The rigid amorphous fraction of cold-crystallized polyamide 6

Polymer

Volumn 53, Issue 21, 2012, Pages 4770-4777

  Kolesov, Igor ^a   Androsch, René ^a  

^a MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Crystallization; Polyamide 6; Rigid amorphous fraction

Indexed keywords

CRYSTALLIZATION; DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS; ETHYLENE; NYLON POLYMERS; POLYPROPYLENES; SPECIFIC HEAT;

ANNEALING TEMPERATURES; CALORIMETRIC ANALYSIS; HIGH CRYSTALLINITY; ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE; MOBILE AMORPHOUS FRACTIONS; POLYAMIDE 6; RIGID AMORPHOUS FRACTION (RAF); RIGID-AMORPHOUS FRACTION;

AMORPHOUS MATERIALS;

EID: 84866385646     PISSN: 00323861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.08.017     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Page IB. Polyamides as engineering thermoplastic materials. Rapra Review Reports, vol 11, Rapra Technology Ltd, 2000.
2. Kohan MI. Nylon plastics handbook. Carl Hanser, Munich, 1995.
3. V. Brucato, S. Piccarolo, and V. La Carruba An experimental methodology to study polymer crystallization under processing conditions. The influence of high cooling rates Chem Eng Sci 57 2002 4129 4131
4. M. Kyotani, and S. Mitsuhashi Studies on crystalline forms of Nylon 6. II. Crystallization from the melt J Polym Sci, Part A-2 10 1972 1497 1508
5. D. Cavallo, L. Gardella, G.C. Alfonso, G. Portale, L. Balzano, and R. Androsch Effect of cooling rate on the crystal/mesophase polymorphism of polyamide 6 Colloid Polym Sci 289 2011 1073 1079
6. V. Mathot, M. Pyda, T. Pijpers, G. Vanden Poel, E. van de Kerkhof, S. van Herwaarden, F. van Herwaarden, and A. Leenaers The Flash DSC 1, a power compensation twin-type, chip-based fast scanning calorimeter (FSC): First findings on polymers Thermochim Acta 522 2011 36 45
7. I. Kolesov, D. Mileva, R. Androsch, and C. Schick Structure formation of polyamide 6 from the glassy state by fast scanning chip calorimetry Polymer 52 2011 5156 5165
8. D. Mileva, R. Androsch, E. Zhuravlev, and C. Schick Morphology of mesophase and crystals of polyamide 6 prepared in a fast scanning calorimeter Polymer 53 2012 3994 4001
9. M. Kyotani Studies on crystalline forms of Nylon 6. III. Crystallization from the glassy state J Macromol Sci, Phys B11 1975 509 525
10. H. Hendus, K.H. Illers, and P. Simak Kristallisation von amorphem 6-Polyamid im Glasübergangsbereich Kolloid-Zeitschr Zeitschr Polym 235 1969 1244 1246
11. K.H. Illers, and H. Haberkorn Schmelzverhalten, Struktur, und Kristallinität von 6-Polyamid Makromol Chem 142 1971 31 67 Illers KH. Polymorphie, Kristallinität und Schmelzwärme von Poly(ε- caprolactam). Makromol Chem 1978;179:497-507
12. A. Fichera, V. Malta, C. Marega, and R. Zannetti Temperature dependence of the polymorphous phases of Nylon 6 Makromol Chem 189 1988 1561 1567
13. R. Androsch, M. Stolp, and H.J. Radusch Crystallization of amorphous polyamides from the glassy state Acta Polym 47 1996 99 104
14. D. Mileva, I. Kolesov, and R. Androsch Morphology of cold-crystallized PA 6 Colloid Polym Sci 290 2012 971 978
15. W. Kozlowski Kinetics of crystallization of polyamide 6 from the glassy state J Polym Sci, Part C 38 1972 47 59
16. Wunderlich B. Termination of crystallization of ordering of flexible, linear macromolecules. J Thermal Anal Cal, in press, 2012, DOI: 10.1007/s10973-012-2326-2.
17. B. Wunderlich Reversible melting and the rigid-amorphous phase in semicrystalline macromolecules Progr Polym Sci 28 2003 383 450
18. Androsch R, Wunderlich B. Scanning calorimetry. In: Matyjaszewski K, Gnanou Y, Leibler L (Editors). Structure-property correlation and characterization techniques. Macromolecular engineering: precise synthesis, materials properties, applications, vol. 3. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2007.
19. C. Schick, J. Wigger, and W. Mischok Der Einfluß struktureller Veränderungen auf den Glasübergang in teilkristallinem Poly(ethylenterephthalat) 3.Der Glasübergang in den zwischenlamellaren Bereichen Acta Polym 41 1990 137 142 Schick C, Krämer L, Mischok W. Der Einfluß struktureller Veränderungen auf den Glasübergang in teilkristallinem Polyethylenterephthalat I.Isotherme Kristallisation. Acta Polym 1985;36:47-53; Schick C, Fabry F, Schnell U, Stoll G, Deutschbein L, Mischok W. Der Einfluß struktureller Veränderungen auf den Glasübergang in teilkristallinem Poly(ethylenterephthalat) 2.Charakterisierung der übermolekularen Struktur. Acta Polym 1988;39:705-710
20. B. Wunderlich The thermal properties of complex, nano-phase separated macromolecules a revealed by temperature-modulated calorimetry Thermochim Acta 403 2003 1 13
21. Y. Ishida, K. Yamafuji, H. Ito, and M. Takayanagi Effects of degree of crystallinity upon dielectric behaviors in some aromatic Polyesters Kolloid Z Z Polym 184 1962 97 108
22. G. Groeninckx, H. Berghmans, and G. Smets Morphology and modulus-temperature behavior of semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 14 1976 591 602
23. G.E. Wissler, and B. Crist Jr. Glass transition in semicrystalline polycarbonate J Polym Sci Polym Phys 18 1980 1257 1270
24. M.L. Di Lorenzo, and M.C. Righetti The three-phase structure of isotactic poly(1-butene) Polymer 49 2008 1323 1331
25. Q. Ma, G. Georgiev, and P. Cebe Constraints in semicrystalline polymers: Using quasi-isothermal analysis to investigate the mechanisms of formation and loss of the rigid amorphous fraction Polymer 5 2011 4562 4570
26. H. Chen, and P. Cebe Investigation of the rigid amorphous fraction in Nylon-6 J Therm Anal Cal 89 2007 417 425
27. B.B. Sauer, and B. Hsiao Effect of the heterogeneous distribution of lamellar stacks on amorphous relaxations in semicrystalline polymers Polymer 36 1995 2553 2558
28. R. Rastogi, W.P. Vellinga, S. Rastogi, C. Schick, and H.E.H. Meijer The three-phase structure and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) J Polym Sci Polym Phys 42 2004 2092 2106
29. Y.S. Hu, R.Y.F. Liu, L.Q. Zhang, M. Rogunova, D.A. Schiraldi, S. Nazarenko, A. Hiltner, and E. Baer Oxygen transport and free volume in cold-crystallized and melt-crystallized poly(ethylene naphthalate) Macromolecules 352 2002 7326 7337
30. R. Androsch, and B. Wunderlich The link between rigid amorphous fraction and crystal perfection in cold-crystallized poly(ethylene terephthalate) Polymer 46 2005 12556 12566
31. R. Androsch Surface structure of folded-chain crystals of poly(R-3-hydroxybutyrate) of different chain length Polymer 49 2008 4673 4679
32. Q. Zia, D. Mileva, and R. Androsch The rigid amorphous fraction in isotactic polypropylene Macromolecules 41 2008 8095 8102
33. Advanced Thermal Analysis System ATHAS; available in the internet at URL http:// athas.prz.rzeszow.pl.
34. V.B.F. Mathot, and M.F.J. Pijpers Heat capacity, enthalpy and crystallinity of polymers from DSC measurements and determination of the DSC peak base line Thermochim Acta 151 1989 241 259
35. K.A. Levenberg Method for the solution of certain problems in least squares Quart Appl Math 2 1944 164 168 Marquardt D. An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. SIAM J Appl Math 1963;11:431-441
36. M. Hirami SAXD studies on bulk crystallization of nylon 6.I. Changes in crystal structure, heat of fusion, and surface free energy of lamellar crystals with crystallization temperature J Macromol Sci, Phys B23 1984 397 414
37. B. Wunderlich Macromolecular physics Crystal melting vol. 3 1980 Academic Press New York
38. K. Schmieder, and K. Wolf Mechanische Relaxationserscheinungen an Hochpolymeren Kolloid-Zeitschr Zeitschr Polym 134 1953 149 189
39. T. Kawaguchi The dynamic mechanical properties of Nylons J Appl Polym Sci 2 1959 56 61
40. Y.P. Khanna Overview of transition phenomena in Nylon 6 Macromolecules 25 1992 3298 3300
41. D.C. Prevorsek, R.H. Butler, and H.K. Reimschuessel Mechanical relaxations in polyamides J Polym Sci, Part A-2 9 1971 8967 9886
42. C. Garbuglio, G. Ajroldi, T. Casiraghi, and G. Vittadini Relationships between mechanical properties and relaxation processes in polymers. Nylon 6 J Appl Polym Sci 15 1971 2487 2512
43. J.C. Halpin, and J.L. Kardos Moduli of crystalline polymers employing composite theory J Appl Phys 43 1972 2234 2241
44. P. Huo, and P. Cebe Dielectric relaxation of poly(phenylene sulfide) containing a fraction of rigid amorphous phase J Polym Sci Polym Phys 30 1992 239 250
45. P.H. Geil Polymer single crystals Polymer reviews vol. 5 1963 Interscience New York
46. V. Ferreiro, J.F. Douglas, G. Coulon, and A. Karim Atomic force microscopy studies of phase ordering in polymer blends and clay-filled systems Polym Prepr 41 2000 1427 1428
47. D.P. Russell, and P.W.R. Beaumont Structure and properties of injection-moulded nylon-6. Part 1 Structure and morphology of nylon-6 J Mat Sci 15 1980 197 207
48. A. Schaper, R. Hirte, C. Ruscher, R. Hillebrand, and E. Walenta The electron microscope characterization of the fine structure of nylon 6: I. The supermolecular structure in melt-cast, isotropic bulk material Colloid Polym Sci 264 1986 649 658