Earthquake nests as natural laboratories for the study of intermediate-depth earthquake mechanics

Tectonophysics

Volumn 570-571, Issue , 2012, Pages 42-56

  Prieto, Germán A ^a   Beroza, Gregory C ^b   Barrett, Sarah A ^b   López, Gabriel A ^c   Florez, Manuel ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES   (Colombia)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Earthquake clustering; Earthquake location; Earthquake nests; Intermediate depth earthquakes; Rupture mechanism; Stress drops

Indexed keywords

AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCE; B VALUE; BRITTLE FAILURES; EARTHQUAKE LOCATION; EARTHQUAKE MECHANICS; EARTHQUAKE PROCESS; EARTHQUAKE SOURCE; FOCAL MECHANISM; GREAT DEPTH; NATURAL LABORATORIES; PHYSICAL MECHANISM; PHYSICAL PROCESS; REPEATING EARTHQUAKE; REVERSE POLARITY; RUPTURE MECHANISM; SHALLOW SEISMICITY; STRESS DROP; TECTONIC SETTINGS; VRANCEA;

DROPS;

EARTHQUAKES;

BRITTLE FAILURE; CREEP; DEHYDRATION; EARTHQUAKE MECHANISM; EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE; FOCAL MECHANISM; LITHOSPHERE; PRESSURE; SEISMICITY; SEISMOLOGY; TECTONIC SETTING; TEMPERATURE;

EID: 84866509822     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2012.07.019     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Amitrano D. Brittle-ductile transition and associated seismicity: experimental and numerical studies and relationship with the b value. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108(B1):2044. 10.1029/2001JB000680.
2. Andersen T.B., Mair K., Austrheim H., Podladchikov Y.Y., Vrijmoed J.C. Stress-release in exhumed intermediate-deep earthquakes determined from ultramafic pseudotachylyte. Geology 2008, 36:995-998.
3. Bala A., Radulian M., Popescu E. Earthquakes distribution and their focal mechanism in correlation with the active tectonic zones of Romania. Journal of Geodynamics 2003, 36:129-145.
4. Bilek S.L., Lay T., Ruff L.J. Radiated seismic energy and earthquake source duration variations from teleseismic source time functions for shallow subduction zone earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109. 10.1029/2004JB003039, B00308.
5. Billington S., Isacksa B., Barazangi M. Spatial distribution and focal mechanisms of mantle earthquakes in the Hindu Kush-Pamir region: a contorted Benioff zone. Geology 1977, 5:699-704.
6. Böse M., Sokolov V., Wenzel F. Shake map methodology for intermediate-depth Vrancea (Romania) earthquakes. Earthquake Spectra 2009, 25:497-514. 10.1193/1.3148882.
7. Burrman V.S., Molnar P. Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir, Spec. Pap. Geological Society of America 1993, 281:1-75.
8. Chatelain J.L., Roecker S.W., Hatzfeld D., Molnar P.m Microearthquake seismicity and fault plane solutions in Hindu Kush region and their tectonic implications. Journal of Geophysical Research 1980, 85:1365-1387.
9. Chollet M., Daniel I., Koga K.T., Petitgirard S., Morard G. Dehydration kinetics of talc and 10Å phase: consequences for subduction zone seismicity. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 284:57-64.
10. Chouiian R., Srivastava V. Global variation of b in the Gutenberg Richter's relation log N=a-bM with depth. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1970, 124-132.
11. Christeson G.L., Mann P., Escalona A., Aitken T.J. Crustal structure of the Caribbean-northeastern South America arc-continent collision zone. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:B08104. 10.1029/2007JB005373.
12. Chung W.-Y., Kanamori H. Source process and tectonic implications of the Spanish deep focus earthquake of March 29, 1954. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1976, 13:85-96.
13. Constantinescu L., Enescu D. Fault-plane solutions for some Romanian earthquakes and their seismotectonic implication. Journal of Geophysical Research 1964, 69:667-674.
14. Cortes M., Angelier J. Current states of stress in the northern Andes as indicated by focal mechanisms of earthquakes. Tectonophysics 2005, 403:29-58.
15. Csontos L. Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Intra-Carpathian area: a review. Acta Vulcanologica 1995, 7(2):1-13.
16. Davis S.D., Frohlich C. Single-link cluster analysis of earthquake aftershocks: decay laws and regional variations. Journal of Geophysical Research 1991, 96(B4):6335-6350.
17. DeMets C., Gordan R.G., Argus D.F., Stein S. Current plate motions. Geophysical Journal International 1990, 101:425-478.
18. Dewey J.F., Bird J.M. Mountain belts and new global tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research 1970, 75(14):2625-2647.
19. Drakopoulos J.C., Srivastava H.N. The dependence of earthquake frequency magnitude relationship and strain energy release upon the focal depth in Hindu Kush region. Annali di Geofisica 1972, 25(1972):593-606.
20. Enescu B., Struzik Z., Kiyoto K. On the recurrence time of earthquakes: insight from Vrancea (Romania) intermediate-depth events. Geophysical Journal International 2008, 172:395-404.
21. Fan G., Ni J.F., Wallace T.C. Active tectonics of the Pamirs and Karakoram. Journal of Geophysical Research 1994, 99:7131-7160.
22. Fan G., Wallace T.C., Zhao D. Tomographic imaging of deep velocity structure beneath the eastern and southern Carpathians, Romania: implications for continental collision. Journal of Geophysical Research 1998, 103:2705-2724. 10.1029/ 97JB01511.
23. Frohlich C. The nature of deep-focus earthquakes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1989, 17:227-254.
24. Frohlich C. Deep Earthquakes 2006, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
25. Frohlich C., Davis S.D. Teleseismic b-values - or, much ado about 1.0. Journal of Geophysical Research 1993, 98:631-644.
26. Frohlich C., Nakamura Y. The physical mechanisms of deep moonquakes and intermediate-depth earthquakes: how similar and how different?. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2009, 173:365-374.
27. Frohlich C., Kadinsky-Cade K., Davis S.D. A reexamination of the Bucaramanga Nest. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1995, 85(6):1622-1634.
28. Fuchs K., Bonjer K.-P., Bock G., Cornea I., Radu C., Enescu D., Jianu D., Nourescu A., Merkler G., Moldoveanu T., Tudorache G. The Romanian earthquake of March 4, 1977: II. Aftershocks and migration of seismic activity. Tectonophysics 1979, 53:225-247.
29. Gansser A. The Indian Ocean and the Himalayas a geological interpretation. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 1966, 59(831-848):1966.
30. Gansser A. The great suture zone between Himalaya and Tibet - a preliminary account. Himalaya: Sciences de la Terre 1977, 209-212. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.
31. Giardini D. Frequency distribution and quantification of deep earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 1988, 93:2095-2105.
32. Green H.W., Houston H. The mechanics of deep earthquakes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1995, 23:169-213.
33. Green H.W., Marone C. Instability of deformation. Plasticity of minerals and Rocks 2002, 51:181-199. Blackwell, Oxford. S. Korato, H. Wenk (Eds.).
34. Griggs D.T., Handin J.H. Observations on fracture and a hypothesis of earthquakes. Mem. Geol. Soc. Am. 1960, 79:347-373. D.T. Griggs, J.H. Handin (Eds.).
35. Gusev A., Radulian M., Rizescu M., Panza G.F. Source scaling of intermediate-depth Vrancea earthquakes. Geophysical Journal International 2002, 151:879-889.
36. Gutenberg B., Richter C.F. Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena 1949, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 310pp. 2nd edn.
37. Gutenberg B., Richter C. Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena 1954, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
38. Hacker B.R., Peacock S.M., Abers G.A., Holloway S.D. Subduction factory 2. Are intermediate-depth earthquakes in subducting slabs linked to metamorphic dehydration reactions?. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108:24627-24637. 10.1029/ 2001JB001129.
39. Hamburger M.W., Sarewitz D.R., Pavlis T.L., Popandopulo G.A. Structural and seismic evidence for intracontinental subduction in the Peter the First range, central Asia. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1992, 104(397-408):1992.
40. Higgs R. Caribbean-South America oblique collision model revised. Geological Society of London Special Publication 2009, 328:613-657.
41. Hobbs B.E., Ord A. Plastic instabilities: implications for the origin of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 1988, 93:10,521-10,540.
42. Houston H. Deep earthquakes. Treatise on Geophysics 2007, 321-350. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 10.1016/B978-044452748-6.00071-7. G. Schubert (Ed.).
43. International Seismological Centre On-line Bulletin. Internatl. Seis. Cent 2001, Thatcham, United Kingdom, http://www.isc.ac.uk.
44. Jiao W., Silver P.G., Fei Y., Prewitt C.T. Do intermediate- and deep-focus earthquakes occur on preexisting weak zones? An examination of the Tonga subduction zone. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:28,125-28,138.
45. Jiricek R. Tectogenetic development of the Carpathian arc in the Oligocene and Neogene. Tectonic Profiles Through the West Carpathians 1979, 2003-2214. Geol. Inst. D. Stur, Bratislava. M. Mahel (Ed.).
46. John T., Schenk V. Interrelations between intermediate-depth earthquakes and fluid flow within subducting oceanic plates: constraints from eclogite-facies pseudotachylytes. Geology 2006, 34:557-560.
47. John T., Medvedev S., Rupke L.H., Andersen T.B., Podladchikov Y.Y., Austrheim H. Generation of intermediate-depth earthquakes by self localizing thermal runaway. Nature Geoscience 2009, 2:137-140. 10.1038/NGEO419.
48. Jung H., Green H.W., Dobrzhinetskaya L.F. Intermediate-depth earthquake faulting by dehydration embrittlement with negative volume change. Nature 2004, 428:545-549.
49. Kagan Y.Y. Universality of the seismic moment-frequency relation. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1999, 155:537-573.
50. Kanamori H., Anderson D.L., Heaton T.H. Frictional melting during the rupture of the 1994 Bolivian earthquake. Science 1998, 279:839-842.
51. Kane D.L., Prieto G.A., Vernon F.L., Shearer P.M. Quantifying seismic source parameter uncertainties. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2011, 101(2):535-543. 10.1785/ 0120100166.
52. Keleman P.B., Hirth G. A periodic shear-heating mechanism for intermediate-depth earthquakes in the mantle. Nature 2007, 446:787-790.
53. Khan P.K. Stress state, seismicity and subduction geometries of the descending lithosphere below the Hindukush and Pamir. Gondwana Research 2003, 6:867-877.
54. Kirby S., Stein S., Okal E.A., Rubie D.C. Metastable mantle phase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting oceanic lithosphere. Reviews of Geophysics 1996, 34(2):261-306.
55. Kirby S.H., Engdahl E.R., Denlinger R. Intraslab earthquakes and arc volcanism: dual physical expressions of crustal and uppermost mantle metamorphism in subducting slabs, in Bebout, G.E., et al., eds., Subduction: top to bottom: American Geophysical Union. Geophysical Monograph 1996, 96:195-214.
56. Kiser E., Ishii M., Langmuir C.H., Shearer P.M., Hirose H. Insights into the mechanism of intermediate-depth earthquakes from source properties as imaged by back-projection of multiple seismic phases. Journal of Geophysical Research 2011, 10.1029/2010JB007831.
57. Koch M. Nonlinear inversion of local seismic travel times for the simultaneous determination of the 3D-velocity structure and hypocenters-application to the seismic zone Vrancea. Journal of Geophysics 1985, 56:160-173.
58. Koulakov I., Zaharia B., Enescu B., Radulian M., Popa M., Parolai S., Zschau J. Delamination or slab detachment beneath Vrancea? New arguments from local earthquake tomography. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2010, 10:Q03002. 10.1029/2009GC002811.
59. Linzer H.G. Kinematics of retreating subduction along the Carpathian arc, Romania. Geology 1996, 24:167-170.
60. Lister G., Kennett B., Richards S., Forster M. Boudinage of a stretching slablet implicated in earthquakes beneath the Hindu Kush. Nature Geoscience 2008, 1:196-201. 10.1038/ngeo132.
61. Lopez G., Prieto G.A. Earthquake scaling of intermediate-depth earthquakes in the Bucaramanga Nest. Abstract S21C-2065 presented at 2010 Fall Meeting 2010, AGU, San Francisco, Calif, 13-17 Dec.
62. Lorenz F.P., Martin M., Sperner B., Wenzel F., Popa M. Teleseismic travel-time tomography of the compressional-wave velocity structure in the Vrancea zone, Romania. EOS Transactions American Geophysical Union 1997, 78(46). (Fall Meet. Suppl., F497).
63. Lou X.T., Cai C., Yu C.Q., Ning J.Y. Intermediate-depth earthquakes beneath the Pamir-Hindu Kush Region: evidence for collision between two opposite subduction zones. Earthquake Science 2009, 22:659-665.
64. Mantysniemi P., Marza V.I., Kijko A., Retief P. A new probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for the Vrancea (Romania) seismogenic zone. Natural Hazards 2003, 29:371-385.
65. Marone C., Vidale J.E., Ellsworth W.L. Fault healing inferred from time dependent variations in source properties of repeating earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letters 1995, 22:3095-3098.
66. Martin M., Wenzel F., the CALIXTO Working Group High-resolution teleseismic body wave tomography beneath SE-Romania-II. Imaging of a slab detachment scenario. Geophysical Journal International 2006, 164:579-595. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02884.x.
67. Mârza V.I., Kijko A., Mäntyniemi P. Estimate of earthquake hazard in the Vrancea (Romania) region. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1991, 136:143-154.
68. Meade C., Jeanloz R. Deep-focus earthquakes and recycling of water into the Earth's mantle. Science 1991, 252:68-72.
69. Meulenkamp J.E., Kovaâ c M., Cicha I. On Late Oligocene to Pliocene depocentre migrations and the evolution of the Carpathian-Pannonian system. Tectonophysics 1997, 266(1±4):301-318.
70. Myers S.C., Wallace T.C., Beck S.L., Silver P.G., Zandt G., Vandecar J., Minaya E. Implications of spatial and temporal development of the aftershock sequence for the Mw 8.3 June 9, 1994 deep Bolivian earthquake. Geophysical Research Letters 1995, 22:2269-2272.
71. Negredo A.M., Replumaz A., Villasenor A., Guillot S. Modeling the evolution of continental subduction processes in the Pamir-Hindu Kush region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 259:212-225.
72. Nowroozi A.A. Seismo-tectonics of the Persian Plateau, Eastern Turkey, Caucasus, and Hindu Kush regions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1971, 61:317-341.
73. Ogawa M. Shear instability in a viscoelastic material as the cause of deep focus earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 1987, 92:13801-13810.
74. Oncescu M.C. Velocity structure of the Vrancea region, Romania. Tectonophysics 1982, 90:117-122. 10.1016/0040-1951(82)90256-6.
75. Oncescu M.C. Deep structure of the Vrancea region, Roumania, inferred from simultaneous inversion for hypocenters and 3-D velocity structure. Annals of Geophysics 1984, 2(1):23-28.
76. Oncescu M.C., Bonjer K.-P. A note on the depth recurrence and strain release of large Vrancea earthquakes. Tectonophysics 1997, 272:291-302.
77. Oncescu M.C., Trifu C.I. Depth variation of moment tensor principal axes in Vrancea (Romania) seismic region. Annals of Geophysics 1987, 5B:149-154.
78. Oncescu M.C., Bonjer K.-P., Rizescu M. Weak and strong ground motion of intermediate-depth earthquakes from the Vrancea region. Vrancea Earthquakes: Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation 1999, 27-42. Springer, New York. F. Wenzel, D. Lungu, O. Novak (Eds.).
79. Oth A., Wenzel F., Radulian M. Source parameters of intermediate-depth Vrancea (Romania) earthquakes from empirical Green's functions modeling. Tectonophysics 2007, 438:33-56.
80. Oth A., Bindi D., Parolai S., Wenzel F. S-wave attenuation characteristics beneath the Vrancea region in Romania: new insights from the inversion of ground motion spectra. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2008, 98(5):2482-2497.
81. Oth A., Parolai S., Bindi D., Wenzel F. Source spectra and site response from S waves of intermediate-depth Vrancea, Romania, earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2009, 99(1):235-254.
82. Pavlis G.L., Das S. The Pamir-Hindu Kush seismic zone as a strain marker for flow in the upper mantle. Tectonics 2000, 19:103-115.
83. Pavlis G.L., Hamburger M.W. Aftershock sequences of intermediate-depth earthquakes in the Pamir-Hindu Kush seismic zone. Journal of Geophysical Research 1991, 96(18107-18117):1991.
84. Peacock S.M., Wang K. Seismic consequences of warm versus cool subduction metamorphism: examples from southwest and northeast Japan. Science 1999, 286:937-939.
85. Pècskay Z., Lexa J., Szakaâ cs A., et al. Space and time distribution of Neogene-Quaternary volcanism in the Carpatho-Pannonian region. Acta Vulcanologica 1995, 7(2):15-28.
86. Pegler G., Das S. An enhanced image of the Pamir-Hindu Kush seismic zone from relocated earthquake hypocenters. Geophysical Journal International 1998, 134:573-595.
87. Penington W.D. Subduction of the eastern Panama basin and seismotectonics of northwestern South America. Journal of Geophysical Research 1981, 86:10,579-10,597. (1981).
88. Pennington W.D. The role of shallow phase changes in the subduction of oceanic crust. Science 1983, 220:1045-1047.
89. Pennington W.D., Mooney W.D., van Hissenhoven R., Meyer H., Ramirez J.E., Meyer R.P. Results of a reconnaissance microearthquake survey of Bucaramanga, Colombia. Geophysical Research Letters 1979, 6:65-68.
90. Pindell J.L., Kennan L. South America in the mantle reference frame: an update Tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and northern South America in the mantle reference frame: an update. Geological Society of London Special Publication 2009, 328:1-35.
91. Popa M., Kissling E., Radulian M., Bonjer K.P., Enescu D., Dragan S., the CALIXTO Working Group Local source tomography using body waves to deduce a minimum 1D velocity model for the Vrancea (Romania) zone. Romanian Reports in Physics 2001, 53:519-536.
92. Poupinet G., Ellsworth W.L., Fréchet J. Monitoring velocity variations in the crust using earthquake doublets: an application to the Calaveras Fault, California. Journal of Geophysical Research 1984, 89:5719-5731.
93. Prieto G.A., Thomson D.J., Vernon F.L., Shearer P.M., Parker R.L. Confidence intervals of earthquake source parameters. Geophysical Journal International 2007, 168:1227-1234. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03257.x.
94. Prieto G.A., Lopez G., Barrett S., Beroza G. Earthquake source scaling, stress drops and radiated seismic energies of intermediate depth earthquakes. Abstract T22A-06 Presented at 2011 Fall Meeting 2011, AGU, San Francisco, Calif, 5-9 Dec.
95. Pulpan H., Frohlich C. Geometry of the subducted plate near Kodiak Island and Lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, determined from relocated earthquake hypocenters. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1985, 75:791-810.
96. Radulian M., Popa M. Scaling of the source parameters for the Vrancea intermediate depth earthquakes. Tectonophysics 1996, 261:67-81.
97. Radulian M., Mandrescu M.N., Panza G.F., Popescu E., Utale A. Characterization of seismogenic zones of Romania. Pure and Applied Geophysics 2000, 157(2000):57-77.
98. Ramirez J.E., Instituto Geofísico Universidad Javeriana Actualización de la historia de los terremotos en Colombia 2004, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D. C.
99. Ranero C.R., Phipps-Morgan J., McIntosh K., Reichert C. Bending-related faulting and mantle serpentinization at the Middle America trench. Nature 2003, 425:367-373.
100. Ranero C.R., Villasenor A., Morgan J.P., Weinrebe W. Relationship between bend-faulting at trenches and intermediate-depth seismicity. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2005, 6:Q12002.
101. Rayleigh C.B., Paterson M.S. Experimental deformation of serpentinite and its tectonic implications. Journal of Geophysical Research 1965, 70:3965-3985.
102. Reynard B., Nakajima J., Kawakatsu H. Earthquakes and plastic deformation of anhydrous slab mantle in double Wadati-Benioff zones. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37:L24309. 10.1029/2010GL045494.
103. Richter C.F. Elementary Seismology 1958, 342. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, Calif.
104. Roecker S.W., Soboleva V., Nersesov I.L., Lukk A.A., Hatzfeld D., Chatelain J.L., Molnar P. Seismicity and fault plane solutions of intermediate depth earthquakes in the Pamir-Hindu Kush region. Journal of Geophysical Research 1980, 85:1358-1364.
105. Sacks I.S., Suyehiro S., Kamitsuki A., Tuve M.A., Otsuka M., et al. A tentative value of Poisson's coefficient from the seismic "nest of Socampa". Annual Report of the Director 1967, 43-45. Carnegie Inst. Dep. Terr. Magn, 1965-1966.
106. Santo T. Characteristics of seismicity in South America. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute University of Tokyo 1969, 47:635-672.
107. Santo T. Regional study on the characteristic seismicity of the world, I, Hindu Kush region. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute University of Tokyo 1969, 47:1035-1049.
108. Schaff D.P., Beroza G.C. Coseismic and postseismic velocity changes measured by repeating earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:B10302. 10.1029/2004JB003011.
109. Schaff D.P., Richards P.G. Repeating seismic events in China. Science 2004, 303:1176-1178.
110. Schaff D.P., Beroza G.C., Shaw B.E. Postseismic response of repeating aftershocks. Geophysical Research Letters 1998, 25:4549-4552.
111. Schneider J.F., Pennington W.D., Meyer R.P. Microseismicity and focal mechanisms of the intermediate-depth Bucaramanga Nest, Colombia. Journal of Geophysical Research 1987, 92:13913-13926.
112. Scholz C.H. The frequency-magnitude relation of microfracturing in rock and its relation to earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1968, 58:399-415.
113. Scordilis E.M. Empirical global relations converting M S and m b to moment magnitude. Journal of Seismology 2006, 10:225-236.
114. Seno T., Yamanaka Y. Double seismic zones, compressional deep trench-outer rise events, and superplumes. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 1996, 96:347-355. AGU, Washington, D. C. G.E. Bebout (Ed.).
115. Schorlemmer D., Wiemer S., Wyss M. Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes. Nature 2005, 437:539-542.
116. Shearer P. Improving local earthquake locations using the L1 norm and waveform cross correlation: application to the Whittier Narrows, California, aftershock sequence. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:8269-8283.
117. Shearer P.M., Prieto G.A., Hauksson E. Comprehensive analysis of earthquake source spectra in southern California. Journal of Geophysical Research 2006, 111:B06303. 10.1029/2005JB003979.
118. Shih X.R., Meyer R.P., Schneider J.F. Seismic anisotropy above a subducting plate. Geology 1991, 19:807-810.
119. Shih X.R., Schneider J.F., Meyer R.P. Polarities of P and S waves, and shear wave splitting observed from the Bucaramanga Nest, Colombia. Journal of Geophysical Research 1991, 96:12069-12082.
120. Sperner B., Lorenz F., Bonjer K., Hettel S., Muller B., Wenzel F. Slab breakoff- abrupt cut or gradual detachment? New insights from Vrancea Region (SE Carpathians, Romania). Terra Nova 2001, 13:172-179.
121. Sperner B., Ratschbacher L., Nemcok M. Interplay between subduction retreat and lateral extrusion: tectonics of the Western Carpathians. Tectonics 2002, 21(6):1051. 10.1029/2001TC901028.
122. Stampfli G.M., Borel G.D. A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2002, 196(1-2):17-33.
123. Suter F., Sartori M., Neuwerth R., Gorin G. Structural imprints at the front of the Choco-Panama indenter. Tectonophysics 2008, 460:134-157.
124. Szakacs A., Seghedi I. Time-space evolution of Neogene-Quarternary volcanism in the Calimani-Gurghiu-Harghita volcanic chain. Romanian Journal of Strategy 1995, 76(4):24.
125. Taboada A., Rivera L.A., Fuenzalida A., Cisternas A., Philip H., Bijwaard H., Olaya J., Rivera C. Geodynamics of the northern Andes: subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia). Tectonics 2000, 19(5):787-813.
126. Telesca L., Alcaz V., Sandu I. The stress field of Vrancea region from fault plane solution (FPS). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2011, 11:2817-2820.
127. Trifu C.-I. The study of Vrancea earthquake mechanisms by a composite technique. Revue Roumaine de Physique 1991, 36:457-469.
128. Trifu C.-I., Radulian M. Frequency-magnitude distribution of earthquakes in Vracea: Relevance for a discrete model. Journal of Geophysical Research 1991, 96(B3):4301-4311.
129. Trygvasson E., Lawson J.E. The intermediate earthquake source near Bucaramanga, Colombia. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1970, 60:269-276.
130. Uchida N., Matsuzawa T., Ellsworth W.L., Kazutoshi I., Okada T., Hasegawa A. Source parameters of aM4.8 and its accompanying repeating earthquakes off Kamaishi, NE Japan: implications for the hierarchical structure of asperities and earthquake cycle. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34:L20313. (doi:1029/2007GL031263).
131. Van Der Elst N., Brodsky E. Connecting near-field and far-field earthquake triggering to dynamic strain. Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, 115:B07311.
132. van der Hilst R., Mann P. Tectonic implications of tomographic images of subducted lithosphere beneath northwestern South America. Geology 1994, 22:451-454.
133. Venkataraman A., Kanamori H. Observational constraints on the fracture energy of subduction zone earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:B05302. 10.1029/2003JB002549.
134. Wadati K. Shallow and deep earthquakes (2nd paper). Geophysical Magazine 1929, 2:1-36.
135. Waldhauser F., Ellsworth W.L. A double-difference earthquake location algorithm: method and application to the Northern Hayward Fault, California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2000, 90:1353-1368. 10.1785/0120000006.
136. Warren L.M., Hughes A.N., Silver P.G. Earthquake mechanics and deformation in the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zones from fault-plane orientations of intermediate- and deep-focus earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112(B05314). 10.1029/2006JB004677.
137. Warren L.M., Langstaff M.A., Silver P.G. Fault-plane orientations of intermediate-depth earthquakes in the middle America trench. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113(B01304). 10.1029/2007JB005028.
138. Wenzel F., Sperner B., Lorenz F., Mocanu V. Geodynamics, tomographic images and seismicity of the Vrancea region (SE-Carpathians, Romania). Stephan Mueller Spec. Publ. Ser. 2002, 3:95-104.
139. Wiemer S., Wyss M. Mapping spatial variability of the frequency-magnitude distribution of earthquakes. Advances in Geophysics 2002, 45:259-302.
140. Wiens D.A. Seismological constraints on the mechanisms of deep earthquakes: temperature dependence of deep earthquake source properties. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2001, 127:145-163.
141. Wiens D.A., Gilbert H.J. Effect of slab temperature on deep-earthquakes aftershock productivity and magnitude-frequency relations. Nature 1996, 384:153-156.
142. Wiens D.A., Snider N.O. Repeating deep earthquakes: evidence for fault reactivation at great depth. Science 2001, 293:1463-1466.
143. Wiens D.A., Gilbert H.J., Hicks B., Wysession M.E., Shore P.J. Aftershock sequences of moderate-sized intermediate and deep earthquakes in the Tonga subduction zone. Geophysical Research Letters 1997, 24:2059-2062.
144. Windley B.F. Tectonic framework of the Himalaya, Karakoram and Tibet, and the problem of their evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1988, A326:3-16.
145. Wortel M.J.R., Spakman W. Structure and dynamics of subducted lithosphere in the Mediterranean region. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen 1992, 95:325-347.
146. Wyss M. Towards a physical understanding of the earthquake frequency distribution. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1973, 31:341-359.
147. Yamasaki T., Seno T. Double seismic zone and dehydration embrittlement of the subducting slab. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108. 10.1029/ 2002JB001918.
148. Zarifi Z., Havskov J. Characteristics of dense nests of deep and intermediate-depth seismicity. Advances in Geophysics 2003, 46:237-278.
149. Zarifi Z., Havskov J., Hanyga A. An insight into the Bucaramanga nest. Tectonophysics 2007, 443:93-105.
150. Zhang J., Richards P.G., Schaff D.P. Wide scale detection of earthquake waveform doublets and further evidence for inner core super-rotation. Geophysical Journal International 2008, 174:993-1006.