature, 420(6911), 61-5.
15. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., et al. (2010). Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997-2009). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 11707-35.
16. Sukhinin, A. I., McRae, D. J., Stocks, B. J., Conard, S. G., Hao, W., Soja, A. J., et al. (2010). Catastrophic Fires in Russian Forests. Abstract #GC33A-0931 2010. Paper presented at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2010, San Francisco, CA.
17. Edwards, D. P., Emmons, L. K., Gille, J. C., Chu, A., Attie, J. L., Giglio, L., et al. (2006). Satellite-observed pollution from Southern Hemisphere biomass burning. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 111(D14).
18. Andreae, M. O., and Merlet, P. (2001). Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15, 955-66.
19. Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Dentener, F., Hurtmans, D., and Coheur, P. F. (2009). Global ammonia distribution derived from infrared satellite observations. Nature Geoscience, 2, 479-83.
20. Crutzen, P. J., and Andreae, M. O. (1990). Biomass bunring in the tropics: Impact on Atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science, 250(4988), 1669-78.
21. Ito, A., and Penner, J. E. (2005). Historical emissions of carbonaceous aerosols from biomass and fossil fuel burning for the period 1870-2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19(2), GB2028.
22. Pfister, G., Hess, P. G., Emmons, L. K., Lamarque, J. F., Wiedinmyer, C., Edwards, D. P., et al. (2005). Quantifying CO emissions from the 2004 Alaskan wildfires using MOPITT CO data. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(11).
23. Ruddiman, W. F. (2003). The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago. Climatic Change, 61, 261-93.
24. Altman, J. (2009). Manwurrk (fire drive) at Namilewohwo: A land-management, hunting and ceremonial event in western Arnhem Land. In J. Russell-Smith, P. Whitehead, and P. Cooke (Eds.), Culture, ecology and economy of fire management in North Australian savannas: Rekindling the Wurrk tradition (pp. 165-80). Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Press.
25. Levine, J. S., Cofer, W. R., Cahoon, D. R., and Winstead, E. L. (1995). Biomass burning: A driver for global change. Environmental Science & Technology. 29, A120-5.
26. Kloster, S., Mahowald, N. M., Randerson, J. T., Thornton, P. E., Hoffman, F. M., Levis, S., et al. (2010). Fire dynamics during the 20th century simulated by the Community Land Model. Biogeosciences Discussions, 7, 565-630.
27. Jonquieres, I., Marenco, A., Maalej, A., and Rohrer, F. (1998). Study of ozone formation and transatlantic transport from biomass burning emissions over West Africa during the airborne Tropospheric Ozone Campaigns TROPOZ I and TROPOZ, I. I. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 103, 19059-73.
28. Watson, C. E., Fishman, J., and Reichle, H. G. (1990). The significance of biomass burning as a source of carbon monoxide and oxone in the southern hemisphere tropics: A satellite analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 95, 16443-50.
29. Wotawa, G., and Trainer, M. (2000). The influence of Canadian forest fires on pollutant concentrations in the United States. Science, 288, 324-8.
30. Lezina, E. (2010). Air Quality Monitoring System in Moscow and Main Results. Paper presented at the 15th EIONET Air Quality Management and Assessment Workshop 2010, Umweltbundesamt, Dessau, Germany, October 14-15.
31. Browell, E. V., Fenn, M. A., Butler, C. F., Grant, W. B., Clayton, M. B., Fishman, J., et al. (1996). Ozone and aerosol distributions and air mass characteristics over the South Atlantic Basin during the burning season. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 101, 24043-68.
32. Jacob, D. J., Heikes, B. G., Fan, S. M., Logan, J. A., Mauzerall, D. L., Bradshaw, J. D., et al. (1996). Origin of ozone and NOx in the tropical troposphere: A photochemical analysis of aircraft observations over the South Atlantic basin. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 101, 24235-50.
33. Moxim, W. J., and Levy, H. (2000). A model analysis of the tropical South Atlantic Ocean tropospheric ozone maximum: The interaction of transport and chemistry. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 105, 17393-415.
34. Forster, C., Wandinger, U., Wotawa, G., James, P., Mattis, I., Althausen, D., et al. (2001). Transport of boreal forest fire emissions from Canada to Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 106, 22887-906.
35. Damoah, R., Spichtinger, N., Forster, C., James, P., Mattis, I., Wandinger, U., et al. (2004). Around the world in 17 days: Hemispheric-scale transport of forest fire smoke from Russia in May 2003. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 4, 1311-21.
36. Edwards, D. P., Emmons, L. K., Hauglustaine, D. A., Chu, D. A., Gille, J. C., Kaufman, Y. J., et al. (2004). Observations of carbon monoxide and aerosols from the Terra satellite: Northern Hemisphere variability. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 109.
37. Dirksen, R. J., Boersma, K. F., de Laat, J., Stammes, P., van der Werf, G. R., Martin, M. V., et al. (2009). An aerosol boomerang: Rapid around-the-world transport of smoke from the December 2006 Australian forest fires observed from space. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 114.
38. Johnson, B. T., Heese, B., McFarlane, S. A., Chazette, P., Jones, A., and Bellouin, N. (2008). Vertical distribution and radiative effects of mineral dust and biomass burning aerosol over West Africa during DABEX. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 113.
39. 3. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 95, 18473-88.
40. Chatfield, R. B., Guan, H., Thompson, A. M., and Witte, J. C. (2004). Convective lofting links Indian Ocean air pollution to paradoxical South Atlantic ozone maxima. Geophysical Research Letters, 31.
41. Pickering, K. E., Thompson, A. M., Wang, Y. S., Tao, W. K., McNamara, D. P., Kirchhoff, V., et al. (1996). Convective transport of biomass burning emissions over Brazil during TRACE A. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 101, 23993-4012.
42. Fromm, M., Alfred, J., Hoppel, K., Hornstein, J., Bevilacqua, R., Shettle, E., et al. (2000). Observations of boreal forest fire smoke in the stratosphere by POAM III, SAGE, I. I., and lidar in 1998. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 1407-10.
43. Stohl, A., Andrews, E., Burkhart, J. F., Forster, C., Herber, A., Hoch, S. W., et al. (2006). Pan-Arctic enhancements of light absorbing aerosol concentrations due to North American boreal forest fires during summer 2004. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 111.
44. Stohl, A., Berg, T., Burkhart, J. F., Fjaeraa, A. M., Forster, C., Herber, A., et al. (2007). Arctic smoke: Record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe in spring 2006. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 7, 511-34.
45. Warneke, C., Froyd, K. D., Brioude, J., Bahreini, R., Brock, C. A., Cozic, J., et al. (2010). An important contribution to springtime Arctic aerosol from biomass burning in Russia. Geophsyical Research Letters, 37.
46. Hansen, J., and Nazarenko, L. (2004). Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 101, 423-8.
47. Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Baum, E., Doubleday, N., Fiore, A. M., Flanner, M., et al. (2008). Short-lived pollutants in the Arctic: Their climate impact and possible mitigation strategies. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 1723-35.
48. Bonsang, B., Kanakidou, M., and Boissard, C. (1994). Contribution of tropical biomass burning to the global budget of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and tropospheric ozone. In J. van Ham (Ed.), Nongreenhouse gases (pp. 261-70). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
49. Granier, C., Muller, J.-F., and Brasseur, G. (2006). The Impact of Biomass Burning on the Global Budget of Ozone and Ozone Precursors. In J. L. Innes, M. Beniston, and M. M. Verstraete (Eds.), Biomass burning and its interrelationships with the climate system (pp. 69-85). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
50. Mari, C. H., Cailley, G., Corre, L., Saunois, M., Attie, J. L., Thouret, V., et al. (2008). Tracing biomass burning plumes from the Southern Hemisphere during the AMMA 2006 wet season experiment. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 3951-61.
51. Lelieveld, J., van Aardenne, J., Fischer, H., de Reus, M., Williams, J., and Winkler, P. (2004). Increasing ozone over the Atlantic Ocean. Science, 304(5676), 1483-7.
52. Reeves, C. E., Formenti, P., Afif, C., Ancellet, G., Attie, J.-L, Bechara, J., et al. (2010). Chemical and aerosol characterisation of the troposphere over West Africa during the monsoon period as part of AMMA. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 10, 7115-83.
53. Thompson, A. M., Witte, J. C., Hudson, R. D., Guo, H., Herman, J. R., and Fujiwara, M. (2001). Tropical tropospheric ozone and biomass burning. Science, 291(5511), 2128-32.
54. Monks, P. S., Granier, C., Fuzzi, S., Stohl, A., Williams, M. L., Akimoto, H., et al. (2009). Atmospheric composition change: Global and regional air quality. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 5268-350.
55. Yan, B., Zheng, M., Hu, Y. T., Lee, S., Kim, H. K., and Russell, A. G. (2008). Organic composition of carbonaceous aerosols in an aged prescribed fire plume. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 6381-94.
56. Lary, D. J., Shallcross, D. E., and Toumi, R. (1999). Carbonaceous aerosols and their potential role in atmospheric chemistry. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 104, 15929-40.
57. Cicerone, R. J. (1994). Fires, atmpspheric chemistry and the ozone-layer. Science, 263(5151), 1243-4.
58. Mano, S., and Andreae, M. O. (1994). Emissions of methyl-bromide from biomass burning. Science, 263(5151), 1255-7.
59. Simpson, I. J., Rowland, F. S., Meinardi, S., and Blake, D. R. (2006). Influence of biomass burning during recent fluctuations in the slow growth of global tropospheric methane. Geophsyical Research Letters, 33(22).
60. Prinn, R. G., Huang, J., Weiss, R. F., Cunnold, D. M., Fraser, P. J., Simmonds, P. G., et al. (2005). Evidence for variability of atmospheric hydroxyl radicals over the past quarter century. Geophsyical Research Letters, 32(7).
61. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., Giglio, L., Kasibhatla, P. S., Arellano, A. F., et al. (2004). Continental-scale partitioning of fire emissions during the 1997 to 2001 El Nino/La Nina period. Science, 303(5654), 73-6.
62. Trentmann, J., Yokelson, R. J., Hobbs, P. V., Winterrath, T., Christian, T. J., Andreae, M. O., et al. (2005). An analysis of the chemical processes in the smoke plume from a savanna fire. Journal of Geophysical Research- Atmospheres, 110(D12).
63. Pfister, G. G., Hess, P. G., Emmons, L. K., Rasch, P. J., and Vitt, F. M. (2008). Impact of the summer 2004 Alaska fires on top of the atmosphere clear-sky radiation fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 113(D2).
64. Andreae, M. O., Rosenfeld, D., Artaxo, P., Costa, A. A., Frank, G. P., Longo, K. M., et al. (2004). Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon. Science, 303(5662), 1337-42.
65. Koren, I., Kaufman, Y. J., Remer, L. A., and Martins, J. V. (2004). Measurement of the effect of Amazon smoke on inhibition of cloud formation. Science, 303(5662), 1342-5.
66. Spracklen, D. V., Bonn, B., and Carslaw, K. S. (2008). Boreal forests, aerosols and the impacts on clouds and climate. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 366(1885), 4613-26.
67. Cammas, J. P., Brioude, J., Chaboureau, J. P., Duron, J., Mari, C., Mascart, P., et al. (2009). Injection in the lower stratosphere of biomass fire emissions followed by long-range transport: A MOZAIC case study. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 5829-46.
68. Nedelec, P., Thouret, V., Brioude, J., Sauvage, B., Cammas, J. P., and Stohl, A. (2005). Extreme CO concentrations in the upper troposphere over northeast Asia in June 2003 from the in situ MOZAIC aircraft data. Geophsyical Research Letters, 32(14).
69. Fromm, M., Tupper, A., Rosenfeld, D., Servranckx, R., and McRae, R. (2006). Violent pyro-convective storm devastates Australia's capital and pollutes the stratosphere. Geophsyical Research Letters, 33(5).
70. Fromm, M., Shettle, E. P., Fricke, K. H., Ritter, C., Trickl, T., Giehl, H., et al. (2008). Stratospheric impact of the Chisholm pyrocumulonimbus eruption: 2. Vertical profile perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 113(D8).
71. Jost, H. J., Drdla, K., Stohl, A., Pfister, L., Loewenstein, M., Lopez, J. P., et al. (2004). In-situ observations of mid-latitude forest fire plumes deep in the stratosphere. Geophsyical Research Letters, 31(11).
72. Turquety, S., Hurtmans, D., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Coheur, P. F., Clerbaux, C., Josset, D., et al. (2009). Tracking the emission and transport of pollution from wildfires using the IASI CO retrievals: Analysis of the summer 2007 Greek fires. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 4897-913.
73. Trentmann, J., Luderer, G., Winterrath, T., Fromm, M. D., Servranckx, R., Textor, C., et al. (2006). Modeling of biomass smoke injection into the lower stratosphere by a large forest fire (Part I): Reference simulation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 5247-60.
74. Luderer, G., Trentmann, J., Hungershofer, K., Herzog, M., Fromm, M., and Andreae, M. O. (2007). Small-scale mixing processes enhancing troposphere-to-stratosphere transport by pyro-cumulonimbus storms. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 7, 5945-57.
75. Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Cofala, J., Generoso, S., et al. (2006). Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 4321-44.
76. Fishman, J., Hoell, J. M., Bendura, R. D., McNeil, R. J., and Kirchhoff, V. (1996). NASA GTE TRACE A experiment (September October 1992): Overview. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 101, 23865-79.
77. Andreae, M. O., Fishman, J., and Lindesay, J. (1996). The Southern Tropical Atlantic Region Experiment (STARE): Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry near the Equator-Atlantic (TRACE A) and Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI): An introduction. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 101, 23519-20.
78. Thompson, A. M., Pickering, K. E., McNamara, D. P., Schoeberl, M. R., Hudson, R. D., Kim, J. H., et al. (1996). Where did tropospheric ozone over southern Africa and the tropical Atlantic come from in October 1992? Insights from TOMS, GTE TRACE, A., and SAFARI 1992. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 101, 24251-78.
79. Swap, R. J., Annegarn, H. J., Suttles, J. T., King, M. D., Platnick, S., Privette, J. L., et al. (2003). Africa burning: A thematic analysis of the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000). Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 108(D13).
80. King, M. D., Platnick, S., Moeller, C. C., Revercomb, H. E., and Chu, D. A. (2003). Remote sensing of smoke, land, and clouds from the NASA ER-2 during SAFARI 2000. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 108(D13).
81. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano, A. F. (2006). Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 3423-41.
82. Martin, R., and Burrows, J. P. (2007). Satellite observations of tropospheric gases and aerosols. IGACtivities Newsletter, 35, 2-45.
83. Langmann, B., Duncan, B., Textor, C., Trentmann, J., and van der Werf, G. R. (2009). Vegetation fire emissions and their impact on air pollution and climate. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 107-16.
84. Hoelzemann, J. J., Schultz, M. G., Brasseur, G. P., Granier, C., and Simon, M. (2004). Global Wildland Fire Emission Model (GWEM): Evaluating the use of global area burnt satellite data. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 109(D14).
85. Tansey, K., Gregoire, J. M., Defourny, P., Leigh, R., Pekel, J. F. O., van Bogaert, E., et al. (2008). A new, global, multi-annual (2000-2007) burnt area product at 1 km resolution. Geophsyical Research Letters, 35(1).
86. Roy, D. P., and Boschetti, L. (2009). Southern Africa Validation of the MODIS, L3JRC, and GlobCarbon Burned-Area Products. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 47, 1032-44.
87. Roberts, G., Wooster, M. J., and Lagoudakis, E. (2009). Annual and diurnal african biomass burning temporal dynamics. Biogeosciences, 6, 849-66.
88. Kaiser, J. W., Heil, A., Andreae, M. O., Benedetti, A., Chubarova, N., Jones, L., Morcrette, J. J., Razinger, M., Schultz, M. G., Suttie, M., and van der Werf, G. R. (2012). Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power. Biogeosciences, 9(1), 527-554.
89. Carmona-Moreno, C., Belward, A., Malingreau, J. P., Hartley, A., Garcia-Alegre, M., Antonovskiy, M., et al. (2005). Characterizing interannual variations in global fire calendar using data from Earth observing satellites. Global Change Biology, 11, 1537-55.
90. Tansey, K., Gregoire, J. M., Stroppiana, D., Sousa, A., Silva, J., Pereira, J. M. C., et al. (2004). Vegetation burning in the year 2000: Global burned area estimates from SPOT VEGETATION data. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 109(D14).
91. Simon, M., Plummer, S., Fierens, F., Hoelzemann, J. J., and Arino, O. (2004). Burnt area detection at global scale using ATSR-2: The GLOBSCAR products and their qualification. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 109(D14).
92. Plummer, S., Arino, O., Ranera, F., Tansey, K., Chen, J., Dedieu, G., et al. (2007). The GLOBCARBON initiative - Global biophysical products for terrestrial carbon studies. Igarss: 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1-12, 2408-11.
93. Giglio, L., Kendall, J. D., and Mack, R. (2003). A multi-year active fire dataset for the tropics derived from the TRMM VIRS. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24, 4505-25.
94. Arino, O., and Paganini, M. (2007). ESA activities related to forest fires: ATSR World Fire Atlas (WFA), GlobCarbon, RISK-EOS. Conference on Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology IX, Florence Italy. Proceedings of the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers Volume: 6742 Pages: 74206-74206 DOI: 10.1117/12.748032
95. Arino, O., Melinotte, J. M., Rosaz, J., and Monjoux, E. ESA FIRE product. (1997) Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, Courchevel, France. Editors G. Guyot and T. Phulpin, 669-676.
96. Werf GRvd, Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., and Giglio, L. (2003). Carbon emissions from fires in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. Global Change Biology, 9, 547-62.
97. Ito, A., and Penner, J. E. (2004). Global estimates of biomass burning emissions based on satellite imagery for the year 2000. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 109(D14).
98. Jain, A. K., Tao, Z. N., Yang, X. J., and Gillespie, C. (2006). Estimates of global biomass burning emissions for reactive greenhouse gases (CO, NMHCs, and NOx) and CO2. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 111(D6).
99. Kasischke, E. S., and Turetsky, M. R. (2006). Recent changes in the fire regime across the North American boreal region-Spatial and temporal patterns of burning across Canada and Alaska (vol 33, art no L09703, 2006). Geophsyical Research Letters, 33(13).
100. Korontzi, S., Ward, D. E., Susott, R. A., Yokelson, R. J., Justice, C. O., Hobbs, P. V., et al. (2003). Seasonal variation and ecosystem dependence of emission factors for selected trace gases and PM2.5 for southern African savanna fires. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 108(D24).
101. Korontzi, S., Roy, D. P., Justice, C. O., and Ward, D. E. (2004). Modeling and sensitivity analysis of fire emissions in southern Africa during SAFARI 2000. Remote Sensing of Environment, 92, 255-75.
102. Luhar, A. K., Mitchell, R. M., Meyer, C. P., Qin, Y., Campbell, S., Gras, J. L., et al. (2008). Biomass burning emissions over northern Australia constrained by aerosol measurements: II-Model validation, and impacts on air quality and radiative forcing. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 1647-64.
103. Meyer, C. P., Luhar, A. K., and Mitchell, R. M. (2008). Biomass burning emissions over northern Australia constrained by aerosol measurements: I-Modelling the distribution of hourly emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 1629-46.
104. Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency. (2012). Australia's National Greenhouse Accounts (http://www.climatechange.gov.au/climatechange/ emissions.aspx) Accessed 4 November 2012.
105. Arellano, A. F., Kasibhatla, P. S., Giglio, L., van der Werf, G. R., and Randerson, J. T. (2004). Top-down estimates of global CO sources using MOPITT measurements. Geophsyical Research Letters, 31(1).
106. Petron, G., Granier, C., Khattatov, B., Yudin, V., Lamarque, J. F., Emmons, L., et al. (2004). Monthly CO surface sources inventory based on the 2000-2001 MOPITT satellite data. Geophsyical Research Letters, 31(21).
107. Wooster, M. J., Roberts, G., Perry, G. L. W., and Kaufman, Y. J. (2005). Retrieval of biomass combustion rates and totals from fire radiative power observations: FRP derivation and calibration relationships between biomass consumption and fire radiative energy release. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 110(D24).
108. Giglio, L., Csiszar, I., and Justice, C. O. (2006). Global distribution and seasonality of active fires as observed with the Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, 111(G2).
109. Schultz, M. G. (2002). On the use of ATSR fire count data to estimate the seasonal and interannual variability of vegetation fire emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2, 387-95.
110. Schultz, M. G., Heil, A., Hoelzemann, J. J., Spessa, A., Thonicke, K., Goldammer, J. G., et al. (2008). Global wildland fire emissions from 1960 to 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22, GB2002.
111. Sofiev, M., Vankevich, R., Lotjonen, M., Prank, M., Petukhov, V., Ermakova, T., et al. (2009). An operational system for the assimilation of the satellite information on wild-land fires for the needs of air quality modelling and forecasting. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 6833-47.
112. Thonicke, K., Spessa, A., Prentice, I. C., Harrison, S. P., Dong, L., and Carmona-Moreno, C. (2010). The influence of vegetation, fire spread and fire behaviour on biomass burning and trace gas emissions: results from a process-based model. Biogeosciences, 7(6), 1991-2011.
113. Arora, V. K., and Boer, G. J. (2005). Fire as an interactive component of dynamic vegetation models. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, 110(G2).
114. Venevsky, S., Thonicke, K., Sitch, S., and Cramer, W. (2002). Simulating fire regimes in human-dominated ecosystems: Iberian Peninsula case study. Global Change Biology, 8, 984-98.
115. Groisman, P. Y., Sherstyukov, B. G., Razuvaev, V. N., Knight, R. W., Enloe, J. G., Stroumentova, N. S., et al. (2007). Potential forest fire danger over Northern Eurasia: Changes during the 20th century. Global and Planetary Change, 56, 371-86.
116. Pechony, O., and Shindell, D. T. (2009). Fire parameterization on a global scale. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 114.
117. Le Page, Y., Oom, D., Silva, J. M. N., Jönsson, P., and Pereira, J. M. C. Seasonality of vegetation fires as modified by human action: observing the deviation from eco-climatic fire regimes. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2010. 19, 575-588. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00525.x
118. Thornton, P. E., Doney, S. C., Lindsay, K., Moore, J. K., Mahowald, N., Randerson, J. T., et al. (2009). Carbon-nitrogen interactions regulate climatecarbon cycle feedbacks: Results from an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. Biogeosciences, 6, 2099-120.
119. Bowman, D., Balch, J. K., Artaxo, P., Bond, W. J., Carlson, J. M., Cochrane, M. A., et al. (2009). Fire in the Earth System. Science, 324(5926), 481-4.
120. Balzter, H., Gerard, F. F., George, C. T., Rowland, C. S., Jupp, T. E., McCallum, I., et al. (2005). Impact of the Arctic Oscillation pattern on interannual forest fire variability in Central Siberia. Geophsyical Research Letters, 32(14).
121. Field, R. D., van der Werf, G. R., and Shen, S. S. P. (2009). Human amplification of drought-induced biomass burning in Indonesia since 1960. Nature Geoscience, 2, 185-8.
122. Guyette, R. P., Spetich, M. A., and Stambaugh, M. C. (2006). Historic fire regime dynamics and forcing factors in the Boston Mountains, Arkansas, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 234, 293-304.
123. Duffy, P. A., Walsh, J. E., Graham, J. M., Mann, D. H., and Rupp, T. S. (2005). Impacts of large-scale atmospheric-ocean variability on Alaskan fire season severity. Ecological Applications, 15, 1317-30.
124. van der Werf, G. R., Dempewolf, J., Trigg, S. N., Randerson, J. T., Kasibhatla, P. S., Gigliof, L., et al. (2008). Climate regulation of fire emissions and deforestation in equatorial Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 105, 20350-5.
125. Spichtinger, N., Damoah, R., Eckhardt, S., Forster, C., James, P., Beirle, S., et al. (2004). Boreal forest fires in 1997 and 1998: A seasonal comparison using transport model simulations and measurement data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 4, 1857-68.
126. Jones, C. D., and Cox, P. M. (2005). On the significance of atmospheric CO2 growth rate anomalies in 2002-2003. Geophsyical Research Letters, 32(14).
127. Schaefer, K., Zhang, T. J., Bruhwiler, L., and Barrett, A. P. (2011). Amount and timing of permafrost carbon release in response to climate warming. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 63, 165-80.
128. Hu, F. S., Higuera, P. E., Walsh, J. E., Chapman, W. L., Duffy, P. A., Brubaker, L. B., et al. (2010). Tundra burning in Alaska: Linkages to climatic change and sea ice retreat. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, 115.
129. Guilyardi, E. (2006). El Nino-mean state-seasonal cycle interactions in a multimodel ensemble. Climate Dynamics, 26, 329-48.
130. Lenton, T. M., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Hall, J. W., Lucht, W., Rahmstorf, S., et al. (2008). Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 105, 1786-93.
131. Running, S. W. (2006). Is global warming causing more, larger wildfires? Science, 313(5789), 927-8.
132. Westerling, A. L., Hidalgo, H. G., Cayan, D. R., and Swetnam, T. W. (2006). Warming and earlier spring increase western US forest wildfire activity. Science, 313(5789), 940-3.
133. Flannigan, M. D., Logan, K. A., Amiro, B. D., Skinner, W. R., and Stocks, B. J. (2005). Future area burned in Canada. Climatic Change, 72, 1-16.
134. Flannigan, M. D., Krawchuk, M. A., de Groot, W. J., Wotton, B. M., and Gowman, L. M. (2009). Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 483-507.
135. Balshi, M. S., McGuire, A. D., Duffy, P., Flannigan, M., Walsh, J., and Melillo, J. (2009). Assessing the response of area burned to changing climate in western boreal North America using a Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) approach. Global Change Biology, 15, 578-600.
136. Wotton, B. M., Nock, C. A., and Flannigan, M. D. (2010). Forest fire occurrence and climate change in Canada. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 19, 253-71.
137. Pitman, A. J., Narisma, G. T., and McAneney, J. (2007). The impact of climate change on the risk of forest and grassland fires in Australia. Climatic Change, 84, 383-401.
138. Flannigan, M. D., Bergeron, Y., Engelmark, O., and Wotton, B. M. (1998). Future wildfire in circumboreal forests in relation to global warming. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9, 469-76.
139. Flannigan, M. D., and Vanwagner, C. E. (1991). Climate change and wildfire in Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere, 21, 66-72.
140. Flannigan, M. D., Stocks, B. J., and Wotton, B. M. (2000). Climate change and forest fires. Science of the Total Environment, 262, 221-9.
141. Wotton, B. M., and Flannigan, M. D. (1993). Length of the fire season in a changing climate. Forestry Chronicle, 69, 187-92.
142. Stocks, B. J., Fosberg, M. A., Lynham, T. J., Mearns, L., Wotton, B. M., Yang, Q., et al. (1998). Climate change and forest fire potential in Russian and Canadian boreal forests. Climatic Change, 38, 1-13.
143. Tchebakova, N. M., Parfenova, E., and Soja, A. J. (2009). The effects of climate, permafrost and fire on vegetation change in Siberia in a changing climate. Environmental Research Letters, 4, 045013.
144. Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Collins, M., Harris, P. P., Huntingford, C., and Jones, C. D. (2004). Amazon forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections for the 21st century. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 78, 137-56.
145. Flannigan, M., Campbell, I., Wotton, M., Carcaillet, C., Richard, P., and Bergeron, Y. (2001). Future fire in Canada's boreal forest: paleoecology results and general circulation model: Regional climate model simulations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere, 31, 854-64.
146. Cardoso, M. F., Hurtt, G. C., Moore, B., Nobre, C. A., and Prins, E. M. (2003). Projecting future fire activity in Amazonia. Global Change Biology, 9, 656-69.
147. Weber, M. G., and Stocks, B. J. (1998). Forest fires and sustainability in the boreal forests of Canada. Ambio, 27, 545-50.
148. Price, C., and Rind, D. (1994). Modelling global lightning distribution in a general-circulation model. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1930-9.
149. Krawchuk, M. A., Cumming, S. G., and Flannigan, M. D. (2009). Predicted
150. Spracklen, D. V., Mickley, L. J., Logan, J. A., Hudman, R. C., Yevich, R., Flannigan, M. D., et al. (2009). Impacts of climate change from 2000 to 2050 on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in the western United States. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 114.
151. Littell, J. S., McKenzie, D., Peterson, D. L., and Westerling, A. L. (2009). Climate and wildfire area burned in western U.S. ecoprovinces, 1916-2003. Ecological Applications, 19, 1003-21.
152. Malm, W. C., Schichtel, B. A., Pitchford, M. L., Ashbaugh, L. L., and Eldred, R. A. (2004). Spatial and monthly trends in speciated fine particle concentration in the United States. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 109(D3).
153. Amiro, B. D., Cantin, A., Flannigan, M. D., and de Groot, W. J. (2009). Future emissions from Canadian boreal forest fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 39, 383-95.
154. Esper, J., and Schweingruber, F. H. (2004). Large-scale treeline changes recorded in Siberia. Geophsyical Research Letters, 31(6).
155. Covington, W. W. (2000). Commentary. Nature, 408, 135-6.
156. Bridge, S. R. J., Miyanishi, K., and Johnson, E. A. (2005). A critical evaluation of fire suppression effects in the boreal forest of Ontario. Forest Science, 51, 41-50.
157. Johnson, E. A., Miyanishi, K., Bridge, S. R. J. (2001). Wildfire regime in the boreal forest and the idea of suppression and fuel buildup. Conservation Biology, 15, 1554-7.
158. Wagle, R. F., and Eakle, T. W. (1979). Controlled burn reduces the impact of a subsequent wildfire in a Ponderosa Pine vegetation type. Forest Science, 25, 123-9.
159. Pollet, J., and Omi, P. N. (2002). Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 1-10.
160. Weatherspoon, C. P., and Skinner, C. N. (1995). An assessment of the factors associated with damage to tree crowns from the 1987 wildfires in Northern California. Forest Science, 41, 430-51.
161. Stephens, S. L. (1998). Evaluation of the effects of silvicultural and fuels treatments on potential fire behaviour in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 105, 21-35.
162. Franklin, J. (1998). Predicting the distribution of shrub species in southern California from climate and terrain-derived variables. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9, 733-48.
163. Boer, M. M., Sadler, R. J., Wittkuhn, R. S., McCaw, L., and Grierson, P. F. (2009). Long-term impacts of prescribed burning on regional extent and incidence of wildfires-Evidence from 50 years of active fire management in SW Australian forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 132-42.
164. Pinol, J., Beven, K., and Viegas, D. (2005). Modelling the effect of fire-exclusion and prescribed fire on wildfire size in Mediterranean ecosystems. Ecological Modelling, 183, 397-409.
165. Wiedinmyer, C., and Hurteau, M. D. (2010). Prescribed fire as a means of reducing forest carbon emissions in the Western United States. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 1926-32.
166. Keeley, J. E., Fotheringham, C. J., and Morais, M. (1999). Reexamining fire suppression impacts on brushland fire regimes. Science, 284(5421), 1829-32.
167. Fernandes, P. M., and Botelho, H. S. (2003). A review of prescribed burning effectiveness in fire hazard reduction. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 12, 117-28.
168. Strauss, D., Bednar, L., and Mees, R. (1989). Do one percent of forest fires cause 99 percent of the damage? Forest Science, 35, 319-28.
169. Countryman, C. M. (1974). Moisture in living fuels affects fire behavior. Fire Management, 35(2), 10-4.
170. Bradstock, R. A., Gill, A. M., Kenny, B. J., and Scott, J. (1998). Bushfire risk at the urban interface estimated from historical weather records: consequences for the use of prescribed fire in the Sydney region of south-eastern Australia. Journal of Environmental Management, 52, 259-71.
171. Garde, M., Nadjamerrek, B. L., Kolkkiwarra, M., Kalarriya, J., Djandjomerr, J., Birriyabirriya, B., et al. (2009). The language of fire: seasonally, resources and landscape burning on the Arnhem Land Plateau. In J. Russell-Smith, P. Whitehead, and P. Cooke (Eds.), Culture, ecology and economy of fire management in North Australian savannas: Rekindling the Wurrk tradition (pp. 85-164). Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Press.
172. Russell-Smith, J., Edwards, A. C., Woinarski, J. C. Z., McCartney, J., Kerin, S., Winderlich, S., et al. (2009). Fire and biodiversity monitoring for conservation managers: A 10-year assessment of the 'Three Parks' (Kakadu, Litchfield and Nitmiluk) program. In J. Russell-Smith, P. Whitehead, and P. Cooke (Eds.), Culture, ecology and economy of fire management in North Australian savannas: Rekindling the Wurrk tradition (pp. 257-85). Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Press.
173. Whitehead, P. J., Purdon, P., Cooke, P. M., Russell-Smith, J., and Sutton, S. (2009). The West Arnhem Land Fire Abatement (WALFA) project: The institutional environment and its implications. In J. Russell-Smith, P. Whitehead, and P. Cooke (Eds.), Culture, ecology and economy of fire management in North Australian savannas: Rekindling the Wurrk tradition (pp. 287-312). Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Press.
174. Woinarski, J. C. Z., Russell-Smith, J., Andersen, A. N., and Brennan, K. (2009). Fire management and biodiversity of the western Arnhem Land Plateau. In J. Russell-Smith, P. Whitehead, and P. Cooke (Eds.), Culture, ecology and economy of fire management in North Australian savannas: Rekindling the Wurrk tradition (pp. 201-27). Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Press.
175. Jesinghaus, J. (1999). A European system of environmental pressure indices. In First volume of the Environmental Pressure Indices Handbook: The Indicators. Part I: Introduction to the political and theoretical background (Report No: TP 361). Luxembourg: European Commission Joint Research Centre Informatics.
176. UNFCCC. (2012). Annex 1 Greenhouse Gas Inventories. (http://unfccc.int/ nationalreports/annexighginventories/items/2715.php) Accessed on 4 November 2012.
177. UNFCCC. (2012). National Communications and Biennial Updata Reports from Non-Annex I Parties (http://unfccc.int/national-reports/nonannex-i-natcom/items/ 2716.php) Accessed 4 November 2012.
178. International Energy Agency. (2010). National energy statistics. Retrieved from http://www.iea.org/stats/rd.asp
179. FCCC/KP/AWG/2010/CRP.3. (2010). Ad Hoc Working Group on. Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol Fourteenth session Meeting Notes (http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/awg14/eng/crp03.pdf).
180. Hennessy, K., Lucas, C., Nicholls, N., Bathols, J., Suppiah, R., and Ricketts, J. (2005). Consultancy report for the New South Wales Greenhouse Office, Victorian Dept of Sustainability and Environment, ACT Government, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment and the Australian Greenhouse Office. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research and Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology.
181. Archibald, S., Roy, D. P., van Wilgen, B. W., and Scholes, R. J. (2009). What limits fire? An examination of drivers of burnt area in Southern Africa. Global Change Biology, 15, 613-30.