Percutaneous estradiol/oral micronized progesterone has less-adverse effects and different gene regulations than oral conjugated equine estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate in the breasts of healthy women in vivo

Gynecological Endocrinology

Volumn 28, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2012, Pages 12-15

  Murkes, Daniel ^a   Lalitkumar, Pgl ^b   Leifland, Karin ^c   Lundström, Eva ^b   Söderqvist, Gunnar ^b  

^a Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology Södertälje Hospital   (Sweden)

^b KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^c ST GÖRAN S HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Bcl 2 protein; Gene expression; HT; Micronized progesterone; Normal breast tissue; Percutaneous estradiol; Proliferation

Indexed keywords

CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTRADIOL; KI 67 ANTIGEN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; MESSENGER RNA; PROGESTERONE; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR B; PROTEIN BCL 2;

ADULT; AGED; APOPTOSIS; BREAST; BREAST CELL; CANCER RISK; CELL PROLIFERATION; DRUG EFFECT; FEMALE; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; MAMMOGRAPHY; NORMAL HUMAN; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS; ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ADULT; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CELL PROLIFERATION; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED (USP); FEMALE; GELS; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; KI-67 ANTIGEN; MAMMARY GLANDS, HUMAN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; MIDDLE AGED; POSTMENOPAUSE; RISK FACTORS; RNA, MESSENGER; SWEDEN;

EID: 84866530757     PISSN: 09513590     EISSN: 14730766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2012.706670     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. Santen RJ, Pinkerton J, McCartney C, Petroni GR. Risk of breast cancer with progestins in combination with estrogen as hormone replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:16-23.
2. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, et al.; Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefts of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-333.
3. Weiss LK, Burkman RT, Cushing-Haugen KL, Voigt LF, Simon MS, Daling JR, Norman SA, et al. Hormone replacement therapy regimens and breast cancer risk(1). Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:1148-1158.
4. Beral V; Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2003;362:419-427.
5. Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD, Stefanick ML, Gass M, Lane D, Rodabough RJ, et al.; WHI Investigators. Infuence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA 2003;289:3243-3253.
6. Prentice RL, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, Manson JE, Pettinger M, Hendrix SL, Hubbell FA, et al. Estrogen plus progestin therapy and breast cancer in recently postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:1207-1216.
7. Opatrny L, Dell'Aniello S, Assouline S, Suissa S. Hormone replacement therapy use and variations in the risk of breast cancer. BJOG 2008;115:169-75; discussion 175.
8. Gompel A, Malet C, Spritzer P, Lalardrie JP, Kuttenn F, Mauvais-Jarvis P. Progestin efect on cell proliferation and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in normal human breast cells in culture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63:1174-1180.
9. Preston-Martin S, Pike MC, Ross RK, Jones PA, Henderson BE. Increased cell division as a cause of human cancer. Cancer Res 1990;50:7415-7421.
10. Söderqvist G, Isaksson E, von Schoultz B, Carlström K, Tani E, Skoog L. Proliferation of breast epithelial cells in healthy women during the menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:123-128.
11. Isaksson E, von Schoultz E, Odlind V, Söderqvist G, Csemiczky G, Carlström K, Skoog L, von Schoultz B. Efects of oral contraceptives on breast epithelial proliferation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001;65:163-169.
12. Conner P, Christow A, Kersemaekers W, Söderqvist G, Skoog L, Carlström K, Tani E, et al. A comparative study of breast cell proliferation during hormone replacement therapy: efects of tibolon and continuous combined estrogen-progestogen treatment. Climacteric 2004;7:50-58.
13. Valdivia I, Campodónico I, Tapia A, Capetillo M, Espinoza A, Lavín P. Efects of tibolone and continuous combined hormone therapy on mammographic breast density and breast histochemical markers in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2004;81:617-623.
14. Conner P, Register TC, Skoog L, Tani E, von Schoultz B, Cline JM. Expression of p53 and markers for apoptosis in breast tissue during long-term hormone therapy in cynomolgus monkeys. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:58-63.
15. Lundström E, Söderqvist G, Svane G, Azavedo E, Olovsson M, Skoog L, von Schoultz E, von Schoultz B. Digitized assessment of mammographic breast density in patients who received low-dose intrauterine levonorgestrel in continuous combination with oral estradiol valerate: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 2006;85:989-995.
16. Conner P, Söderqvist G, Skoog L, Gräser T, Walter F, Tani E, Carlström K, von Schoultz B. Breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women during HRT evaluated through fne needle aspiration cytology. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003;78:159-165.
17. Hofing M, Hirschberg AL, Skoog L, Tani E, Hägerström T, von Schoultz B. Testosterone inhibits estrogen/progestogen-induced breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2007;14:183-190.
18. Wood CE, Register TC, Lees CJ, Chen H, Kimrey S, Cline JM. Efects of estradiol with micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on risk markers for breast cancer in postmenopausal monkeys. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007;101:125-134.
19. Fournier A, Berrino F, Clavel-Chapelon F. Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with diferent hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008;107:103-111.
20. Conner P, Skoog L, Söderqvist G. Breast epithelial proliferation in postmenopausal women evaluated through fne-needle-aspiration cytology. Climacteric 2001;4:7-12.
21. Murkes D, Conner P, Leifand K, Tani E, Beliard A, Lundström E, Söderqvist G. Efects of percutaneous estradiol-oral progesterone versus oral conjugated equine estrogens-medroxyprogesterone acetate on breast cell proliferation and bcl-2 protein in healthy women. Fertil Steril 2011;95:1188-1191.
22. Södergård R, Bäckström T, Shanbhag V, Carstensen H. Calculation of free and bound fractions of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta to human plasma proteins at body temperature. J Steroid Biochem 1982;16:801-810.
23. Dumas I, Diorio C. Estrogen pathway polymorphisms and mammographic density. Anticancer Res 2011;31:4369-4386.
24. Sahlin L, Norstedt G, Eriksson H. Estrogen regulation of the estrogen receptor and insulinlike growth factor-I in the rat uterus: a potential coupling between efects of estrogen and IGF-I. Steroids 1994;59:421-430.
25. Nacif JM, Hess KA, Overmann GJ, Torontali SM, Carr GJ, Tiesman J P, Foertsch LM, et al. Gene expression changes induced in the testis by transplacental exposure to high and low doses of 17{alpha}-ethynyl estradiol, genistein, or bisphenol A. Toxicol Sci 2005;86:396-416.
26. Yang WT, Lewis MT, Hess K, Wong H, Tsimelzon A, Karadag N, Cairo M, et al. Decreased TGFbeta signaling and increased COX2 expression in high risk women with increased mammographic breast density. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010;119:305-314.
27. Field LA, Love B, Deyarmin B, Hooke JA, Shriver CD, Ellsworth RE. Identifcation of diferentially expressed genes in breast tumors from African American compared with Caucasian women. Cancer 2012;118:1334-1344.
28. Gerdes J, Li L, Schlueter C, Duchrow M, Wohlenberg C, Gerlach C, Stahmer I, et al. Immunobiochemical and molecular biologic characterization of the cell proliferation-associated nuclear antigen that is defned by monoclonal antibody Ki-67. Am J Pathol 1991;138:867-873.
29. Gompel A, Somaï S, Chaouat M, Kazem A, Kloosterboer HJ, Beusman I, Forgez P, et al. Hormonal regulation of apoptosis in breast cells and tissues. Steroids 2000;65:593-598.
30. Cho H, Aronica SM, Katzenellenbogen BS. Regulation of progesterone receptor gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: a comparison of the efects of cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate, estradiol, insulin-like growth factor-I, and serum factors. Endocrinology 1994;134:658-664.
31. Caruso ML, Gabrieli G, Marzullo G, Pirrelli M, Rizzia E, Sorino F. Core Biopsy as Alternative to Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy in Diagnosis of Breast Tumors. Oncologist 1998;3:45-49.
32. Somerville P, Seifert PJ, Destounis S V, Murphy PF, Young W. Anticoagulation and bleeding risk afer core needle biopsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008;191:1194-1197.
33. Isaksson E, Sahlin L, Söderqvist G, von Schoultz E, Masironi B, Wickman M, Wilking N, et al. Expression of sex steroid receptors and IGF-1 mRNA in breast tissue-efects of hormonal treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1999;70:257-262.
34. Kazer RR. Insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factor I and breast cancer: a hypothesis. Int J Cancer 1995;62:403-406.
35. Lee AV, Weng CN, Jackson JG, Yee D. Activation of estrogen receptor-mediated gene transcription by IGF-I in human breast cancer cells. J Endocrinol 1997;152:39-47.
36. Willett WC, Colditz G, Stampfer M. Postmenopausal estrogens-opposed, unopposed, or none of the above. JAMA 2000;283:534-535.
37. Courtin A, Communal L, Vilasco M, Cimino D, Mourra N, de Bortoli M, Taverna D, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor activity discriminates between progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate efects in breast cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012;131:49-63.
38. Conner P, Lundström E, von Schoultz B. Breast cancer and hormonal therapy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008;51:592-606.
39. Schmidt JB, Binder M, Demschik G, Bieglmayer C, Reiner A. Treatment of skin aging with topical estrogens. Int J Dermatol 1996;35:669-674.