Postprandial Dysmetabolism and the Heart

Heart Failure Clinics

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 563-573

  Garber, Alan J ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Endothelial function; Impaired glucose tolerance; Postprandial dysmetabolism; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

ACARBOSE; EXENDIN 4; FIBRINOPEPTIDE A; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HUMAN INSULIN; INCRETIN; INSULIN ASPART; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 6; LINAGLIPTIN; LIPID; LIRAGLUTIDE; NITRIC OXIDE; PLACEBO; REPAGLINIDE; SAXAGLIPTIN; SIMVASTATIN; SITAGLIPTIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; OXIDATIVE STRESS; POSTPRANDIAL DYSLIPIDEMIA; POSTPRANDIAL HYPERGLYCEMIA; POSTPRANDIAL STATE; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; REVIEW; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HEART; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; HYPOLIPIDEMIC AGENTS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84866615015     PISSN: 15517136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2012.06.004     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. O'Keefe J.H., Bell D.S.H. Postprandial hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia (postprandial dysmetabolism) is a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol 2007, 100:899-904.
2. Ceriello A. The post-prandial state and cardiovascular disease: relevance to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2000, 16:125-132.
3. Yamagishi S., Matsui T., Ueda S., et al. Clinical utility of acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor in cardiometabolic disorders. Curr Drug Metab 2009, 10:159-163.
4. DeFronzo R.A., Tripathy D. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is the primary defect in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009, 32(Suppl 2):S157-S163.
5. Ramlo-Halsted B.A., Edelman S.V. The natural history of type 2 diabetes: practical points to consider in developing prevention and treatment strategies. Clin Diabetes 2000, 18:80-84.
6. Dunning B.E., Gerich J.E. The role of alpha-cell dysregulation in fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 2007, 28:253-283.
7. Annuzzi G., De Natale C., Iovine C., et al. Insulin resistance is independently associated with postprandial alterations of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004, 24:2397-2402.
8. Haffner S.M., Lehto S., Rönnemaa T., et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:229-234.
9. Fuller J.H., Shipley M.J., Rose G., et al. Coronary-heart-disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance. The Whitehall study. Lancet 1980, 1:1373-1376.
10. Coutinho M., Gerstein H.C., Wang Y., et al. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care 1999, 22:233-240.
11. Laakso M. Hyperglycemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Prim Care 1999, 26:829-839.
12. Bell D.S., O'Keefe J.H., Jellinger P. Postprandial dysmetabolism: the missing link between diabetes and cardiovascular events?. Endocr Pract 2008, 14:112-124.
13. Tushuizen M.E., Diamant M., Heine R.J. Postprandial dysmetabolism and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Postgrad Med J 2005, 81:1-6.
14. Klein R. Hyperglycemia and microvascular and macrovascular disease in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995, 18:258-268.
15. Stratton I.M., Adler A.I., Neil H.A., et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000, 321(7258):405-412.
16. DECODE Study Group Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet 1999, 354:617-621. Available at:, Accessed February 1, 2012. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(98)12131-1/fulltext.
17. Tominaga M., Eguchi H., Manaka H., et al. Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1999, 22:920-924. Available at:, Accessed February 1, 2012. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/22/6/920.long.
18. Donahue R.P., Abbott R.D., Reed D.M., et al. Postchallenge glucose concentration and coronary heart disease in men of Japanese ancestry. Honolulu Heart Program. Diabetes 1987, 36:689-692.
19. Jarrett R.J., McCartney P., Keen H. The Bedford survey: ten year mortality rates in newly diagnosed diabetics, borderline diabetics and normoglycaemic controls and risk indices for coronary heart disease in borderline diabetics. Diabetologia 1982, 22:79-84.
20. Cavalot F., Petrelli A., Traversa M., et al. Postprandial blood glucose is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in women: lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:813-819.
21. Håheim L.L., Holme I., Hjermann I., et al. Nonfasting serum glucose and the risk of fatal stroke in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. 18-year follow-up of the Oslo Study. Stroke 1995, 26:774-777.
22. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group Plasma lipids and lipoproteins at diagnosis of NIDDM by age and sex. Diabetes Care 1997, 20:1683-1687.
23. Patsch J.R., Miesenböck G., Hopferwieser T., et al. Relation of triglyceride metabolism and coronary artery disease. Studies in the postprandial state. Arterioscler Thromb 1992, 12:1336-1345.
24. Ansar S., Koska J., Reaven P.D. Postprandial hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk: focus on incretins. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011, 10:61. Available at:, Accessed February 1, 2012. http://www.cardiab.com/content/10/1/61.
25. Stensvold I., Tverdal A., Urdal P., et al. Non-fasting serum triglyceride concentration and mortality from coronary heart disease and any cause in middle aged Norwegian women. BMJ 1993, 307(6913):1318-1322.
26. Bansal S., Buring J.E., Rifai N., et al. Fasting compared with non-fasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA 2007, 298:309-316.
27. Eberly L.E., Stamler J., Neaton J.D., Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group Relation of triglyceride levels, fasting and nonfasting, to fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 2003, 163:1077-1083.
28. Stampfer M.J., Krauss R.M., Ma J., et al. A prospective study of triglyceride level, low-density lipoprotein particle diameter, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1996, 276:882-888.
29. Nordestgaard B.G., Langsted A., Freiberg J.J. Nonfasting hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Curr Drug Targets 2009, 10:328-335. Available at:, Accessed February 1, 2012. http://www.benthamdirect.org/pages/content.php%3FCDT/2009/00000010/00000004/0004J.SGM.
30. Tverdal A., Foss O.P., Leren P., et al. Serum triglycerides as an independent risk factor for death from coronary heart disease in middle-aged Norwegian men. Am J Epidemiol 1989, 129(3):458-465.
31. Kawano H., Motoyama T., Hirashima O., et al. Hyperglycemia rapidly suppresses flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation of brachial artery. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 34:146-154. Available at:, Accessed February 1, 2012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109799001680.
32. Ceriello A., Falleti E., Motz E., et al. Hyperglycemia-induced circulating ICAM-1 increase in diabetes mellitus: the possible role of oxidative stress. Horm Metab Res 1998, 30:146-149.
33. Moers A., Fenselau S., Schrezenmeir J. Chylomicrons induce E-selectin and VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1997, 105(Suppl 2):35-37.
34. Ferreira A.C., Peter A.A., Mendez A.J., et al. Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia increases circulating levels of endothelial cell microparticles. Circulation 2004, 110:3599-3603.
35. Widlansky M.E., Gokce N., Keaney J.F., et al. The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 42:1149-1160. Available at:, Accessed February 1, 2012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073510970300994X.
36. Zeitler P.S., Nadeau K.J. Insulin resistance. Childhood precursors and adult disease 2008, Humana Press, Totowa (NJ), p. 180-1.
37. Esposito K., Nappo F., Marfella R., et al. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans. Circulation 2002, 106:2067-2072.
38. Nappo F., Esposito K., Cioffi M., et al. Postprandial endothelial function in healthy subjects and in type 2 diabetic patients: role of fat and carbohydrates meals. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 39:1145-1150.
39. Ceriello A. Coagulation activation in diabetes mellitus: the role of hyperglycemia and therapeutic prospects. Diabetologia 1993, 36:1119-1125.
40. Ceriello A., Giacomello R., Stel G., et al. Hyperglycemia-induced thrombin formation in diabetes. The possible role of oxidative stress. Diabetes 1995, 44:924-928.
41. Gresele P., Guglielmini G., De Angelis M., et al. Acute, short-term hyperglycemia enhances shear stress-induced platelet activation in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 41:1013-1020.
42. Anderson R.A., Evans M.L., Ellis G.R., et al. The relationships between post-prandial lipaemia, endothelial function and oxidative stress in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2001, 154:475-483. Available at:, Accessed February 1, 2012. http://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150(00)00499-8/abstract.
43. Teno S., Uto Y., Nagashima H., et al. Association of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000, 23:1401-1406.
44. Ceriello A., Quagliaro L., Piconi L., et al. Effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on circulating adhesion molecules and oxidative stress generation and the possible role of simvastatin treatment. Diabetes 2004, 53:701-710.
45. Esposito K., Giugliano D., Nappo F., et al. Campanian Postprandial Hyperglycemia Study Group. Regression of carotid atherosclerosis by control of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2004, 110:214-219. Available at:, Accessed February 1, 2012. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/110/2/214.long.
46. Ceriello A., Cavarape A., Martinelli L., et al. The post-prandial state in Type 2 diabetes and endothelial dysfunction: effects of insulin aspart. Diabet Med 2004, 21:171-175.
47. Bischoff H. Pharmacology of alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Eur J Clin Invest 1994, 24(Suppl 3):3-10.
48. Chiasson J.L., Josse R.G., Gomis R., STOP-NIDDM Trial Research Group, et al. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. JAMA 2003, 290:486-494. Available at:, Accessed February 1, 2012. http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/290/4/486.long.
49. Hanefeld M., Chiasson J.L., Koehler C., et al. Acarbose slows progression of intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Stroke 2004, 35:1073-1078.
50. Hanefeld M., Cagatay M., Petrowitsch T., et al. Acarbose reduces the risk for myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients: meta-analysis of seven long-term studies. Eur Heart J 2004, 25:10-16. Available at:, Accessed February 1, 2012. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/35/5/1073.long.
51. Marso S.P., Moses A., Zychma M.J., et al. Cardiovascular safety of liraglutide: a pooled analysis from phase II and III liraglutide clinical development studies. Circulation 2010, 122:A16904. [abstract].
52. Williams-Herman D., Engel S.S., Round E., et al. Safety and tolerability of sitagliptin in clinical studies: a pooled analysis of data from 10,246 patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC Endocr Disord 2010, 10:7.
53. Frederich R., Alexander J.H., Fiedorek F.T., et al. A systematic assessment of cardiovascular outcomes in the saxagliptin drug development program for type 2 diabetes. Postgrad Med 2010, 122:16-27.
54. Schweizer A., Dejager S., Foley J.E., et al. Assessing the cardio-cerebrovascular safety of vildagliptin: meta-analysis of adjudicated events from a large Phase III type 2 diabetes population. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010, 12:485-494.
55. Johansen OE, Neubacher D, Von Eynatten M, et al. Cardiovascular risk with linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pre-specified, prospective, and adjudicated meta-analysis from a large phase III program. Presented at American Diabetes Association Annual Meeting 2011, San Diego. Available at: Accessed February 1, 2012. http://professional.diabetes.org/Abstracts_Display.aspx%3FTYP%3D1%26CID%3D88732.
56. Ratner R., Han J., Nicewarner D., et al. Cardiovascular safety of exenatide BID: an integrated analysis from controlled clinical trials in participants with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011, 10:22.
57. Drucker D.J., Nauck M.A. The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2006, 368:1696-1705.
58. Hansen M., Hare K.J., Holst J.J., et al. Inhibition of glucagon secretion by GLP-1 agonists and DPP4 inhibitors. J Clin Metab Diabetes 2011, 2:7-13.
59. Drab S.R. Incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus: current status and future prospects. Pharmacotherapy 2010, 30:609-624.
60. Pratley R.E., Nauck M., Bailey T., et al. Liraglutide versus sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who did not have adequate glycaemic control with metformin: a 26-week, randomised, parallel-group, open-label trial. Lancet 2010, 375:1447-1456.
61. Bergenstal R.M., Wysham C., Macconell L., et al. Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus sitagliptin or pioglitazone as an adjunct to metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes (DURATION-2): a randomised trial. Lancet 2010, 376:431-439.
62. Schwartz E.A., Koska J., Mullin M.P., et al. Exenatide suppresses postprandial elevations in lipids and lipoproteins in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and recent onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2010, 212:217-222. Available at:, Accessed February 1, 2012. http://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150(10)00406-5/abstract.
63. Koska J., Schwartz E.A., Mullin M.P., et al. Improvement of postprandial endothelial function after a single dose of exenatide in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and recent-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010, 33:1028-1030. Available at:, Accessed February 1, 2012. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/5/1028.long.
64. Amylin Pharmaceuticals. Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering Trial (EXSCEL): a trial to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes after treatment with exenatide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Available at: Accessed February 1, 2012. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01144338.
65. Novo Nordisk. Liraglutide effect and action in diabetes: evaluation of cardiovascular outcome results-a long term evaluation (LEADER™). Available at: Accessed February 1, 2012. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01179048%3Fterm%3DLiraglutide+LEADER%26rank%3D1.
66. Merck & Co, Inc. TECOS: a randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes after treatment with sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycemic control. Available at: Accessed February 1, 2012. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00790205%3Fterm%3DTECOS+sitagliptin%26rank%3D1.
67. AstraZeneca. A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IV trial to evaluate the effect of saxagliptin on the incidence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes (SAVOR-TIMI 53). Available at: Accessed February 1, 2012. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01107886%3Fterm%3DSAVOR-TIMI+53+saxagliptin%26rank%3D1.
68. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals. A multicentre, international, randomised, parallel group, double blind study to evaluate cardiovascular safety of linagliptin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at high cardiovascular risk (CAROLINA). Available at: Accessed February 1, 2012. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01243424%3Fterm%3DCAROLINA+linagliptin%26rank%3D1.