Evidence for airborne infectious disease transmission in public ground transport - A literature review

Eurosurveillance

Volumn 17, Issue 35, 2012, Pages

  Mohr, O ^a   Askar, M ^a   Schink, S ^a   Eckmanns, T ^a   Krause, G ^a   Poggensee, G ^a  

^a ROBERT KOCH INSTITUTE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIRBORNE INFECTION; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CONTACT EXAMINATION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DNA FINGERPRINTING; EMPORIATRICS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HUMAN; INTERFERON GAMMA RELEASE ASSAY; MEASLES; MENINGOCOCCOSIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RUBELLA; SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE; SEROCONVERSION; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; SPUTUM CULTURE; TUBERCULIN TEST; TUBERCULOSIS; VENTILATOR; X RAY;

EID: 84866385901     PISSN: 1025496X     EISSN: 15607917     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Eurostat. Panorama of Transport. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009. Available from: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-DA-09-001/EN/KS-DA-09-001-EN.PDF
2. Askar M, Mohr O, Eckmanns T, Krause G, Poggensee G. Quantitative assessment of passenger flows in Europe and its implications for tracing contacts of infectious passengers. Euro Surveill. 2012;17(24):pii=20195. Available from: http://www. eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20195
3. Australasian Society for HIV Medicine (ASHM). Australasian Contact Tracing Manual. Darlinghurst: ASHM; 2011. Available from: http://www.ashm.org.au//images/Publications/Monographs/ctm/ctm_2010.pdf
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Public Health Guidance for Community-Level Preparedness and Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Version 2/3*-Supplement E: Managing International travelrelated transmission risk. Atlanta: CDC;2004. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/sars/guidance/E-travel/index.html
5. Edelson PJ, Phypers M. TB transmission on public transportation: a review of published studies and recommendations for contact tracing. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2011;9(1):27-31.
6. Falagas ME, Pitsouni EI, Malietzis GA, Pappas G. Comparison of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar: strengths and weaknesses. FASEB J. 2008;22(2):338-42.
7. Burnham JF. Scopus database: a review. Biomedical Digit Libr. 2006;3:1.
8. SciVerse Scopus. Content Coverage Guide, May 2012. [Accessed 17 Jul 2012]. Available from: http://www.info. sciverse.com/scopus/scopus-in-detail/facts
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Measles (Rubeola), 2010 Case Definition. [Accessed 15 Aug 2012]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/osels/ph_surveillance/nndss/casedef/measles_2010.htm
10. Linnemann CC Jr, Rotte TC, Schiff GM, Youtsey JL. A seroepidemiologic study of a measles epidemic in a highly immunized population. Am J Epidemiol. 1972;95(3):238-46.
11. Chen RT, Markowitz LE, Albrecht P, Stewart JA, Mofenson LM, Preblud SR, et al. Measles antibody: reevaluation of protective titers. J Infect Dis. 1990;162(5):1036-42.
12. Edmonson MB, Addiss DG, McPherson JT, Berg JL, Circo SR, Davis JP. Mild measles and secondary vaccine failure during a sustained outbreak in a highly vaccinated population. JAMA. 1990;263(18):2467-71.
13. Moore M, Valway SE, Ihle W, Onorato IM. A train passenger with pulmonary tuberculosis: Evidence of limited transmission during travel. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28(1):52-6.
14. Extremera Montero F, Moyano Acost R, Gómez Pozo B, Bermudez Ruiz P, Lopez Mendez J, Aguilar Rivas S, et al. Exposición a Mycobacterium tuberculosis durante un viaje en autobús. [Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during a bus travel]. Med Clin (Barc). 2001;116(5):182-5. Spanish.
15. Helfand RF, Kim DK, Gary HE, Jr, Edwards GL, Bisson GP, Papania MJ, et al. Nonclassic measles infections in an immune population exposed to measles during a college bus trip. J Med Virol. 1998;56(4):337-41.
16. A school-and community-based outbreak of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in northern Italy, 1992-3. The Lodi Tuberculosis Working Group. Epidemiol Infect. 1994;113(1):83-93.
17. Rogers EF. Epidemiology of an outbreak of tuberculosis among school children. Public Health Rep. 1962;77:401-9.
18. Curtis AB, Ridzon R, Vogel R, Mcdonough S, Hargreaves J, Ferry J, et al. Extensive transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a child. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(20):1491-5.
19. Neira-Munoz E, Smith J, Cockcroft P, Basher D, Abubakar I. Extensive transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among children on a school bus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27(9):835-7.
20. Phillips L, Carlile J, Smith D. Epidemiology of a tuberculosis outbreak in a rural Missouri high school. Pediatrics. 2004;113(6):e514-9.
21. Sacks JJ, Brenner ER, Breeden DC. Epidemiology of a tuberculosis outbreak in a South Carolina junior high school. Am J Public Health. 1985;75(4):361-5.
22. Yagi T, Sasaki Y, Yamagishi F, Mizutani F, Wada A, Kuroda F. [Tuberculosis microepidemic in a commuter bus.] Kekkaku. 1999;74(6):507-11. Japanese.
23. Mahady SC. An outbreak of primary tuberculosis in school children. Clinical aspects. The Am Rev Respir Dis. 1961;84:348-58.
24. Yusuf HR, Braden CR, Greenberg AJ, Weltman AC, Onorato IM, Valway SE. Tuberculosis transmission among five school bus drivers and students in two New York counties. Pediatrics. 1997;100(3):E9.
25. Darney PD, Clenny ND. Tuberculosis outbreak in an Alabama High School. JAMA. 1971;216(13):2117-8.
26. Beard FH, McAnulty JM, Tapsall JW, Zaia AM. Probable transmission of meningococcal disease on a school bus. Med J Aust. 2006;184(2):90.
27. Harrison LH, Armstrong CW, Jenkins SR, Harmon MW, Ajello GW, Miller GB Jr, et al. A cluster of meningococcal disease on a school bus following epidemic influenza. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151(5):1005-9.
28. Foster P. Schoolchildren catch TB from the school bus. Portsmouth Evening News. 2007 Jun 14. Available from: http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/Schoolchildren-catch-TBfrom-the.2956899.jp
29. Knapp M. School bus driver sparks TB alert. The Express on Sunday. 2007 Jun 17.
30. Givens M. Chelmsford TB case sparks student tests. Boston Herald. 2007 Nov 6. Available from: http://pqasb.pqarchiver. com/bostonherald/access/1378350841.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS= ABS:FT&date=Nov+6%2C+2007&author=MICHAEL+GIVENS&pu b=Boston+Herald&edition=&startpage=14&desc=Chelmsford+ TB+case+sparks+student+tests
31. Fargen J. Boston-to-Montreal bus passengers warned of TB exposure. Boston Herald. 2007 Jul 25. Available from: http://news.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view. bg?articleid=1013213
32. Reuters. Canada Greyhound bus passengers exposed to TB. Ottawa Citizen. 2008 Oct 2. Available from: http://www2.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story. html?id=9577e658-f557-4d1a-b23a-463d7adbcec6&k=90453
33. Satyanarayana M. Canada seeks 27 Detroit-bound bus passengers as TB precaution. Financial Times. 2008 Oct 2.
34. Puzic S. Canwest news service: Woman with TB sparks search for bus riders. Test recommended for passengers who got off in Windsor on Aug. 31. Ottawa Citizen. 2008 Oct 3.
35. CTV Globemedia. Officials fear Greyhound passengers exposed to TB. 2008 Oct 2. Available from: http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/officials-fear-greyhound-passengers-exposed-to-tb-1.330363
36. Doran J. Hunt for rush-hour commuters exposed to sick nurse; Canada; Sars. The Times. 2003 Apr 22. Available from: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/sitesearch. do?querystring=Hunt+for+rush-hour+commuters+exposed+to+ sick+nurse&p=tto&pf=all&bl=on
37. Warren M. Search for passengers on virus train. The Daily Telegraph. 2003 Apr 22. Available from: http://www.telegraph. co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/1428138/Search-forpassengers-on-virus-train.html
38. Fünf neue Fälle von Meningitis: Fernzug unter Quarantäne gestellt. [Five new cases of meningitis: train quarantined]. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 1998 Mar 9. German. Available from: http://www.seiten.faz-archiv.de/faz/19980309/f19980309mening-100.html
39. Euro City Michelangelo nach Meningitis Fall unter Quarantäne gestellt. Dramatische Szenen auf dem Bahnhof Rosenheim. Lehrerin rettet durch entschlossenes Handeln akut erkranktem Schüler das Leben. Keine weiteren Ansteckungsfälle. [Euro City train Michelangelo placed under quarantine after meningitis case. Dramatic scenes at the Rosenheim station. Teacher rescues acutely diseased student's life through decisive action. No further cases of infection]. Süddeutsche Zeitung 1998 Sep 3. German.
40. Nach Meningitis-Fall kam Eurocity unter Quarantäne. Neue Erkrankungen in Bayern und Rheinland-Pfalz. [Euro City train under quarantine after a case of meningitis: New cases in Bavaria and Rhineland Palatinate]. Frankfurter Rundschau 1998 Sep 3. German.
41. Dritter Meningitis-Fall in Berlin. [Third case of meningitis in Berlin]. Die Zeit. 2008 Oct 24. German. Available from: http://www.zeit.de/news/artikel/2008/10/24/2644037.xml
42. Berlin-Besucherin an Hirnhautentzündung verstorben. [Berlin visitor died of meningitis]. Der Tagesspiegel. 2008 Oct 21. German. Available from: http://www.tagesspiegel. de/berlin/berlin-besucherin-an-hirnhautentzuendungverstorben/1353356.html
43. Gesundheitsverwaltung schaltet Krisentelefon. [Health authorities sets up crisis telephone]. Der Tagesspiegel. 2008 Oct 22. German. Available from: http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/gesundheitsverwaltung-schaltet-krisentelefon/1354316. html
44. Zuschneid I, Witschi A, Quaback L, Hellenbrand W, Kleinkauf N, Koch D, Krause G. Invasive meningococcal disease with fatal outcome in a Swiss student visiting Berlin. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(45):pii=19031. Available from: http://www. eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19031
45. Rust S, Kissinger M. 700 exposed to rubella patient: Woman rode to downtown office on Freeway Flyer. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 2008 Apr 30. Available from: www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=745266
46. World Health Organization (WHO). Tuberculosis and air travel: guidelines for prevention and control. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO, 2008. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/2008/WHO_HTM_TB_2008.399_eng.pdf
47. World Health Organization (WHO). Tuberculosis and air travel: Guidelines for prevention and control. 2nd ed. Geneva: WHO; 2006. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_TB_2006.363_eng.pdf
48. Li Y, Leung GM, Tang JW, Yang X, Chao CY, Lin JZ, et al. Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment-a multidisciplinary systematic review. Indoor Air. 2007;17(1):2-18.
49. Wells WF, Stone WR. On air-borne infection. Study III. Viability of droplet nuclei infection. Am J Hyg. 1934;20:619-27.
50. Riley RL. Airborne infection. Am J Med. 1974;57(3):466-75.
51. Nardell EA. Catching droplet nuclei: toward a better understanding of tuberculosis transmission. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(5):553-4.
52. Fennelly KP, Martyny JW, Fulton KE, Orme IM, Cave DM, Heifets LB. Cough-generated aerosols of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a new method to study infectiousness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(5):604-9.
53. Rieder HL. Risk of travel-associated tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(8):1393-6.
54. Houk VN, Baker JH, Sorensen K, Kent DC. The epidemiology of tuberculosis infection in a closed environment. Arch Environ Health. 1968;16(1):26-35.
55. Stead WW. Management of health care workers after inadvertent exposure to tuberculosis: a guide for the use of preventive therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(12):906-12.
56. Houk VH, Kent DC, Baker JH, Sorensen K, Hanzel GD. The Byrd study. In-depth analysis of a micro-outbreak of tuberculosis in a closed environment. Arch Environ Health. 1968;16(1):4-6.
57. Diel R, Seidler A, Nienhaus A, Rusch-Gerdes S, Niemann S. Occupational risk of tuberculosis transmission in a low incidence area. Respir Res. 2005;6:35.
58. Bauer J, Kok-Jensen A, Faurschou P, Thuesen J, Taudorf E, Andersen AB. A prospective evaluation of the clinical value of nation-wide DNA fingerprinting of tuberculosis isolates in Denmark. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4(4):295-9.
59. Golub JE, Cronin WA, Obasanjo OO, Coggin W, Moore K, Pope DS, et al. Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through casual contact with an infectious case. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(18):2254-8.
60. Raffalli J, Sepkowitz KA, Armstrong D. Communitybased outbreaks of tuberculosis. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(10):1053-60.
61. Lincoln EM. Epidemics of tuberculosis. Bibl Tuberc. 1965;21:157-201.
62. Rich RA. The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis. JAMA. 1952;148(14).
63. Horna-Campos OJ, Sánchez-Pérez HJ, Sánchez I, Bedoya A, Martín M. Public transportation and pulmonary tuberculosis, Lima, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(10):1491-3.
64. Beggs CB, Noakes CJ, Sleigh PA, Fletcher LA, Siddiqi K. The transmission of tuberculosis in confined spaces: an analytical review of alternative epidemiological models. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7(11):1015-26.
65. Rojas RA. Brotes de tuberculosis en niños que usaban autobus escolar. http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/armijor/cap9/tuberculosis.html
66. Human infection with new influenza A (H1N1) virus: WHO Consultation on suspension of classes and restriction of mass gatherings to mitigate the impact of epidemics caused by influenza A (H1N1), May 2009. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2009;84(27):269-71. English, French.
67. Vassiloyanakopoulos A, Spala G, Mavrou E, Hadjichristodoulou C. A case of tuberculosis on a long distance flight: the difficulties of the investigation. Euro Surveill. 1999;4(9):pii=83. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance. org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=83
68. McFarland JW, Hickman C, Osterholm M, MacDonald KL. Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during air travel. Lancet. 1993;342(8863):112-3.