Spirituality and national culture as antecedents to ethical decision-making: A comparison between the United States and Norway

Journal of Business Ethics

Volumn 110, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 33-44

  Beekun, Rafik I ^a   Westerman, James W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Ethics; National culture; Peers; Religion; Spirituality

Indexed keywords

EID: 84866480910     PISSN: 01674544     EISSN: 15730697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10551-011-1145-x     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Adams, G., Balfour, D., & Reed, G. (2006). Abu Ghraib, administrative evil, and moral inversion: The value of "putting cruelty first. Public Administration Review, 66(5), 680-693.
2. Arrindell, W. A., Eisemann, M., Richter, J., Oei, T. P. S., Caballo, V. E., van der Ende, J., et al. (2003). Masculinity-femininity as a national characteristic and its relationship with national agoraphobic fear levels: Fodor's sex role hypothesis revitalized. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(7), 795-807.
3. Ashmos, D. P., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 134-145.
4. Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 207-218.
5. Beekun, R. I., Stedham, Y., Westerman, J. W., & Yamamura, J. (2010). Effects of justice and utilitarianism on ethical decision making: A cross-cultural examination of gender similarities and differences. Business Ethics: A European Review, 19(4), 309-325.
6. Belaire, C., & Young, J. (2000). Influences of spirituality on counselor selection. Counseling & Values, 44(3), 189-197.
7. Brown, M. E., & Trevino, L. K. (2006). Socialized charismatic leadership, values congruence, and deviance in work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 954-962.
8. Charney, E. (2003). Identity and liberal nationalism. American Political Science Review, 97(2), 295-310.
9. Cohen, J., Pant, L., & Sharp, D. (1996). A methodological note on cross-cultural accounting ethics research. International Journal of Accounting, 31(1), 55-66.
10. Dubinsky, A. & Rudelius, W. (1980). Ethical beliefs: How students compare with industrial salespeople. In Proceedings of the American Marketing Association Educators Conference (pp. 73-76), Chicago, IL: AMA.
11. Dworkin, R. (1986). Law's empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12. El-Astal, M. A. S. (2005). Culture influence on educational public relations officers' ethical judgments: A cross-national study. Public Relations Review, 31, 362-375.
13. Faver, C. A. (2004). Relational spirituality and social caregiving. Social Work, 49(2), 241-249.
14. Gartrell, D. C. (1982). On the visibility of wage referents. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 7, 117-143.
15. George, L. K., Ellison, C., & Larson, D. (2002). Explaining the relationships between religious involvement and health. Psychological Inquiry, 13(3), 190-200.
16. Gewirth, A. (1988). Ethical universalism and particularism. Journal of Philosophy, 85(3), 283-302.
17. Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2003). Toward a science of workplace spirituality. In R. A. Giacalone & C. L. Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 3-28). New York: M. E. Shar.
18. Greenleaf, R. (1977). Servant Leadership. New York, NY: Paulist Press.
19. Hartman, L., & Desjardins, J. J. (2008). Business ethics: Decision-making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
20. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
21. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
22. Hunt, S. D., & Vitell, S. (1992). The general theory of marketing ethics: A retrospective and revision. In J. Quelch & C. Smith (Eds.), Ethics in marketing. Chicago, IL: Irwin.
23. Husted, B., Dozier, J., McMahon, J., & Kattan, M. (1996). The impact of cross-cultural carriers of business ethics on attitudes about questionable practices and form of moral reasoning. Journal of International Business Studies, 27(2), 391-411.
24. Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366-395.
25. Jones, G. E., & Kavanagh, M. J. (1996). An experimental examination of the effects of individual and situational factors on unethical behavioral intentions in the workplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 511-523.
26. Keith, N. K., Pettijohn, C. E., & Burnett, M. S. (2003). An empirical evaluation of the effect of peer and managerial ethical behaviors and the ethical predispositions of prospective advertising employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 48, 251-265.
27. Kouzes, J., & Posner, B. (1995). The leadership challenge: How to keep getting extraordinary things done in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
28. Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
29. Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
30. Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change, 16, 426-447.
31. Mirriam-Webster (2011). Online dictionary. http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/politics.
32. Mitroff, I., & Denton, E. A. (1999). A spiritual audit of corporate America. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
33. Pew Research Center (2011). Much hope, modest change for democrats: Religion in the 2008 Presidential election. http://www. pewforum. org/Politics-and-Elections/Much-Hope-Modest-Change-for-Democrats-Religion-in-the-2008-Presidential-Election. aspx.
34. Rawls, J. (1980). Kantian constructivism in moral theory. Journal of Philosophy, 77(9), 515-572.
35. Reidenbach, R., & Robin, D. (1988). Some initial steps towards improving the measurement of ethical evaluations of marketing activities. Journal of Business Ethics, 7(11), 871-879.
36. Reidenbach, R., & Robin, D. (1990). Toward the development of a multidimensional scale for improving evaluations of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(8), 639-653.
37. Robertson, C. J., & Crittenden, W. F. (2003). Mapping moral philosophies: Strategic implications for multinational firms. Strategic Management Journal, 24, 385-392.
38. Scheffler, S. (2001). Boundaries and allegiances. New York: Oxford University Press.
39. Schein, E. H. (1984). Coming to a new awareness of organizational culture. Sloan Management Review, 25, 3-16.
40. Sjöberg, G. (1991). Law and ethics of public relations. International Public Relations Review, 14(1), 24-27.
41. Steele, C., Spencer, S. J., & Aronson, J. (2002). Stereotype threat, intellectual identification, and academic performance of women and minorities. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 379-440). New York: Academic Press.
42. Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(3), 224-237.
43. Tajfel, H. (1982). Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
44. Tamir, Y. (1993). Liberal nationalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton, University Press.
45. Ting-Tomey, S. (1998). Communicating across cultures. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
46. Trevino, L. K. (1986). Ethical decision making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model. Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 601-617.
47. Trompenaars, F., & Hampden-Turner, C. (1998). Riding the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in global business. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
48. Velasquez, M. (1996). Ethical relativism and the international business manager. In F. Neil Brady (Ed.), Ethical universals in international business. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
49. Westerman, J. W., Beekun, R. I., Stedham, Y., & Yamamura, J. (2007). Peers versus national culture: An analysis of antecedents to ethical decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics, 75(3), 239-252.
50. Wheat, L. W. (1991). Development of a scale for the measurement of human spirituality. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. College Park: University of Maryland.
51. Zey-Ferrell, M., Weaver, K. M., & Ferrell, O. C. (1979). Predicting unethical behavior among marketing practitioners. Human Relations, 32, 557-569.