History and the testimony of language

History and the Testimony of Language

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Ehret, Christopher ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84866525181     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (292)

1. E. sapir, Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture, Canadian Geological survey, Memoir 90, Anthropological series, no. 13 (ottawa: Government Printing bureau, 1916).
2. J. Vansina, "The Uses of Process Models in African History," in J. Vansina, r. Mauny, and L.v.Thomas (eds.),The Historian in Tropical Africa (London: Published for the international African institute by theoxfordUniversity Press, 1964), pp. 375-389
3. C. Ehret , "Linguistics as a Tool for Historians," in b. A. ogot (ed.), Hadith (nairobi: East African Publishing House for Historical society of Kenya, 1968), 1:119-133
4. C. Ehret , Southern Nilotic History: Linguistic Approaches to the Study of the Past (Evanston, iL: northwestern University Press, 1971)
5. s.H.Ambrose, "Archaeology and Linguisticreconstructions ofHistory in EastAfrica," inEhret C. and M. Posnansky (eds.),The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History (berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 104-157;
6. C. Ehret , Ethiopians and East Africans:The Problem of Contacts (nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1974).
7. J.Vansina,TheChildren ofWoot (Madison:University ofWisconsin Press, 1978);
8. J. J. Hoover, "The seduction of ruwej: reconstructing ruund History" (Ph.d. diss., yale University,1978).
9. C. Ehret and M. Posnansky (eds.), The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of AfricaNHistory (berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982);
10. D. nurse and T. Spear, TheSwahili: Reconstructing theHistory and Language of an African Society, 800-1500 (Philadelphia:Universityof Pennsylvania Press, 1985).
11. d. E. Saxon, "The History of the shari river basin, ca. 500 B.C.-1000 A.D." (Ph.d. diss., UCLA,1980);
12. M.n. Ali, "History in the Horn of Africa, 1000 B.C.-1500 A.D." (Ph.d. diss., UCLA, 1985);
13. C.P.ownby, "Early nguni History:The Linguistic Evidence and its Correlation with Archaeology and oral Tradition" (Ph.d. diss., UCLA, 1985);
14. J. A. distefano, "The PrecolonialHistory of the Kalenjin of Kenya: AMethodological Comparison of Linguistic and oral Traditional Evidence" (Ph.d. diss., UCLA, 1985);
15. J. Vansina, Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa (Madison:University ofWisconsin Press, 1990);
16. d. schoenbrun, A Green Place, a Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity inthe Great Lakes Region to the 15th Century (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998);
17. C. Ehret , An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 BC to AD 400 (Charlottesville: University of virginia Press, 1998).
18. K. Klieman, "The PygmiesWere Our Compass": Bantu and Batwa in the History ofWest Central Africa, Early Times to c. 1900 C.E. (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2003)
19. r.M. Gonzales, Societies, Religion, and History: Central East Tanzanians and theWorldThey Created, c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE (New york: Columbia University Press, 2009);
20. C. saidi,Women's Authority and Society in Early East-Central Africa (rochester, ny: University of mrochester Press, 2010).
21. J. Vansina, "Western bantu Expansion," Journal of African History 25, no. 5 (1984): 129-145;
22. d. schoenbrun, "WeAreWhatWe Eat:AncientAgriculture between theGreat Lakes," Journalof African History 34, no. 1 (1993): 1-31.
23. C. Ehret and M. Kinsman, "shonadialect Classification and its implications for ironAgeHistory in southernAfrica," International Journal ofAfricaNHistorical Studies 14, no. 3 (1981):401-443;
24. C, Ehret, "bantu Expansions: re-envisioning a Central Problem of Early African History," International Journal of African Historical Studies 34, no. 1 (2001): 5-41;
25. d. schoenbrun, "Gendered Histories between the Great Lakes," International Journal of African Historical Studies 29, no. 3 (1996): 461-492
26. J.Vansina, "Government inKasai before the Lunda," International Journal ofAfricaNHistorical Studies no. 1 (1998): 1-22;
27. d. Werner, "some developments in bemba religious History," Journal of Religion in Africa 4,no. 1 (1971): 1-24;
28. J. H.Greenberg, "Linguistic Evidence for the influence of the Kanuri on the Hausa," Journal of African History 1, no. 2 (1960): 205-212;
29. Christopher Wrigley, "Linguistic Clues to African History," Journal of African History 3, no. 2 (1962): 269-272.
30. d. nurse, Classification of the Chaga Dialects: Language and History on Kilimanjaro, the Taita Hills, and the Pare Mountains (Hamburg: buske verlag, 1979).
31. "segeju and daisu: A Case study of Evidence from oral Tradition and Comparative Linguistics," History in Africa 9 (1982): 175-208;
32. "History from Linguistics:The Case of the Tana river," History in Africa 10 (1983): 207-238;
33. "reconstruction of dahalo History through Evidence of Loanwords," Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 7, no. 2 (1986): 267-305;
34. "Extinct southern Cushitic Communities in East Africa," in M. bechhaus-Gerst and J. serzisko (eds.), Cushitic-Omotic:Papers from the International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic Languages (Hamburg: buske verlag, 1988), pp. 93-104;
35. Franz rottland, "sonjo: description, Classification, History,"Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 12/13 (1991/92): 171-289.
36. M. bechhaus-Gerst, Sprachwandel durch Sprachkontakt am Beispiel des Nubischen im Niltal: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer diachronen Soziolinguistik (Cologne: Köppe, 1996).
37. "some developments in the Prehistory of the bantu Languages," Journal of African History 4 (1963): 9-21.
38. b. Heine, "Zur genetische Gliederung der bantu-sprachen," Afrika und Übersee 56 (1973): 164-185
39. b. Heine, H. Hoff, and r. vossen, "neuere Ergibnisse zur Territorialgeschichte der bantu," inW.Möhlig, F. rottland, and b.Heine (eds.), Zur Sprachgeschichte und Ethnohistorie in Afrika (Berlin: reimer, 1977), pp. 57-72;
40. d. nurse,"bantu Expansion into East Africa," in Ehret and Posnansky, Reconstruction of AfricaNHistory, pp. 199-122
41. C. Ehret ,"bantu origins: Critique and interpretation," Transafrican Journal of History 2, no. 1 (1972): 1-9
42. y. bastin, A. Coupez, and b. de Halleux, "Classification lexicostatistique des langues bantoues (214 relèves)," Bulletin des Séances, Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer 27, no. 2 (1983): 173-199
43. c and others (eds.), Berkshire Encyclopedia ofWorld History, vol. 2 (Great barrington, MA: berkshire Publishing Group, 2005), pp. 664-670.
44. G. rossel, Taxonomic-Linguistic Study of Plantain in Africa (Leiden: research school CnWs,school of Asian, African and Amerindian studies, 1998);
45. K. bostoen, Des mots et des pots en Bantou:Une approche linguistique de l'histoire de la céramique (Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2005).
46. T. J. nicolas, "origine et valeur du vocabulaire désignant les xylophones africains," Zaire 11 (1957): 69-89;
47. G. Kubik, "Generic names for the Mbira," African Music 3 (1964), 3;
48. J. H. Greenberg, "Historical inferences from Linguistic research in sub-saharanAfrica," in J. butler (ed.), BostonUniversity Papers in AfricaNHistory vol. 1 (boston: boston University Press, 1964), pp. 1-15;
49. C. Ehret , "Historical/Linguistic Evidence for Early African Food Production," in J.d. Clark and s. brandt (eds.), From Hunters to Farmers (berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984), pp. 26-35.
50. r. blench, Archaeology, Language, and the African Past (LaNHam, Md: AltaMira Press, 2006).
51. C. Ehret , "Patterns of bantu and Central sudanic settlement in Central and southern Africa," Transafrican Journal of History 3, nos. 1/2 (1973): 1-71
52. C. Meinhof, Grundriss einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen, nebst Anleitung zur Aufnahme von Bantusprachen (Leipzig: F. A. brockhaus, 1899);
53. T. bynon (ed.), Current Progress in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics: Papers of theThird InternationalHamito-Semitic Congress (Amsterdamand Philadelphia:John benjamins, 1984), pp. 1-10
54. F. rottland,Die südnilotischen Sprachen: Beschreibung,Vergleichung und Rekonstruktion (Berlin:reimer, 1982);
55. r. vossen,The Eastern Nilotes: Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions (Berlin: reimer,1982);
56. b.Heine,TheKuliak Languages of EasternUganda (nairobi: EastAfrican PublishingHouse, 1976);
57. C. Ehret , "revising Proto-Kuliak," Afrika und Übersee 64 (1981): 81-100;
58. r.Thelwall, "The daju Language Group" (Ph.d. diss., new University of Ulster, 1981);
59. M. bechhaus-Gerst, "sprachliche und historische rekonstruktionen im bereich des nubischen unter besonderer berücksichtigung des nilnubischen," Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 6 (1984/85): 7-134;
60. P. newman, "Chadic Classification and reconstructions," Afroasiatic Linguistics 5, no. 1 (1977): 1-42;
61. C. Ehret , "Proto-Cushitic reconstruction," Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 8 (1987): 7-180
62. C. Ehret , "Language Contacts in nilo-saharan Prehistory," in Henning Andersen (ed.), Language Contacts in Prehistory: Studies in Stratigraphy (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John benjamins, 2003), pp. 135-157.
63. T. Crowley, An Introduction to Historical Linguistics, 3rd ed. (oxford University Press, 1997).
64. J. spaulding, "The old shaiqi Language in Historical Perspective." History in Africa 17 (1990):283-292.
65. C. Ehret , "The demographic implications of Linguistic Change and Language shiTh," in C. Fyfe and d.McMaster (eds.), African Historical Demography, vol. 2 (Edinburgh: Centre for African studies, 1981), pp. 153-182.
66. T. Crowley, An Introduction to Historical Linguistics, 3rd ed. (oxford: oxford University Press, 1997).
67. sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman's book Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988),
68. C. Ehret , A Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan (Cologne: rüdiger Köppe verlag, 2001).
69. M.L. Bender, The Nilo-Saharan Languages: A Comparative Essay (Munich: LinCoM Europa. 1997)
70. C. Ehret , Ethiopians and East Africans: The Problem of Contacts (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1974).
71. M.N. Ali, "History in the Horn of Africa, 1000 bC to 1500 Ad" (Ph.d. diss., UCLA, 1985).
72. C. Ehret , "Linguistics, Historical," in J. Middleton (ed.), Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara (New york: Charles scribner's sons, 1997), vol. 2, pp. 579-580.
73. C. Ehret , "Historical inference from Transformations in Cultural vocabularies," Sprache und Geschichte in Africa 2 (1978): 189-218.
74. C. Ehret , An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 BC to AD 400 (Charlottesville: University Press of virginia, 1998).
75. Ehret, Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan.
76. C. Ehret , "nilo-saharans and the saharo-sudanese neolithic," in T. shaw and others (eds.), Archaeology of Africa: Foods, Metals and Towns (London and New york: routledge, 1993), pp. 104-125;
77. John Albert distefano, "The Precolonial History of the Kalenjin of Kenya: A Methodological Comparison of Linguistic and oral Traditional Evidence" (Ph.d. diss., UCLA, 1985).
78. Douglas E. Saxon, "The History of the shari river basin, ca. 500 B.C.-1000 A.D." (Ph.d. diss., UCLA, 1980).
79. Malcolm ross, Andrew Pawley, and Meredith osmond (eds.), The Lexicon of Proto-Oceanic: The Culture and Environment of Ancestral Oceanic Society, 5 vols. (Canberra: Pacific Linguistics: research school of Pacific and Asian studies, The Australian national University, 1998-2007).
80. S. Lamb, "Linguistic Prehistory in the Great basin," International Journal of American Linguistics 24 (1958): 95-100.
81. Edward sapir, Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture (ottawa: Canadian Geological series, 1916)
82. J. Vansina, How Societies Are Born: Governance in West Central Africa before 1600 (Charlottesville:University of virginia Press, 2004).
83. S. Ambrose, "Archaeology and Linguistic reconstruction of History in East Africa" in Ehret C. and M. Posnansky (eds.), The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 104-157;
84. C. saidi, Women's Authority and Society in Early East-Central Africa (rochester, ny: University of rochester Press,2010);
85. C. Ehret , "Language Change and the Material Correlates of Language and Ethnic shiTh," Antiquity 62 (1988): 569.
86. K. bergslund and H. vogt, "on the validity of Glottochronology," Current Anthropology 3 [1962]: 115-153
87. M.L. Bender, "The Languages of Ethiopia: A new Lexicostatistical Classification and some Problems of diffusion," Anthropological Linguistics 13, no. 5 (1971): 165-288;
88. R. Kuper and s. Kröpelin. "Climate-Controlled Holocene occupation in the sahara: Motor of Africa's Evolution," Science 313 (11 August 2006): 803-807.
89. F. Wendorf, R. Schild, and A. Close (eds.), Cattle Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba (dallas: southern Methodist University Press, 1984)
90. F. Wendorf and r. Schild, "nabta Playa and its role in northeastern African History," Anthropological Archaeology 20 (1998): 97-123;
91. F. Wendorf,R. Schild, and associates, The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Holocene settlement of the Egyptian sahara, vol. 1 (New york: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001).
92. C. Ehret , "Linguistic Evidence and its Correlation with Archaeology," World Archaeology 8, no.1 (1976): 5-18.
93. J. Vansina, Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990);
94. D. schoenbrun, A Green Place, a Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the 15th Century (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998);
95. K. Klieman, "The Pygmies Were Our Compass": Bantu and Batwa in the History of West Central Africa, Early Times to c. 1900 C.E. (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2003);
96. R.M. Gonzales, Societies, Religion, and History: Central East Tanzanians and the World They Created, c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE (New york: Columbia University Press, 2009).
97. D. Lloyd, "The Precolonial Economic History of the Avongara-Azande, c. 1750-1916" (Ph.d. diss., UCLA, 1978)
98. J. Vansina, How Societies Are Born: Governance in West Central Africa before 1600 (Charlottesville: University of virginia Press, 2004).
99. C. Ehret , An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 BC to AD 400 (Charlottesville: University Press of virginia, 1998).
100. C, Fourshey, "Agriculture, Ecology, Kinship and Gender: A social and Economic History of Tanzania's Corridor 500 B.C. to 1900 A.D." (Ph.d.diss., UCLA, 2002)
101. C. Ehret , "Agricultural History in Central and southern Africa, ca. 1000 B.C. to ca. A.D. 500," Transafrican Journal of History 4, nos. 1/2 (1974): 1-25.
102. Ehret, African Classical Age, pp. 308, 325.
103. C. Ehret , Southern Nilotic History: Linguistic Approaches to the Study of the Past (Evanston, IL: northwestern University Press, 1971);
104. C. Ehret , Ethiopians and East Africans: The Problem of Contacts (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1974), pp. 19-23;
105. Ehret, African Classical Age, p. 327.
106. Ehret, African Classical Age, pp. 308, 317.
107. Ehret, African Classical Age, pp. 68, 327-328.
108. C. Ehret , "Language Evidence and religious History," in T.o. ranger and I.N. Kimambo (eds.),The Historical Study of African Religion (London: Heinemann, 1972), pp. 45-49.
109. D. schoenbrun, A Green Place, a Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the 15th Century (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998);
110. R. M. Gonzales, Societies,Religion, and History: Central East Tanzanians and the World They Created, c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE (New york: Columbia University Press, 2009);
111. K. Klieman, "of Ancestors and Earth spirits," in Alisa LeGamma (ed.), Eternal Ancestors: The Art of the Central African Reliquary (New york: Metropolitan Museum of Art; new Haven: yale University Press, 2007), pp. 33-61.
112. C. Ehret , "reconstructing Ancient Kinship in Africa," in n. J. Allen and others (eds.), Early Human Kinship: From Sex to Social Reproduction (oxford: Wiley blackwell), pp. 200-231, 259-269.
113. T.R. Trautman, Dravidian Kinship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981)
114. A. Kitchen and others, "bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of semitic Languages identifies an Early bronze Age origin of semitic in the near East," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1668 (2009): 2703-2710
115. C. Ehret , "reconstructing Ancient Kinship: Practice and Theory in an Africa"
116. C. Ehret, "reconstructing Ancient Kinship: Practice and Theory in an African Case study," D. Jones and b. Milicic (eds.), Kinship and Language: Per Hage and the Renaissance of Kinship Studies (salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, in press).
117. C. Holden and r. Mace, "spread of Cattle Led to the Loss of Matrilineal descent in Africa: A Coevolutionary Analysis," Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 270, no. 1532 (2003):2425-2433
118. C. Ehret , The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary (Berlin: reimer, 1980);
119. D. Kilhefner, "Circumcision and scarification in initiation: Comparative Linguistic and Ethnographic study" (seminar paper, UCLA, 1969).
120. G. Waite, A History of Traditional Medicine and Health Care in Pre-colonial East-Central Africa (Lewiston, ny: E. Mellon Press, 1992).
121. C. Ehret , Southern Nilotic History: Linguistic Approaches to the Study of the Past (Evanston, iL:northwestern University Press, 1971)
122. Ehret and d. Nurse, "The Taita Cushites,"Sprache und Geschichte in Africa 3 (1981): 125-168
123. D. dalby, "The Etymology of o.K.," Times (London), July 19, 1969
124. D. Humes, "Lexicostatistics so Far," Current Anthropology 1 (1960): 3-44.
125. Ehret, Southern Nilotic History, p. 94
126. I.N. Kimambo, A Political History of the Pare of Tanzania (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1969), pp. 61-62
127. C. Ehret , The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary, Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5 (Berlin: reimer, 1980), pp. 130-131.
128. C. Ehret , "Population Movement and Culture Contact in the southern sudan, c. 3000 bC to Ad 1000," in J. Mack and P. robertshaw (eds.), Culture History in the Southern Sudan, Memoire 8 (Nairobi: british institute in Eastern Africa, 1983), pp. 19-48;
129. Heine, The Kuliak Languages (Nairobi:East African Publishing House, 1976)
130. C. Ehret , "Christopher Ehret responds,"International Journal of African Historical Studies 34, no. 1 (2001): 82-87
131. R. Gonzales, G. Waite, and Ehret C., "strategies for Uncovering and recovering the Early African Past: History in southern Tanzania, 500 bCE to 1800 CE" (unpublished paper).
132. B. A. ogot, History of the Southern Luo (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1967).
133. Ehret, Southern Nilotic History, pp. 187-188
134. R. Pouwels, Horn and Crescent: Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast,800-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
135. W.R. ochieng, The Pre-Colonial History of the Gusii of Western Kenya (Nairobi: East African Literature bureau, 1974), pp. 207-217;
136. W. Lawren, "Masai and Kikuyu: An Historical Analysis of Culture Transmission," Journal of African History 9 (1968): 571-583
137. M. Mous, in The Making of a Mixed Language: The Case of Ma'a/Mbugu (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: J. benjamins, 2003)
138. S. G. Thomason and T. Kaufman, in Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988)
139. S. M. Embleton,Statistics in Historical Linguistics (bochum, Germany: brockmeyer, 1986).
140. A. Mcmahon and R. Mcmahon, Language Classification by Numbers (oxford: oxford University Press, 2005),
141. C. Renfrew, A. Mcmahon, and L. Trask (eds.), Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Mcdonald institute for Archaeological research, 2000),
142. A. Kitchen and others, "bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of semitic Languages identifies an Early bronze Age origin of semitic in the near East," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1668 (2009): 2703-2710
143. C. Ehret , "Language Change and the Material Correlates of Language and Ethnic shiTh," Antiquity 62 (1988): 264-274.
144. C. Ehret , Southern Nilotic History: Linguistic Approaches to the Study of the Past (Evanston, iL: northwestern University Press, 1971), p. 84;
145. Mark Pagel, "Maximum-Likelihood Models for Glottochronology and for reconstructing Linguistic Phylogenies,"in C. renfrew, A. Mcmahon, and L. Trask (eds.), Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Mcdonald institute for Archaeological research, 2000), pp. 189-208
146. C. Ehret and M. Kinsman, "shona dialect Classification and its implications for iron Age History in southern Africa," International Journal of African Historical Studies 14 (1981): 401-443;
147. C. Ehret and M. n. Ali, "soomaali Classification," in T. Labahn (ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Somali Studies (Hamburg, August, 1983) (Hamburg: buske verlag, 1983), pp. 201-269;
148. K. Klieman, "The Pygmies Were Our Compass": Bantu and Batwa in the History of West Central Africa,Early Times to c. 1900 C.E. (Portsmouth: Heinemann, 2003).
149. C. ownby, "Early nguni History: The Linguistic Evidence and its Correlation with Archaeology and oral Tradition" (Ph.d. diss., UCLA, 1985).
150. T.N. Huffman, "The origins of Leopard's Kopje: An 11th Century difaqane," Arnoldia 8, no. 23 (1978): 1-12
151. C. saidi, Women's Authority and Society in Early East-Central Africa (rochester, ny: University of rochester Press, 2010).
152. N. M. Katenekwa, "The iron Age in Zambia: some new Evidence and interpretations" (paper presented at Conference on Agricultural origins in Eastern Africa, newNHam College, Cambridge University, July 1994);
153. Anita Pfouts, "Economy and society in northern namibia, 500 bCE to 1800 CE: A Linguistic Approach" (UCLA, 2003),
154. Kathryn de Luna, "Collecting Food, Cultivating Persons: Wild resource Use in Central African Political Culture, c. 1000 B.C.E. to c. 1900 C.E." (northwestern University, 2009
155. saidi, Women's Authority
156. D. Nurse and T. Hinnebusch, Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993).
157. D. Nurse and G. Philippson, The Northeastern Bantu Languages of Tanzania and Kenya: A Classification (dar es salaam: University of dar es salaam, 1974)
158. Felix Chami, The Tanzanian Coast in the First Millenium AD: An Archaeology of the Iron- Working, Farming Communities (Uppsala: societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis, 1994).
159. E.M. Gonzales, Societies, Religion, and History: Central East Tanzanians and the World They Created,c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE (New york: Columbia University Press, 2009)
160. H.W. Mutoro, "An Archaeological study of the Mijikenda Kaya settlements of Hinterland Kenya Coast" (Ph.d. diss., UCLA, 1987).
161. M.-C. van Grunderbeek, E. roche, and H. doutrelepont, Le premier âge du fer au Ruanda et au Burundi, Publication 23 (brussels and butare: institut national de recherche scientifique)
162. M.-C. van Grunderbeek, "Essai de délimitation chronologique de l'âge du fer ancien au burundi, au ruanda et dans la région des Grands Lacs," Azania 28 (1993): 53-80;
163. y. bastin, A. Coupez, and b. de Halleux, "Clas-sification lexicostatistique des langues hantous (214 relèves)," Bulletin des Séances, Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer 27, no. 2 (1983): 173-199
164. C. Ehret and others, "outlining southern African History: A reconsideration," Ufahamu 3, no. 1 (1972), 9-27;
165. D. Nurse, "The diachronic background to the Language Communities of southwestern Tanzania," Sprache und Geschichte in Africa 9 (1988): 15-115;
166. D.schoenbrun, A Green Place, a Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the 15th Century (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998);
167. C. Ehret , and others, "some Thoughts on the Early History of the nile-Congo Watershed," Ufahamu 5 (1974): 85-112
168. C. Ehret , "Population Movement and Culture Contact in the southern sudan, 3000 bC to Ad 1000," in J. Mack and P. robertshaw (eds.), Culture History in the Southern Sudan (Nairobi:british institute in Eastern Africa, 1983), pp. 19-48;
169. S. Ambrose, "Archaeology and Linguistic reconstructions of History in East Africa," in Ehret C. and M. Posnansky (eds.), The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press), pp. 103-157.
170. C. Ehret , "The invention of Highland Planting Agriculture in northeastern Tanzania: social repercussions of an Economic Transformation" (typescript, May 1977; 65 pp.);
171. D. Nurse, Classification of the Chaga Dialects: Language and History on Kilimanjaro, the Taita Hills, and the Pare Mountains (Hamburg: Helmut buske verlag, 1979).
172. K.M. stahl, A History of the Chagga People of Kilimanjaro (London: Mouton, 1964);
173. S. Feierman,The Shambaa Kingdom: A History (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974);
174. K. A. Jackson,"The dimensions of Kamba Pre-colonial History," in b. A. ogot (ed.), Kenya Before 1900 (Nairobi: East African Publishing House), pp. 174-261.
175. P. robertshaw, Early Pastoralists of South-Western Kenya (Nairobi: british institute in Eastern Africa, 1990).
176. C. Ehret , "The Eastern Kenya interior, 1500-1800," in A. odhiambo (ed.), Essays on Kenya History in Honor of B. A. Ogot (basel: P. schlettwein, 2001);
177. P. robertshaw and d. Collett, "A new Framework for the study of Early Pastoral Communities in East Africa," Journal of African History 24 (1983): 289-331.
178. C. Ehret , Ethiopians and East Africans: The Problem of Contacts (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1974),
179. Ehret, Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic, pp. 108, 385-388
180. M.L. Bender, "The Languages of Ethiopia: A new Lexicostatistical Classification and some Problems of diffusion," Anthropological Linguistics 13, no. 5 (1971): 165-288.
181. H. C. Fleming, "Ethiosemitic Language History: Testing Linguistic Hypotheses in an Archaeological and documentary Context," Ethnohistory 15 (1968): 353-388.
182. C. Ehret , "social Transformation in the Early History of the Horn of Africa: Linguistic Clues to developments of the Period 500 bC to Ad 500," in T. bayene (ed.), in the Early History of the Horn of Africa: Linguistic Clues to developments of the Period 500 bC to Ad 500," in T. bayene (ed.),Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, vol. 1 (Addis Ababa: institute of Ethiopian studies, 1986)
183. W.y. Adams, "The Coming of nubian speakers to the nile valley," in Ehret and Posnansky, Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction, pp. 11-38.
184. R. Thelwall, "Linguistic Aspects of Greater nubian History," in Ehret Posnansky, Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction, pp. 39-52.
185. M. bechhaus-Gerst, Sprachwandel durch Sprachkontact am Beispiel des Nubischen im Niltal (Cologne: rüdiger Köppe verlag, 1996).
186. T. shaw, "Holocene Adaptations in West Africa: The Late stone Age," Early Man News 3-4 (1984): 51-82,
187. R.G. Armstrong, The Study of West African Languages (ibadan, nigeria: ibadan University Press,1964);
188. L.E. Wilson, "The Evolution of Krobo society: A History from c. 1400 to 1692" (Ph.d. diss., UCLA,1980);
189. J. Vansina, Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa (Madison:University of Wisconsin Press, 1990
190. Klieman, "The Pygmies Were Our Compass," pp. 43-51
191. K. Klieman, "Hunters and Farmers in the Western Equatorial rainforest" (Ph.d. diss., UCLA,1997);
192. C. Ehret , "Transformations in southern African History: Proposals for a sweeping overview of Change and development, 6000 bC to the Present," Ufahamu 26 (1997): 54-80.
193. F. Wendorf and r. Schild, "nabta Playa and its role in northeastern African Prehistory," Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17, no. 2 (1998): 97-123;
194. R. Kuper and s. Kröpelin. "Climate-Controlled Holocene occupation in the sahara: Motor of Africa's Evolution," Science 313 (11 August 2006): 803-807
195. S. starostin, "Comparative-Historical Linguistics and Lexicostatistics," in C. renfrew, A. Mcmahon, and L. Trask (eds.), Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Mcdonald institute for Archaeological research, 2000), pp. 223-259
196. J. H. Greenberg, Studies in African Linguistic Classification (new Haven, CT: Compass Publishing Company, 1955).
197. c's last work on this topic, "The Earliest semitic society," Journal of Semitic Studies 43 (1998): 209-219
198. C. Ehret , S.O.Y. Keita, and P. newman, "The origins of Afroasiatic," Science 306 (3 december 2004): 1680-1681.
199. R. Hetzron, "The Limits of Cushitic," Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 2 (1980): 7-162
200. C. Ehret , "Proto-Cushitic reconstruction,"Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 8 (1987): 7-180
201. D. Appleyard, Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages (Cologne: rüdiger Köppe, 2006
202. C. Ehret , "yaakuan and Eastern Cushitic: A Historical Linguistic overview," in G. Takacs (ed.), Semito-Hamitic FestschriTh for A.B. Dolgopolsky and H. Jungraithmayr, pp. 128-141 (Berlin: diet-rich reimer, 2008).
203. C. Ehret , "Cushitic Prehistory," in M.L. Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia (East Lansing: Michigan state University, 1976), pp. 85-96.
204. S. Ambrose, "Archaeological and Linguistic reconstructions of History in East Africa," in Ehret C. and M. Posnansky (eds.), The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 104-157.
205. C. Ehret , Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995),
206. P. newman, "Chadic Classification and reconstructions," Afroasiatic Linguistics 5, no. 1 (1977):1-42;
207. H. Jungraithmayr and K. shimizu, Chadic Lexical Roots, vol. 2 (Berlin: reimer, 1981);
208. H. Jungraithmayr and D. Ibriszimow, Chadic Lexical Roots, 2 vols. (Berlin: reimer, 1994).
209. C. Ehret , "Wer waren die Felsbildkünstler der saharaTh" trans. W. Pichler and C. Hintermann, Almogaren 20 (1999): 77-94;
210. H. C. Fleming, in "Ethiopic Language History: Testing Linguistic Hypotheses in an Archaeological and documentary Context," Ethnohistory 15 (1968): 353-388
211. R. Hetzron, "La division des langues sémitiques," in A. Caquot and d. Cohen (eds.), Actes du premier congrès international de linguistique sémitique et chamito-sémitique(The Hague and Paris: Mouton,1974), pp. 182-194
212. A. Kitchen and others, "bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of semitic Languages identifies an Early bronze Age origin of semitic in the near East," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1668 (2009): 2703-2710.
213. H. C. Fleming, "The Classification of West Cushitic within Hamito-semitic," in d. McCall, N.Bennett, and J. butler (eds.), Eastern African History (New york: Praeger, 1969), pp. 3-27
214. M.L. Bender, Omotic: A New Afroasiatic Family (Carbondale: University Museum, southern illinois University, 1975);
215. C. Ehret , "omotic and the subclassification of the Afroasiatic Language Family," in r. Hess (ed.), Proceedings of the FiThh International Conference on Ethiopian Studies (Chicago: University of illinois, 1980), pt. 2, pp. 51-62
216. P. newman, The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic (Leiden: Universitaire Pers, 1980)
217. C. Ehret , Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, vol. 2 (in preparation).
218. Ehret, Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic;
219. J. H. Greenberg, "Historical inferences from Linguistic research in sub-saharan Africa," in J. butler (ed.), Boston University Papers in African History, vol. 1 (boston: boston University Press, 1964),pp. 1-15.
220. C. Ehret , Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary (Berlin:reimer, 1980), p. 342.
221. A. Militarev, "The Prehistory of a dispersal: The Proto-Afrasian (Afroasiatic) Farming Lexicon,"in P. bellwood and C. renfrew (eds.), Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis (Cambridge:Macdonald institute, 2003), pp. 135-150.
222. C. Ehret , "Applying the Comparative Method in Afroasiatic (Afrasian, Afrasisch)," in rainer voigt (ed.), "From Beyond the Mediterranean": Akten des 7. internationalen Semitohamitistenkongresses(VII. ISHaK), Berlin 13. bis 15. September 2004 (Aachen: shaker verlag, 2007), pp. 43-70.
223. W.T. Amaruda, "Linguistic Evidence for Cereal Plow Agriculture in Ethiopia and the Horn" (unpublished paper, African History seminar, UCLA, 1971);
224. C. Ehret , "on the Antiquity of Agriculture in Ethiopia," Journal of African History 20 (1979): 161-177;
225. I. M. diakonof, "Earliest semites in Asia: Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, According to the Linguistic data," Altorientalische Forschungen, 8 (1981): 23-74.
226. C. Ehret , An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400 (Charlottesville: University Press of virginia, 1998), p. 105.
227. C. Ehret . A Comparative Historical Reconstruction of Proto-Nilo-Saharan (Cologne: rüdiger Köppe verlag, 2001).
228. C. Ehret , "Linguistic stratigraphies and Holocene History in northeastern Africa,"in M. Chlodnicki and K. Kroeper (eds.), Archaeology of Early Northeastern Africa (Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum, 2006), pp. 1019-1055
229. R. Thelwall, "Linguistic Aspects of Greater nubian History," in Ehret and Posnansky, Reconstruction of African History, pp. 39-52;
230. C. Ehret , "Population Movement and Culture Contact in the southern sudan, c. 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1000," in J. Mack and P. robertshaw (eds.), Culture History in the Southern Sudan, Memoir no. 8 (Nairobi: british institute in Eastern Africa. 1983), pp. 19-48;
231. F. Wendorf and r. Schild, "nabta Playa and its role in the northeastern African History," Anthropological Archaeology 20 (1998): 97-123;
232. F. Wendorf, r. schild, and associates, Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, vol. 1, The Archaeology of Nabta Playa (New york: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001);
233. R. Kuper and s. Kröpelin. "Climate-Controlled Holocene occupation in the sahara: Motor of Africa's Evolution," Science 313 (11 August 2006): 803-807.
234. M.L. Bender, "The Languages of Ethiopia: A new Lexicostatistical Classification and some Problems of diffusion," Anthropological Linguistics 13, no. 5 (1971): 165-288
235. C. Ehret , "Linguistic Evidence and the origins of Food Production in Africa: Where Are We nowTh" in dorian Fuller and M. A. Murray (eds), African Flora: Past Cultures and Archaeobotany (forthcoming).
236. E. Huysecom and others, "The Emergence of Pottery in Africa during the Tenth Millennium bC: new Evidence from ounjougou (Mali)," Antiquity 83 (2009): 905-917.
237. Ehret, Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, vol. 2.
238. J.D. Clark, "The origins of domestication in Ethiopia," in r. E. Leakey and b. A. ogot (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies (Nairobi : international Louis Leakey Memorial institute for African Prehistory, 1980), pp. 268-270.
239. ofer bar-yosef, "Pleistocene Connexions between Africa and southwest Asia: An Archaeological Perspective," African Archaeological Review 5 (1987): 29-38;
240. S.O.Y. Keita, "Explanation of the Pattern of P49a,f Taqi rFLP y-Chromosome variation in Egypt," African Archaeological Review 22, no. 2 (June 2005): 61-75
241. L. M. Kiage and K. Liu, "Late Quaternary Paleoenvironmental Changes in East Africa: A review of Multiproxy Evidence from Palynology, Lake sediments, and Associated records," Progress in Physical Geography 30 (2006): 633-658.
242. C. Ehret , "Language Family Expansions: broadening our Understanding of Cause from an African Perspective," in P. bellwood and C. renfrew (eds.), Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis (Cambridge: Mcdonald institute for Archaeological research, 2002), pp. 163-176.
243. Ehret, Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, p. 228.
244. J. Vansina, Paths in the Rainforests: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990);
245. C. Ehret , An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400 (Charlottesville: University Press of virginia);
246. D. L. schoenbrun, A Good Place, a Green Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the FiTheenth Century (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998);
247. K. Klieman, "The Pygmies Were Our Compass": Bantu and Batwa in the History of West Central Africa, Early Times to c. 1900 C.E. (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2003)
248. R. Hetzron, Ethiopian Semitic: Studies in Classification, Journal of semitic studies Monograph no. 2 (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1972)
249. M.L. Bender, "The Languages of Ethiopia," Anthropological Linguistics 13, no. 5 (1971): 165-288.
250. A. Kitchen and others, "bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of semitic Languages identifies an Early bronze Age origin of semitic in the near East," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1668 (2009): 2703-2710
251. C. Ehret , "Cushitic Prehistory," in M.L. Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia (East Lansing, Michigan state University, 1976).
252. C.ownby, "Early nguni History: The Linguistic Evidence and its Correlation with Archaeology and oral Tradition" (Ph.d. diss., UCLA, 1985)
253. C. Ehret , Southern Nilotic History: Linguistic Approaches to the Study of the Past (Evanston, iL: northwestern University Press, 1971).
254. H. C. Fleming, "Ethiosemitic Language History: Testing Linguistic Hypotheses in an Archaeological and documentary Context," Ethnohistory 15 (1968): 353-388
255. D. L. Appleyard, "The semitic basis of the Amharic Lexicon" (Ph.d. diss., school of oriental and African studies, University of London, 1975),
256. W. A. shack, The Central Ethiopians (London: international African institute, 1974), p. 148.
257. Ehret, Southern Nilotic History, p. 94
258. C. blakney, On "Banana" and "Iron": Linguistic Footprints in African History, Hartford studies in Linguistics, no. 13 (Hartford, CT, 1963).
259. W.T. Amatruda, "Linguistic Evidence for Cereal Plow Agriculture in Ethiopia and the Horn,"(unpublished paper, advanced seminar in African history, department of History, UCLA, 1971);
260. C. Ehret , "on the Antiquity of Agriculture in Ethiopia," Journal of African History 20 (1979): 161-177
261. P. G. bostock, The Peoples of Kenya: The Taita (London: MacMillan, 1950);
262. E. H. Merritt, "A History of the Taita of Kenya to 1900" (Ph.d. diss., indiana University, 1975);
263. S. Liszka, "A Preliminary report of research on the origins and internal Migrations of the Taita People," University of Nairobi discussion Paper no. 57 (Nairobi, 1974)
264. G. G. Harris, Casting Out Anger: Religion among the Taita of Kenya (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 4.
265. S.H. Ambrose, "Archaeology and Linguistic reconstruction of History in East Africa," in Ehret C. and M. Posnansky (eds.), The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 104-157;
266. Ehret, African Classical Age, pp. 87, 174.
267. C. Ehret , Southern Nilotic History: Linguistic Approaches to the Study of the Past (Evanston, iL:northwestern University Press, 1971);
268. D. schoenbrun, A Green Place, a Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the 15th Century (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998);
269. Ehret, African Classical Age, pp. 85-86
270. D. Nurse,Classification of the Chaga Dialects: Language and History on Kilimanjaro, the Taita Hills, and the Pare Mountains (Hamburg: buske verlag, 1979).
271. D. Nurse, "reconstruction of dahalo History through Evidence of Loanwords," Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 7, no. 2 (1986): 267-305;
272. Ehret, Ethiopians and East Africans, pp. 78, 84-85
273. Ehret, African Classical Age, pp. 63-68, 325-330
274. C. Ehret , "Extinct Khoesan Languages of East Africa," in r. vossen (ed.),The Khoesan Languages (Abingdon: routledge, forthcoming);
275. R. Kiessling, Die Rekonstruktion der südkuschitischen Sprachen (West-Rift) (Cologne: rüdiger Köppe verlag, 2002
276. C. Ehret , Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press, 1995);
277. C. Ehret and d. Nurse, "The Taita Cushites," Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 3 (1981): 125-168,
278. Ehret, African Classical Age, pp. 97, 98, 173
279. Ehret, African Classical Age, p. 329
280. Ehret, "East African interior," p. 617
281. C. Ehret and d. Nurse, "History in the Taita Hills: A Provisional synthesis," accepted for publication in Kenya Historical Review 8 (1980),
282. C. Ehret , An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 BC to AD 400 (Charlottesville: University of virginia Press, 1998), p. 105.
283. D.T. Lloyd, "The Precolonial Economic History of the Avongara-Azande c. 1750-1916" (Ph.d. diss., UCLA, 1978).
284. C. Ehret , "Agricultural History in Central and southern Africa, ca. 1000 bC to Ad 500," Transafrican Journal of History 4 (1974): 1-24
285. C. C. Fourshey, "Agriculture, Ecology, Kinship and Gender: A social and Economic History of Tanzania's Corridor, 500 B.C. to 1900 A.D." (Ph.d. diss., UCLA, 2002).
286. C. Ehret , "Agricultural History in Central and southern Africa, ca. 1000 bC to Ad 500,"Transafrican Journal of History 4 (1974): 1-25;
287. Ehret, African Classical Age, p. 272.
288. C. Ehret , "The Eastern Kenya interior, 1500-1800," in E. s. Atieno odhiambo (ed.), African Historians and African Voices (basel: P. schlettwein, 2001).
289. C. Ehret , The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary (Berlin: reimer, 1980).
290. C. Ehret and others, "some Thoughts on the Early History of the nile-Congo Watershed," Ufahamu 5, no. 2 (1974): 85-112;
291. C. Ehret , "Population Movement and Culture Contact in the southern sudan, c. 3000 bC to Ad 1000," in J. Mack and P. robertshaw (eds.), Culture History in the Southern Sudan: Archaeology, Linguistics and Ethnohistory (Nairobi: british institute in Eastern Africa, 1983), pp. 19-48.
292. D. Nurse, "The diachronic background to the Language Communities of southwestern Tanzania," Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 9 (1988): 15-115.