Researching the future of pastoralism in Central Asia's mountains: Examining development orthodoxies

Mountain Research and Development

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 368-377

  Kerven, Carol ^a   Steimann, Bernd ^b   Dear, Chad ^c   Ashley, Laurie ^d  

^a Odessa Centre   (United Kingdom)

^b HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation ^*  (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL ASIA   (Tajikistan)

^d Aga Khan Foundation   (Kyrgyzstan)

Author keywords

Central Asia; former Soviet Union; Kyrgyzstan; pastoralism; Research agenda; Tajikistan

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; DECENTRALIZATION; DESERTIFICATION; DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINT; FIELDWORK; FUTURE PROSPECT; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; LAND DEGRADATION; MOUNTAIN REGION; PASTORALISM; PASTURE;

KYRGYZSTAN; TAJIKISTAN; USSR;

EID: 84866657621     PISSN: 02764741     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00035.1     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (84)

1. ADB [Asian Development Bank]. 2009. Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management. http://www.adb.org/projects/CACILM/; accessed on 26 June 2012.
2. ADB [Asian Development Bank]. 2010. Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: ADB.
3. Aizen V, Aizen E, Melack J, Dozier J. 1997. Climatic and hydrologic changes in the Tien Shan, Central Asia. American Meteorological Society 10: 1393-1404.
4. Ajibekov A. 2005. Animal Husbandry in Kyrgyzstan. Workshop paper 5. Strategies for Development and Food Security in Mountainous Areas of Central Asia. Dushanbe, Tajikistan: Inwent, Aga Khan Foundation, GTZ. http://www.akdn.org/akf-rd-mountains-papers.asp; accessed on 24 June 2012.
5. AKF [Aga Khan Foundation]. 2004. Baseline Survey of Gorno Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. Mountain Societies Development Support Programme. Tajikistan. http://www.untj.org/library; accessed on 31 January 2012.
6. AKF [Aga Khan Foundation]. 2005. Final Survey of Rasht Valley. Mountain Societies Development Support Programme. Tajikistan: Tajikistan Rural Poverty Reduction Project JFPR9008-TAJ. http://www.untj.org/library; accessed on 31 January 2012.
7. AKF [Aga Khan Foundation]. 2006. Baseline Household Survey of Alai and Chong Alay, Kyrgyzstan. Mountain Societies Development Support Programme. Osh, Kyrgyzstan: AKF.
8. Akramov KT, Omuraliev N. 2009. Institutional Change, Rural Services, and Agricultural Performance in Kyrgyzstan. Discussion Paper 00904. Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
9. Behnke RH, Scoones I. 1993. Rethinking range ecology: Implications for rangeland management in Africa. In: Behnke RH, Scoones I, Kerven C, editors. Range Ecology at Disequilibrium. London, United Kingdom: Overseas Development Institute, International Institute for Environment and Development, and Commonwealth Secretariat, pp 1-30.
10. Bimüller C, Samimi C, Zech M, Vanselow KA, Bäumler R, Dotter D. 2010. The influence of grazing on high mountain soils in the Eastern Pamirs/Tajikistan. Geophysical Research Abstracts 12, EGU2010-10714-1, EGU General Assembly:10714.
11. Briske DD, Fuhlendorf SD, Smeins FE. 2005. State-and-transition models, thresholds, and rangeland health: A synthesis of ecological concepts and perspectives. Rangeland Ecology and Management 58(1):1-10.
12. CARNET [Environment and Sustainable Development in Central Asia and Russia]. 2005. Habitat Degradation and Loss. http://www.caresd. net/site.html?en51&id5815; accessed on 26 June 2012.
13. Christensen JH, Hewitson B, Busuioc A, Chen A, Gao X, Held I, Jones R, Kolli RK, Kwon W-T, Laprise R, Magaña Rueda V, Mearns L, Menéndez CG, Räisänen J, Rinke A, Sarr A, Whetton P. 2007. Regional climate projections. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL, editors. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, pp 847-940.
14. Conservation International. 2012. Mountains of Central Asia. http://www.conservation.org/where/priority-areas/hotspots/europe-central-asia/ Mountains-of-Central-Asia/Pages/default.aspx; accessed on 26 June 2012.
15. Coughenour M, Behnke R, Lomas J, Price K. 2008. Forage distributions, range condition, and the importance of pastoral movement in Central Asia: A remote sensing study. In: Behnke RH, editor. The Socio-Economic Causes and Consequences of Desertification in Central Asia, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 45-80.
16. Cruz RV, Harasawa H, Lal M, Wu S, Anokhin Y, Punsalmaa B, Honda Y, Jafari M, Li C, Huu Ninh N. 2007. Asia. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE, editors. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, pp 469-506.
17. Domeisen M. 2002. Marginalized by the Impacts of Transformation: A Study of Post-Soviet Livestock Breeding in the High Mountains of Eastern Pamirs [Diploma thesis]. Bern, Switzerland: University of Bern.
18. Eggenberger S. 2011. Effects of Labour Migration on Rural Livelihoods in Tajikistan. With a Special Regard on the Interlinkages to Agricultural Land Use [Diploma thesis]. Zurich, Switzerland: Department of Geography, University of Zurich. http://www.nccr-central-asia.org/MSC-THESIS-EGGENBERGERs.pdf; accessed on 31 January 2012.
19. Eriksson C. 2006. Changing Land Rights, Changing Land Use: Privatisation Drives Landscape Change In Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan. Minor Field Studies [Master's thesis]. Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
20. Food and Agriculture Organisation [FAO]. 2011. FAOStats: Statistics page of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Rome, Italy: FAO. http://faostat.fao.org/site/377/DesktopDefault. aspx?PageID5377#ancor; accessed 19 and 23 May 2011.
21. Food and Agriculture Organisation [FAO]. 2012. FAOStats: Statistics page of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Rome, Italy: FAO. http://faostat.fao.org/site/377/DesktopDefault. aspx?PageID5377#ancor; accessed 28 February 2012.
22. Farrington, J. 2005. De-development in Eastern Kyrgyzstan and persistence of semi-nomadic livestock herding. Nomadic Peoples 9(1):171-197.
23. Fitzherbert A. 2000. Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profile: Kyrgyzstan. FAO Working Paper. http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Kyrgystan/kyrgi. htm#1; accessed on 26 June 2012.
24. Giese E, Mossig I, Rybski D, Bunde A. 2007. Longterm analysis of air temperature trends in Central Asia. Erdkunde 61:186-202.
25. GoKR [Government of the Kyrgyz Republic]. 2009. Second National Communication of the Kyrgyz Republic to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan: GoKR.
26. GoTJ [Government of Tajikistan]. 2008. Second National Communication of Tajikistan to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Dushanbe, Tajikistan: GoTJ.
27. Hangartner J. 2002. Dependent on Snow and Flour: Organization of Herding Life and Socio-Economic Strategies of Kyrgyz Mobile Pastoralists in Murghab, Eastern Pamir, Tajikistan [Master's thesis]. Bern, Switzerland: Institute of Ethnology, University of Bern.
28. Harris RB. 2010. Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau: A review of the evidence of its magnitude and cause. Journal of Arid Environments 74:1-12.
29. Haslinger A, Breu T, Hurni H, Maselli D. 2007. Opportunities and risks in reconciling conservation and development in a post-Soviet setting: The example of the Tajik National Park. International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management 3(3):157-169.
30. Ives J. 2001. Highland-lowland interactive systems: Draft document for FAO-FORC/IYM 2002. http://www.fao.org/forestry/12408- 0c3cc6fd0b741cebf40769c2130c27f99.pdf; accessed on 15 February 2012.
31. Jacquesson S. 2010. Reforming pastoral land use in Kyrgyzstan: From clan and custom to self-government and tradition. Central Asian Survey 29(1):103-118.
32. Ji CY. 2008. ADB Land Degradation in Central Asia. Draft Report Prepared for Asian Development Bank. ADB TA 6356-REG: Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management Multicountry. Almaty, Kazakhstan: Asian Development Bank.
33. Jones KD. 2003. Land privatization and conflict in Central Asia: Is Kyrgyzstan a model? In: Burghart D, Sabonis-Helf T. editors. In the Tracks of Tamerlane: Central Asia's Paths to the 21st Century. Washington DC: Center for Technology and National Security Policy, pp 259-273.
34. Jones L, Black R, Skeldon R. 2007. Migration and Poverty Reduction in Tajikistan. Working Paper C11. University of Sussex, Brighton: Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty.
35. Kanji N. 2002. Trading and trade-offs: Women's livelihoods in Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan. Development in Practice 12(2):138-152.
36. Kerven C. 2003. Agrarian reform and privatization in the wider Asian region: Comparison with Central Asia. In: Kerven, C. editor. Prospects for Pastoralism in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. London, United Kingdom: Routledge-Curzon, pp 10-26.
37. Kerven C, Alimaev I, Behnke R, Davidson G, Smailov A, Temirbekov S, Wright I. 2006. Fragmenting pastoral mobility: Changing grazing patterns in post-Soviet Kazakhstan. In: Bedunah D, McArthur E, Fernandez-Gimenez M, editors. Rangelands of Central Asia: Transformations, Issues and Future Challenges. Rocky Mountain Research Station Serial, RMRS-P-39 2006. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, pp 99-110.
38. Kerven C, Channon J, Behnke R. 1996. Planning and Policies on Extensive Livestock Development in Central Asia. Working Paper No. 91 [With abstracts of selected works translated from Russian by Susanne Channon]. London, United Kingdom: Overseas Development Institute.
39. Kerven C, McGregor BA, Toigonbaev S. 2009. Cashmere-producing goats in Central Asia and Afghanistan. Animal Genetic Resources Information Bulletin 45:15-27.
40. http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1102t/i1102t00.htm; accessed on 15 February 2012.
41. Kerven C, Shanbaev K, Alimaev II, Smailov A, Smailov K. 2008. Livestock mobility and degradation in Kazakhstan's semi-arid rangelands: Scale of livestock mobility. In: Behnke R, editor. The Socio-Economic Causes and Consequences of Desertification in Central Asia. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, pp 113-140.
42. Kerven C, Steimann B, Ashley A, Dear C, ur-Rahim I. 2011. Pastoralism and Farming in Central Asia's Mountains: A Research Review [in English and Russian]. MSRC Background Paper No. 1. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan: University of Central Asia, Mountain Societies Research Centre. http://www. ucentralasia.org/downloads/pastoralism-and-farming-in-central-asia-mountains. pdf; accessed on 15 February 2012.
43. Kerven C, editor. 2003. Prospects for Pastoralism in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. London, United Kingdom: Routledge-Curzon.
44. Khukmatullo M, Breckle S-W, Breckle U. 2005. Effects of grazing on biodiversity, productivity, and soil erosion of alpine pastures in Tajik Mountains. In: Spehn EM, Liberman M, Korner C, editors. Land Use Change and Mountain Biodiversity. Miami, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, pp 239-248.
45. Kuehnast K, Dudwick N. 2004. Better a Hundred Friends Than a Hundred Rubles? World Bank Working Paper No. 39. Washington, DC: World Bank.
46. Lerman Z, Sedik D. 2009. Agrarian Reform in Kyrgyzstan: Achievements and the Unfinished Agenda. Policy Studies on Rural TransitionNo. 2009 (1). Budapest, Hungary: FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia.
47. Liechti K. 2008. Meanings of Pastures in the PostSoviet Context of Rural Kyrgyzstan. Negotiating Sustainable Regional Development: The Relevance of Meaningful Spaces in Times of Change [PhD thesis]. Bern, Switzerland: Centre for Development and Environment.
48. Lioubimtseva E, Henebry GM. 2009. Climate and environmental change in arid Central Asia: Impacts, vulnerability and adaptations. Journal of Arid Environments 73:963-977.
49. Ludi E. 2003. Sustainable pasture management in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: Development needs and recommendations. Mountain Research and Development 23(2):119-123.
50. Ludi E. 2004. Management of High Pastures under Changing Socio-economic Conditions in Kyrgyzstan. Bern, Switzerland: Centre for Development and Environment.
51. Lüthi R. 2003. Human Influence on the Marco Polo Sheep in the Eastern Pamir [Thesis for Institut für Natur-, Landschafts-und Umweltschutz]. Basel, Switzerland: University of Basel.
52. Macours K, Swinnen JFM. 2005. Agricultural labor adjustments in transition countries: The role of migration and impact on poverty. Review of Agricultural Economics 27(3):405-411.
53. Mamytov AM. 1987. Utilization and conservation of land resources of the mountains of Central Asia and southern Kazakhstan. In: Manzoor Alam S, Habeeb Kidwai A, editors. Regional Imperatives in Utilization and Management of Resources: India and the USSR. New Delhi, India: Concept Publishing, pp 379-427.
54. Näscher L. 2009. Brucellosis and Mobility: The Others Matter. A Case Study on Effects of Mobility on the Vulnerability to Brucellosis of Pastoral Households in Rural Kyrgyzstan [Master's thesis]. Zurich, Switzerland: University of Zurich.
55. Olimova S, Bosc I. 2003. Labour Migration From Tajikistan. Dushanbe, Tajikistan: International Organization for Migration in Cooperation with the Sharq Scientific Research Center.
56. Peyrouse S. 2009. The Multiple Paradoxes of the Agriculture Issue in Central Asia. EUCAM Working Paper 6. Brussels, Belgium: European Union Central Asia Monitoring.
57. Pomfret R. 2006. The Central Asian Economies since Independence. Princeton, United Kingdom: Princeton University Press.
58. Rahim I, Maselli D. 2008. Baseline Study for Project on Participatory Pasture Management in Jerge Tal Watershed, Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan: CAMP Alatoo and GTZ-CCD.
59. Robinson S, Whitton M. 2010. Pasture in Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan: Common resource or private property? Pastoralism-Research, Policy and Practice 1(2):198-217.
60. Ronsijn W. 2006. Coping during Transition in Rural Areas. The Case of Post-Soviet Southern Kyrgyzstan. Conflict Research Group Working Paper 4. Ghent, Belgium: Ghent University. https://biblio.ugent.be/input/download? func5downloadFile& recordOId5348106&fileOId5919148; accessed on 24 June 2012.
61. Rowe WC. 2010. Agrarian adaptations in Tajikistan: Land reform, water and law. Central Asian Survey 29(2):189-204.
62. Russian Nature. 2011. Biomes and Regions of Northern Eurasia. Russian Nature. http://www. rusnature.info/reg/16-5.htm; accessed 19 May 2011.
63. Sabates-Wheeler R. 2007. Safety in small numbers: Local strategies for survival and growth in Romania and the Kyrgyz Republic. Journal of Development Studies 43(8):1423-1447.
64. Savitskaya D. 2010. Statistical picture of climate changes in Central Asia: Temperature, precipitation, and river flow. International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs) In: Swayne DA, Wanhong Yang, Voinov AA, Rizzoli A, Filatova T, editors. International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software Modelling for Environment's Sake. Fifth Biennial Meeting, Ottawa, Canada. http://www.iemss.org/iemss2010/index.php?n5Main.Proceedings; accessed on 10 February 2012.
65. Schillhorn van Veen TW. 1995. The Kyrgyz Sheep Herders at a Crossroads. Pastoral Development Network Series Paper 38d. London, United Kingdom: Overseas Development Institute. http://www.odi.org.uk/pdn/papers/index1.html; accessed on 10 February 2012.
66. Schmidt M, Sagynbekova L. 2008. Migration past and present: Changing patterns in Kyrgyzstan. Central Asian Survey 27(2):111-127.
67. Schoch N. 2008. Migration and Livestock Farming? Completing or Complementary Livelihood Strategies. A Case Study of Ylaitalaa, Kyrgyzstan [Master's thesis]. Zurich, Switzerland: University of Zurich.
68. Schoch N, Steimann B, Thieme S. 2010. Migration and animal husbandry: Competing or complementary livelihood strategies. Evidence from Kyrgyzstan. Natural Resources Forum 34(3):211-221.
69. Sedik D. 2009. The Feed-Livestock Nexus in Tajikistan: Livestock Development Policy in Transition. Policy Studies on Rural Transition. Budapest, Hungary: FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia.
70. Steimann B. 2011. Making a Living in Uncertainty: Agro-pastoral Livelihoods and Institutional Transformations in Post-socialist Rural Kyrgyzstan. Human Geography Series 26. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan: University of Zurich.
71. Tebaldi C, Hayhoe K, Arblaster J, Meehl G. 2006. Going to the extremes: An intercomparison of model-simulated historical and future changes in extreme events. Climate Change 79:185-211.
72. Thieme S. 2008. Living in transition: How Kyrgyz women juggle their different roles in a multi-local setting. Gender, Technology and Development 12(3):325-345.
73. Undeland A. 2005. Kyrgyz Republic: Livestock Sector Review-Embracing New Challenges. Europe and Central Asia Region, Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
74. UNDP [United Nations Development Programme]. 2007. Kyrgyzstan: Environment and Natural Resources for Sustainable Development. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan: UNDP. http://www.caresd.net/site. html?en51&id53453; accessed on 10 February 2012.
75. UNDP and GEF [United Nations Development Programme and Global Environmental Facility]. 2008. Multi-country capacity building project supports five Central Asian countries to halt land degradation. http://www.undp.kz/ projects/start. html?search-url51&n0-filter51&n0-filtervalue []517&url51&n2-filter51&n2-filtervalue[]520; accessed on 24 March 2012.
76. UNEP [United Nations Environment Programme]. 2011. Maps and graphics, Environmental Knowledge for Change. GRID-Arendal. United Nations Environment Programme. http://maps. grida.no/index.cfm?event5searchFree&q5 central+asia; accessed on 24 March 2012.
77. UNU-EHS [United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security]. 2012. PALM: Sustainable land management in the High Pamirs and Pamir-Alai Mountains. Bonn, Germany: United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security. http://www.ehs.unu.edu/article/read/palm; accessed on 26 June 2012.
78. van Leeuwen C, Emeljanenkon T, Popova L. 1994. Nomads in Central Asia: Animal Husbandry and Culture in Transition (19th-20th century). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Royal Tropical Institute.
79. Vanselow KA. 2011. The High-mountain Pastures of the Eastern Pamirs (Tajikistan): An Evaluation of the Ecological Basis and the Pasture Potential [PhD dissertation]. Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany: Friedrich-Alexander- University.
80. Wirz C. 2009. Assessing Impacts of Different Grassland Systems on Land Degradation and Conservation in Faizabad [Master's thesis]. Faculty of Natural Sciences. Bern, Switzerland: University of Bern.
81. Wolfgramm B, Shigaeva J, Nekushoeva G, Bonfoh B, Breu T, Liniger HP, Maselli D. 2010. Kyrgyz and Tajik land use in transition: Challenges, responses and opportunities. In: Hurni H, Wiesmann U, editors. Global Change and Sustainable Development: A Synthesis of Regional Experiences from Research Partnerships. Perspectives of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South, University of Bern, Vol. 5. Bern, Switzerland: Geographica Bernensia, pp 241-254.
82. World Bank. 2003. Drylands management GEF project: Kazakhstan. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/0, contentMDK: 22523458, menuPK:64282137, pagePK: 41367, piPK:279616, theSitePK:40941, 00.html; accessed on 12 September 2011.
83. World Bank. 2007. Livestock sector review: Embracing the new challenges. Kyrgyz Republic. http://www.wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/ WDSP/IB/2007/03/14/000090341-20070314160221/Rendered/PDF/ 390260KG0Lives1iew0P09028701PUBLIC1.pdf; accessed on 24 March 2012.
84. Xinchun Z. 2011. Pastoralism in Xinjiang: Implementing the pastoralist settlement programme to promote sustainable development of pastoralism in Xinjiang. In: Kreutzmann H, Abdulalishoev K, Lu Zhaohui, Richter J, editors. Pastoralism and Rangeland Management in Mountain Areas in the Context of Climate and Global Change. Feldafing, Germany: GIZ, pp 182-188.