Consultation and deliberation in China: The making of Chinas health-care reform

China Journal

Volumn , Issue 68, 2012, Pages 176-203

  Kornreich, Yoel ^a   Vertinsky, Ilan ^a   Potter, Pitman B ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH POLICY; LOCAL PARTICIPATION; POLICY MAKING; POLICY REFORM;

CHINA;

EID: 84866269447     PISSN: 13249347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/666583     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. "Yiyao weisheng tizhi gaige jinqi zhongdian shishi fang'an" (Blueprint for Implementation of the Key Points of the Reform of the Health-care System in the Near Future, 2009-2011), Pharmanet.com, 7 April 2009, http://news.pharmnet.com.cn/news/2009/04/07/252559.html (accessed 6 August 2010);
2. also see Karen Eggleston, "Kan Bing Nan, Kan Bing Gui: Challenges of China's Health-care System Thirty Years Into Reform", in Jean Oi, Scott Rozelle and Xueguang Zhou (eds), Growing Pains: Tensions and Opportunity in China's Transformation (Stanford: Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center, 2010), pp. 256-58;
3. Pitman Potter, "Dilemmas of Access to Healthcare in China", China: An International Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1(March 2010), pp. 167-70.
4. For a discussion on a public debate that took place as a result of struggles between Hu Jintao and Jiang Zemin, see Joseph Fewsmith, China Since Tiananmen: From Deng Xiaoping to Hu Jintao (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 231-72.
5. For information on "fragmented authoritarianism" see Kenneth Lieberthal, "Introduction: The 'Fragmented Authoritarianism' Model and Its Limitations", in Kenneth G. Lieberthal and David M. Lampton (eds), Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), pp. 1-30.
6. He Baogang and Mark Warren, "Authoritarian Deliberation: The Deliberative Turn in Chinese Political Development", Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 9, No. 2(Summer 2011), pp. 269-89;
7. James Fishkin, He Baogang, Robert Luskin and Alice Siu, "Deliberative Democracy in an Unlikely Place: Deliberative Polling in China", British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 40, No. 2(Winter 2010), pp. 435-48;
8. He Baogang and Stig Thøgersen, "Giving the People a Voice? Experiments with Consultative Authoritarian Institutions in China" Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 19, No. 66(Summer 2010), pp. 675-92;
9. Ethan Leib and He Baogang, The Search for Deliberative Democracy in China (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
10. He Baogang and Mark Warren, "Authoritarian Deliberation", p. 274.
11. Andrew Mertha, "Fragmented Authoritarianism 2.0: Political Pluralization in the Policy Process", The China Quarterly, Vol. 200, No. 4(Autumn 2009), pp. 995-1012;
12. Yuezhi Zhao, Communication in China: Political Economy, Power, and Conflict (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008).
13. Jane Duckett, The Chinese State's Retreat from Health: Policy and the Politics of Retrenchment (London: Routledge, 2011), pp. 37-40;
14. Christine Wong, "Rebuilding Government for the 21st Century: Can China Incrementally Reform the Public Sector?" The China Quarterly, Vol. 200, No. 4(Autumn 2009), pp. 929-52.
15. Karen Eggleston, "Kan Bing Nan, Kan Bing Gui", p. 247;
16. Li Ling and Jiang Yu, "Gongli yiyuan gaige ruhe poti" (Essay on How to Reform Public Hospitals), Zhongyang dangxiao xuebao (Journal of the Central Party School), Vol. 13, No. 4(Summer 2009), p. 99;
17. Lars Peter Østerdal, J. L. Hougaard and Y. Yu, "The Chinese Health Care System: Structure, Problems and Challenges", University of Copenhagen Department of Economics Discussion Paper (Winter 2008), pp. 21-22;
18. Adam Wagstaff, Reforming China's Rural Health System (Washington: World Bank, 2009), p. 26;
19. Winnie Yip and William Hsiao, "The Chinese Health System at a Crossroads", Health Affairs, Vol. 27, No. 2(Spring 2008), pp. 462-63.
20. Christine Wong, "Rebuilding Government", p. 947.
21. Winnie Yip, "Disparities in Health Care and Health Status: The Rural-Urban Gap and Beyond", in Martin King Whyte (ed.), One Country, Two Societies: Rural-Urban Inequality in Contemporary China (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 147-65.
22. Åke Blomqvist, "Problems and Prospects of China's Health Reforms", in John Wong and Wei Liu (eds), China's Surging Economy: Adjusting for More Balanced Development (Singapore: World Scientific, 2007), p. 364.
23. Wanchuan Lin, Gordon G. Liu and Gang Chen, "The Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance: A Landmark Reform towards Universal Coverage in China" Health Economics, Vol. 18, No. 2(Summer 2009), p. 83.
24. Xiaoyan Lei and Wanchuan Lin, "The New Rural Medical Cooperative Scheme in China: Does More Coverage Mean Better Service and Better Health?" Health Economics, Vol. 18, No. 2(Summer 2009), p. 25.
25. Lars Peter Østerdal, J. L. Hougaard and Y. Yu, "The Chinese Health Care System", p. 10.
26. Chack-kie Wong, Vai lo Lo and Kwong-leung Tang, China's Urban Health Care Reform: From State Protection to Individual Responsibility (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006), p. 2.
27. Zhang Hongqing, "Zhongguo yiliao gaige shibai shuoming le shenme?" (What Does the "Failure" of China's Health-care Reform Mean?), Yigai wang (Health-care Reform), 25 August 2005, http://www.yigai.org/ NewsInfo.aspx?id=2 (accessed 16 August 2011);
28. Zhao Yuezhi, Communication in China, p. 321.
29. Wang Shiling, "Zhiku yu yigai de boyi" (Think Tanks and the Bargaining Game Over Health Care Reform), Wang yi (NetEase, hereafter NE), 11 April 2009, http://news.163.com/09/0411/11/56K8E5RB00011SM9-8.html (accessed 17 August 2011).
30. Zhu Youdi, Daguo yigai (A Great Country's Health-care Reform) (Beijing: Shijie Tushu Chuban Gongsi Beijing Gongsi, 2011), p. 19.
31. "Sannian mo yijian-woguo shenhua yiyao weisheng tizhi gaige dashiji" (Three Years Have Elapsed: Chronology of China's Deepening of the Health-care System Reform), The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, 6 April 2009, http://big5.gov. cn/gate/big5/www.gov. cn/jrzg/2009-04/06/content-1278764.htm (accessed 12 February 2010).
32. Li Ling, Jiankang qiangguo: Li Ling hua yigai (Health for a Strong Nation: Li Ling Talks About Healthcare Reform) (Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe, 2010), p. 103.
33. Yang Zhongxu, "Jielu yigai beihou bumen liyi: zhengfu guanzhi yaojia nanyi fubal" (Exposing Hidden Government Ministries' Interests: With Governments Control over Prices of Pharmaceuticals, It Is Difficult to Contain Corruption), Sina, 23 October 2008, http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-10-23/ 175316511967.shtml (accessed 11 August 2011).
34. Du Lexun and Zhang Wenming, Zhongguo yiliao weisheng fazhan baogao (The Development Report on China's Health), Vol. 3(Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2007), pp. 16-17;
35. Winnie Yip and William Hsiao, "The Chinese Health System at a Crossroads", pp. 464-65.
36. Du Lexun and Zhang Wenming, Zhongguo yiliao weishengfazhan baogao, pp. 17-18.
37. Wang Shiling, "Zhiku yu yigai de boyi";
38. Zhu Youdi, Daguo yigai, p. 67.
39. Wang Shiling, "Zhiku yu yigai de boyi".
40. "Xin yigai fang'an 9 yue jiaojuan: yi zong'e yufu zhi ezhi guodu yiliao" (The Blueprint for Health-care Reform Will Be Submitted in September: Prepaid Budgets to Contain Over-Treatment), Xinhua, 1 September 2007, http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2007-09/01/content-6643367.htm (accessed 3 September 2011).
41. Xing Shaowen, "Xin yigai de meili yu aichou" (The Beauties and Sorrows of the New Health-care Reform), Sina, 30 March 2009, http://news.sina.com.cn/c/sd/2009-03-30/162417512944.shtml (accessed 11 August 2010);
42. Zhu Youdi, Daguo yigai, p. 67.
43. Drew Thompson, "China's Health Care Reform Redux", in Charles W. Freeman and Lu Xiaoqing (eds), China's Capacity to Manage Infectious Diseases (Washington: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 2009), p. 74.
44. Drew Thompson, "China's Health Care Reform Redux", pp. 66-67.
45. Wang Shiling, "Weisheng bu jiuda yigai keti quanguo zhaobiao: shiqida qian chutai fang'an" (The MOH Is Tendering for Nine Studies on Health-care Reform: A New Blueprint Will Appear before the Party's 17th Congress), Yiyuan lingdao juece cankao (Reference Materials on Decision-making for Hospital Leaders), Vol. 22(Fall 2006), p. 25.
46. Du Lexun and Zhang Wenming, Zhongguo yiliao weisheng fazhan baogao, pp. 278-79.
47. "Xin yigai bajia fang'an pingshu: gaodu xingzheng hua hai shi you guanli de shichang hua?" (Evaluating the Eight Proposals: Command and Control versus Regulated Marketization), Zhongguo yiyuan yuanzhang (China Hospital CEOs), Vol. 10(Winter 2008), pp. 47-55.
48. Cai Jiangnan, "Dapo longduan: chuangzao gongping jingzheng de shichang huanjing" (Break Up the Monopoly: Create a Market Environment of Fair Competition), Zhongguo yigai pinglun (China's Healthcare Reform Review, hereafter CHRR), 19 December 2009, http://www.chinahealthreform.org/index.php/ professor/caijiangnan/30-caijingnan/1119-2009-12-19-11-49-04.html (accessed 6 April 2010);
49. Gu Xin, Zou xiang quanmin yibao: Zhongguo xin yigai de zhanliie he zhanshu (Towards Universal Coverage of Healthcare Insurance: The Strategic Choices and Institutional Frameworks of China's New Health-care Reform) (Beijing: Zhongguo Laodong Shehui Baozhang Chubanshe, 2008), pp. 326-29;
50. Liu Guo'en, "Yiliao gaige rang shichang genghao de fahui zuoyong" (The New Health-care Reform Will Enable the Market to Play a More Effective Role), CHRR, 28 March 2008, http://www.chinahealthreform.org/index. php/professor/liuguoen/4-liuguoen/68-2008-03-28-05-53-19.html (accessed 25 August 2011);
51. "Xin yigai bajia fang'an pingshu", pp. 47-55;
52. Yu Hui and Gu Xin, "Gongli yiliao jigou de jiegou zhongzu yu farenhua zhili" (Restructure and Corporatize Public Medical Services), Zhongguo yiyao jingji xue (Journal of Pharmaceutical Economics), Vol. 3(Summer 2009), pp. 1-8.
53. Du Lexun and Zhang Wenming, Zhongguo yiliao weisheng fazhan baogao, pp. 278-79.
54. "Xin yigai bajia fang'an pingshu", pp. 6, 13-14;
55. Drew Thompson, "China Health Care Reform Redux" pp. 69-70
56. "Zhongguo xin yigai: shijie weisheng zuzhi fang'an" (China's New Health-care Reform: The WHO's Proposal), Sohu, 23 February 2008, http://health.sohu.com/20080223/n255317240.shtml (accessed 18 August 2011).
57. Drew Thompson, "China Health Care Reform Redux", pp. 72-73.
58. "Yigai dishitao fang'an tijiao guowuyuan: tichu jianli quanmin yibao tixi" (The Tenth Blueprint for Health-care Reform Submitted to the State Council: It Suggests Establishing a Universal Health Insurance System), Xinhua, 26 October 2008, http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-02/26/content-7672616. htm (accessed 17 August 2010).
59. Li Ling, Jiankang qiangguo, pp. 101-02.
60. Joseph Fewsmith, China Since Tiananmen, pp. 258-67;
61. Li Cheng, "Deciphering Hu's Leadership and Defining New Éite Politics", in John Wong and Lai Hongyi (eds), China into the Hu-Wen Era: Policy Initiatives and Challenges (Singapore: World Scientific, 2006), p. 72;
62. Zhao Yuezhi, Communication in China, pp. 287-88, 320-26.
63. Liisi Karindi, "The Making of China's New Labour Contract Law", China Analysis, Vol. 66(Winter 2008), pp. 6-8.
64. Li Ling, Jiankang qiangguo, pp. 107-08.
65. Wang Shiling "Zhiku yu yigai de boyi".
66. He Baogang and Mark Warren, "Authoritarian Deliberation", p. 276;
67. see also Yan Xiaojun, "Regime Inclusion and the Resilience of Authoritarianism", The China Journal, No. 66(July 2011), pp. 53-75.
68. For media coverage, see "2006 nian lianghui yiyao weisheng" (2006 "Two Meetings" Health-care), Sohu, March 2006, http://health.sohu.com/s2006/2006lianghui/ (accessed 9 January 2012);
69. "2007 lianghui jiangkang guanzhu" (2007 "Two Meetings" Focus on Health), Sohu, March 2007, http://health.sohu.com/s2007/ 2007lianghui/ (accessed 7 January 2012);
70. "2008 lianghui baodao: xin yigai yuezhang, xin minsheng qidai" (2008 "Two Meetings" Report: New Health-care Reform's Chapter: Expectation for New Livelihood), Sohu, March 2008, http://health.sohu.com/s2008/ 2008lianghui/ (accessed 7 January 2012);
71. "2009 nian lianghui xin yigai baodao: yigai xin fang'an" (2009 "Two Meetings" Report on the Health-care Reform: The New Blueprint for the Health-care Reform), Sohu, March 2009, http://health.sohu.com/s2009/ 2009lianghui/ (accessed 7 January 2012).
72. "Weishengbujinnian chengban 866 jian 'lianghui'jianyi, yi'an he ti'an" (MOH Undertakes the Handling of 866 Recommendations, Motions and Proposals of "Two Meetings" Members), Xinhua, 10 April 2007, http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-04/10/content-5958551.htm (accessed 6 January 2012).
73. For example, "Gao Qiang: jiejue 'kanbing nan kanbing gui' shangwu lingdan miaoyao" (Gao Qiang: There Is No Panacea for "Getting Medical Care Is Difficult and Expensive"), Sohu, 8 March 2006, http://health.sohu. com/20060308/n242180546.shtml (accessed 7 January 2012);
74. "Weishengbu zhang Gao Qiang cheng: xin yigai fang'an Jiang xiang shehui gongshi" (The Minister for Health, Gao Qiang, Says: The Blueprint for the New Health-care Reform Will Be Made Public), Xinhua, 8 March 2007, http://news.xinhuanet.com/health/2007-03/08/content-5816129.htm (accessed 7 January 2012);
75. "Yiliao weisheng tizhi gaige fangxiang mingxi: zhiji wuda guanjian ci" (The Direction of the Health-care System Reform Is Clear: Tackling Five Key Issues), Xinhua, 9 April 2007, http://news.xinhuanet.com/health/2007-03/09/ content-5821537.htm (accessed 7 January 2012);
76. Dong Wei, "Zhong Nanshan Ba Danian wei yigai zhiyan" (Zhong Nanshan and Ba Danian Speak Directly About the Health-care Reform), Sina, 16 March 2007, http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2007-03-16/064112531588.shtml (accessed 7 January 2012).
77. For an example of media gathering of advice from members of the "Two Meetings", see "2006 zhengxie weiyuan he renda daibiao yulu" (Quotations from CPPCC Members and NPC Representatives [2006]), Sohu, March 2006, http://health.sohu.com/s2006/8502/s242128491/ (7 January 2012);
78. "Daibiao weiyuan huyu Zhongyiyao lifa: kuoda yibao baoxiao fanwei" (NPC Representatives and CPPCC Members Call for Legislation on Chinese Medicine and Expansion of the Scope of Health Insurance Compensation), Sohu, 12 March 2008, http://health.sohu.com/20080312/n255662152.shtml (accessed 7 January 2012).
79. "Lianghui gefang zhumu jiaodian: kanbing nan kanbing gui yidao linjie zhuangtai" (The Focus of Attention at the "Two Meetings": "Getting Medical Care Is Difficult and Expensive" Is at a Critical Stage), Xinhua, 13 March 2007, http://news.xinhuanet.com/health/2007-03/13/ content-5839487.htm (accessed 7 January 2012);
80. Guo Kun, "Weishengbu fuzhang wei jizhe bianhu: fumian baodao ye shi fanying wenti" (Deputy Minister for Health In Defense of Journalists: Negative Report Also Reflects Problems), Legal Daily, 15 March 2008, http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/misc/2008-03/15/content-815685.htm (accessed 7 January 2012).
81. "Lianghui daibiao, weiyuan tan jiancha feiyong" ("Two Meetings" Representatives and Members Discuss Medical Check Fees), Sohu, 12 March 2006, http://health.sohu.com/20060312/n242252062.shtml (accessed 7 January 2012);
82. "Lianghui daibiao, weiyuan tan yaopin zhaobiao" ("Two Meetings" Representatives and Members Discuss the Procurement of Medicines), Sohu, 12 March 2006, http://health.sohu.com/20060312/n242252032. shtml (accessed 7 January 2012);
83. Jin Fengjie, "Renda daibiao huyu pochu longduan: yi shichang yuanze shishi yigai" (NPC Representatives Call to Break Up the Monopoly: Using the Market Principle to Implement the Health-care Reform), Sohu, 17 March 2008, http://health.sohu.com/20080317/n255757477.shtml (accessed 7 January 2012);
84. "Fangtan: yenei zhongduo zhuanjia reyi xin yigai de jiaodian huati" (Interview: Many Experts from the Industry Discuss the Hot Topics of the New Health-care Reform), Sohu, 5 March 2008, http://health.sohu.com/ 20080305/n255547955.shtml (accessed 7 January 2012).
85. "Sannian mo yijian";
86. Yang Zhongxu, "Jielu yigai beihou bumen liyi".
87. Wang Hufeng, Zhongguo xin yigai: linian he zhengce (New Health-care Reform: Principle and Policy) (Beijing: Zhongguo Caizheng Jingji Chubanshe, 2009), p. 204.
88. "8500 yiyuan yigai touru xuanyi juexiao 2/3 buxufang 1/3 bugongfang" (Suspension Over the 850 Billion Yuan Investment in Health-care Reform Revealed: Two-thirds for Demand Side, One-third for Supply Side), Sohu, 9 April 2009, http://health.sohu.com/20090409/n263276274.shtml (accessed 5 March 2010).
89. Wang Hufeng, Zhongguo xin yigai, p. 205.
90. "Hu Jintao zai dang shiqida de baogao" (Hu Jintao's Report at the Party's Seventeenth Congress), Xinhua, 24 October 2007, http://news. xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-10/24/content-6938568.htm (accessed 12 September 2011).
91. Christina Ho, "Health Reform and De Facto Federalism in China", China: An International Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1(Spring 2010), p. 46;
92. Wang Hufeng, Zhongguo xin yigai, p. 211;
93. "Yigai fang'an zhengyi shangcun" (Controversies over the Blueprint for Health-care Reform Persist), Zhongguo jingji xuejiaoyu keyan wang (Cenet), 14 October 2008, http://www.cenet.org.cn/artide.asp?articleid=33544 (accessed 3 September 2011).
94. For a detailed explanation of these methods of payment, see Adam Wagstaf F, Reforming China's Rural Health System, pp. 49-52;
95. Gu Xin, "Quanmin yibao: fufei fangshi gaige shi guanjian" (Universal Health-care: Reform Payment Method Is the Key), Ershiyi shiji jingji wang (21st Century China Business Herald), 26 April 2010, http://www.21cbh.com/ HTML/2010-4-27/10MDAwMDE3NDU10A-4.html (accessed 26 December 2010).
96. Wang Hufeng, Zhongguo xin yigai, p. 215.
97. "Yiyao weisheng tizhi gaige jinqi zhongdian shishi fang'an". The equalization of government policies for private hospitals is elaborated in the Blueprint for Implementation, released in April 2009. Both public and private hospitals would benefit from similar policies with respect to public insurance compensation, research, continuing education and job classification.
98. Wang Hufeng, Zhongguo xin yigai, p. 215;
99. "Guanyu gongli yiyuan gaige shidian de zhidao yijian" (Leading Opinion on the Pilot Project of Public Hospitals' Reform), Zhongguo wang (China.com), 24 February 2010, http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2010-02/24/ content-19464497-2.htm (accessed 19 August 2011). This document states explicitly that, in the context of the pilot project, for-profit, as well as nonprofit, hospitals would benefit from preferential tax policies.
100. Wang Hufeng, Zhongguo xin yigai, p. 214.
101. "Sannian mo yijian".
102. "Guanyu shenhua weisheng tizhi gaige de yijian (zhengqiu yijian gao) gongkai zhengqiu yijian liulan" (Opinion on Deepening the Health-care System Reform [Seeking Views, Draft] Public "Seeking Views" Browser), NDRC, October-November 2008, http://www.ndrc.gov. cn/ygyj/ygyj-list.jsp (accessed 20 May 2010). Internet responses are available on this website.
103. "Xin yigai fang'an gong zhengqiu sanwan wuqian yu tiao yijian he jianyi" (The New Blueprint for Health-care Reform Received More Than 35, 000 Opinions and Suggestions), Zhongguojingji wang (China Economics.net), 3 January 2009, http://www.ce.cn/cysc/ztpd/09/yl/bs/200903/03/t20090303-18381288. shtml (accessed 5 September 2011).
104. "Guanyu shenhua weisheng tizhi gaige de yijian (zhengqiu yijian gao) gongkai zhengqiu yijian liulan".
105. The government received more than 210, 000 responses on the education reform ("Jiaogai fazhan guihua gangyao jing 40 lun xiugai, shou 210 wan tiao yijian" [Outline for Education Reform and Development Went Through 40 Revisions, 210, 000 Opinions Received], Tencent News, 28 February 2010, http://news.qq.com/a/20100228/000604.htm [accessed 27 August 2010])
106. and 191, 849 comments on the Labor Contract Law (Liisi Karindi, "The Making of China's New Labour Contract Law", p. 2), but only 35, 260 on the healthcare reform ("Xin yigai fang'an gong zhengqiu sanwan wuqian yu tiao yijian he jianyi").
107. "Yangshi xinwenl+1 yigai fang'an kanbudong xupei: shuomingshou" (CCTV Newsl+1: Blueprint for Health-care Reform Cannot Be Understood: It Should Be Accompanied by an Explanation Book), Xinhua, 16 October 2008, http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2008-10/16/content-10202115.htm (accessed 15 August 2010).
108. Even scholars who took part in the consultation admitted that they found some sections of the draft incomprehensible, or compared its inconsistency and ambiguous language to a traditional eight-legged essay (baguwen): Wang Hufeng, Zhongguo xin yigai, p. 19;
109. Liu Guo'en, "Yigai xinfang'an kongtong ru baguwen" (The Loopholes in the New Blueprint for Health-care Reform Are Like an Eight-Legged Essay), Sohu, 16 October 2008, http://liuguoen. blog.sohu.com/102074388.html (accessed 4 August 2010).
110. Zhu Youdi, Daguoyigai, p. 203.
111. For the role of business associations and business lobbying in China, see Scott Kennedy, The Business of Lobbying in China (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 166;
112. see also Guosheng Deng and Scott Kennedy, "Big Business and Industry Association Lobbying in China", The China Journal, No. 63(January 2012), pp. 101-25.
113. "33 jia yiyao hangye lianzhu jianyi daxiu yigai fang'an" (33 Pharmaceutical Associations Collectively Advise Revising the Blueprint for Health-care Reform), NE, 3 November 2008, http://news.163. com/08/1103/02/ 4PPS9UFH0001124J.html (accessed 3 June 2010);
114. Wang Shiling, "Xin yigai fang'an bei zhiyi jiang daozhi gengda xingzheng xunzu kongjian" (The Blueprint for the New Health-care Reform Is Suspected of Producing Greater Rent-Seeking Space for Government Administration), Sina, 16 October 2008, http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-10-16/ 005516460842.shtml (accessed 8 January 2012);
115. "Zhongguo yiyao qiye guanli xiehui dui yigai tichu shisi tiao jianyi" (China Pharmaceutical Enterprise Association Raised 14 Suggestions Regarding Health-care Reform), Zhongguo yiyao jingji jishu wang (Pharma Tec), 13 November 2008, http://www.pharmtec.org.cn/news/zhyw/2008-H-13/7957.html (accessed 12 August 2011).
116. Zhang Shen, "Yu Mingde: xin yigai fang'an cunzai liuda fenqi" (Yu Mingde: There Are Six Controversies Over the Health-care Reform), NE, 12 January 2009, http://money.163.com/special/00253553/yudeming30y.html (accessed 21 May 2010).
117. Yang Zhongxu, "Xin yigai zuihou boyi: shichanghua huigui jihua jingji de jiaofeng" (The Last Bargaining Game Over Health-care Reform: Marketization Versus Return to Planned Economy), Zhongguo xuanju yu zhili (China Elections and Governance), 8 April 2009, http://www.chinaelections.org/ NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=146616 (accessed 3 June 2010).
118. "33 jia yiyao hangye lianzhu jianyi daxiu yigai fang'an";
119. Wang Shiling, "Xin yigai fang'an bei zhiyi Jiang daozhi gengda xingzheng xunzu kongjian".
120. "Yigai quxiao 15%yao jia jiacheng gongli yiyuan kong xianru juyun" (If the Health-care Reform Abolishes the 15% Markup, Public Hospitals May Go Bankrupt), Sohu, 19 November 2008, http://health.sohu.com/ 20081119/n260717745.shtml (accessed 2 June 2010);
121. "Yiyuan dui xin yigai fang'an tichu butong de yijian quxiao yaopin jiajia shangbu changshu" (Hospitals Express Different Opinions Regarding the Blueprint for Health-care Reform: Abolishing the Markup Is Premature), Jinrongjie (Finance World), 16 October 2008, http://nnance.jrj.com.cn/2008/10/ 1602452290662.shtml (accessed 3 June 2010);
122. "Nanyi da'er fuyuan Lu Xiang yuanzhang tan xin yigai" (Director of Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Lu Xiang, Discusses the New Health-care Reform), Zhongguo Jiangsu (JSChina), 15 April 2009, http://itv. jschina.com.cn/vchat/200904/tl 1573.shtml (accessed 3 June 2010).
123. "Yiyuan yuanzhang: yiyao fenkai hou huanzhe yongyao anquan neng fou baozheng" (Hospital Director: Would It Be Possible to Protect the Safety of Patients after Pharmacies Are Separated from Hospitals?), Sohu, 24 October 2008, http://health.sohu.com/20081024/n260232157.shtml (accessed 3 June 2010).
124. Bo Libo and Zhou Leigang, "Lai Jiansheng: ting yuanzhang zenme shuo" (Lai Jiansheng: Listen to What a Hospital Director Has to Say), People. Net, 26 November 2008, http://medicine.people.com.cn/GB/8416174.html (accessed 9 January 2012);
125. Bo Libo and Zhou Leigang, "Wang Gexin: yigai, xianji yiyuan shi guanjian" (Wang Gexln: For Health Care Reform, County-level Hospitals Are Key), People. Net, 18 November 2008, http://medicine.people.com.cn/GB/8356872. html (accessed 9 January 2012).
126. Feng Lei, "Yigai: yuanzhang jianyan lu" (Health-care Reform: Record of Suggestions from Hospital Directors), CHS, No. 22(2008), pp. 30-43;
127. Liu Wei, "170 wei yuanzhang lian ming jianyan yigai" (170 Hospital Directors Collectively Raise Their Suggestions Regarding Health-care Reform), CHS, Vol. 22(2008), pp. 27-31.
128. "Yigai zhengqiu yijian: shequ yisheng shou guwu dabing huanzhe fenhaoyao" (Seeking Views on the Health-care Reform: Community-level Doctors Encouraged, Patients with Serious Illnesses Looking Forward to Effective Medicine), Sohu, 16 October 2008, http://health.sohu.com/20081016/n260064427. shtml (accessed 12 August 2010).
129. For example, CHS, especially Feng Lei, "Yigai: yuanzhang jianyan lu".
130. "Guanyu shenhua yiliao weisheng tizhi gaige de yijian (zhengqiu yijian gao) zai Beijing zoutan zhaokai" (Forum on "Opinion on Health-care System Reform [Seeking Views]" Held in Beijing), Zhongguo yiyuan xiehui (China Hospital Association), Vol. 11, No. 33(Autumn 2008), http://www.cha.org.cn/gd/generaldocument/GDContent.aspx?ContentId= 1496&ClassId=146&ChannelId=29 (accessed 5 August 2010). It is mentioned that, on 23 October 2008, the representatives of the association convened in Beijing and generated 16 suggestions for the reform plan, which they turned over to the MOH. The content of these suggestions, however, is not stated.
131. "170 wei yuanzhang lian ming jianyan yibao jigou you da weishengbu zhangguan" (170 Hospital Directors Collectively Suggest that Health Insurance Should Be Managed by an Expanded MOH), Sohu, 21 November 2008, http://health.sohu.com/20081121/n260778304.shtml (accessed 3 June 2010);
132. "Yingjie yigai tiaozhan qushi jingzhengli" (To Meet the Challenges of the Health-care Reform: Trend and Competency), CHS, No. 24 (Autumn 2008).
133. Li Ling, "Li Ling: Zhongguo yigai an zai hefang?" (Li Ling: Where Is China's Health-care Reform At?), People. Net, 6 November 2008, http://medicine.people.com.cn/GB/132261/8291517.html (accessed 9 January 2012).
134. Chen Yongjun and Song Lianying, "Baisuo yiyuan yuanzhang tan yigai: guahaofei bu ji tingchefei zhuanqian kuai" (100 Hospital Directors Discuss the New Health-care Reform: Registration Fee Does Not Make Money as Fast as Parking Fee), Sohu, 3 November 2008, http://health.sohu.com/20081103/n260398582. shtml (accessed 3 June 2010);
135. Fu Libo, Zhou Leigang and Yang Wenyan, "2008 Zhongguo yiyuan yuanzhang gaoceng luntan zai zhengzhou juxing" (The 2008 China Hospital Directors High Level Forum Convened in Zhengzhou), People. Net, http://medicine.people.com.cn/GB/132552/135982/136326/8267519.html (accessed 9 January 2012).
136. Yin Jia, "Bu neng huode quanguo 500 wan yiwu renyuan zhenxin zhichi de yiliao gaige nanyi chenggong" (Health-care Reform Will Not Be Successful Without the Genuine Support of Medical Personnel), Sohu, 22 October 2008, http://health.sohu.com/20081022/n260172360.shtml (accessed 15 May 2010).
137. "Shanghai tuixiu yisheng Chen Xiaolan 'wanyanshu' zhizhi yigai de shibi" (A Ten Thousand Word Book by Retired Shanghai Doctor, Chen Xiaolan, Points Out the Ills of Health-care Reform), Tenant News, 24 February 2009, http://finance.qq.eom/a/20090224/003031-l.htm (accessed 15 May 2010).
138. Dr Ma, "Yiliao weisheng tizhi gaige zhong xuyao dengqing de jige wenti" (Several Problems in the Health-care System Reform That Should Be Clarified), Chinese Medical Doctors' Association (hereafter CMDA), 20 October 2008, http://2009.cmda.gov. cn/News/redianhuati/redianhuatizhuanti/guanzhuyigai/ xiehuijianyi/2008-12-02/1121-4.html (accessed 9 January 2012);
139. "Zhongguo yishi xiehui erke yishi fenhui yigai jianyf (The CMDA Pediatrician Branch Suggestions on the Health-care Reform), CMDA, 20 October 2008, http://2009.cmda.gov. cn/News/redianhuati/redianhuatizhuanti/guanzhuyigai/ xiehuijianyi/2008-12-02/1120.html (accessed 9 January 2012).
140. "Weiquan weiyuanhui yijian" (The Opinion of the Rights Protection Committee), CMDA, 20 October 2008, http://2009.cmda.gov. cn/News/redianhuati/redianhuatizhuanti/guanzhuyigai/xiehuijianyi/2008-12-02/ 1119-7.html (accessed 9 January 2012).
141. Wang Hufeng, Zhongguo xin yigai, p. 207;
142. "Yiyao weisheng tizhi gaige jinqi zhongdian shishi fang'an".
143. Yanfen Huang and Yiyong Yang, "Pharmaceutical Prices in China", in Karen Eggleston (ed.), Prescribing Cultures and Pharmaceutical Policy in the Asia Pacific (Stanford: Asia-Pacific Research Network, 2009), pp. 209-10. According to the authors, when the government sets reduced prices for medicines, manufacturers and wholesalers evade these regulations by changing dosage forms, specifications and packaging types. The government still needs to find a strategy to prevent these practices.
144. Wang Hufeng, Zhongguo xin yigai, p. 206.
145. See also Wang Shiling, "Xin yigai fang'an: 6 ge yue li gaijin le shenme" (The New Healthcare Reform: What Has Changed in Six Months?), Nanfang zhoumo (Southern Weekend), 8 April 2009, http://www.infzm.com/content/ 26671 (accessed 20 August 2011).
146. Wang Hufeng, Zhongguo xin yigai, pp. 223-24.
147. See also Wang Shiling, "Xin yigai fang'an: 6 ge yue li gaijin le shenme"; "Yiyao shengwu: fang'an chulu xin fang'an ke shishi xing jiaqiang" (Biomedical Industry: Final Draft Unveiled, Implementability Enhanced), NE, 7 April 2009, http://money.163.com/09/0407/11/569SO4MC00251M00. html (accessed 20 August 2011).
148. Wang Hufeng, Zhongguo xin yigai, pp. 205-06.
149. "Yiyao weisheng tizhi gaige jinqi zhongdian shishi fang'an".
150. Wang Hufeng, Zhongguo xin yigai, pp. 220-21.
151. Yin Jia, "Bu neng huode".
152. "Gaige yaopin he yiliao fuwu jiage xingcheng jizhi de yijian" (Opinion on Reforming the Mechanisms of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Services' Prices), NDRC, 9 November 2009, http://www.ndrc.gov. cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/2009tz/ t20091123-314758.htm (accessed 11 August 2011).
153. Liu Guo'en, "Xin yigai fang'an: youxian de jinbu" (The New Blueprint for the Health-care Reform: Limited Progress), Guanghua zhiku (Guanghua Cyber Academia), 8 April 2009, http://w3.gsm.pku.edu.cn/store/detail/ 2008641795020071029144656Article.asp?articleId=5326&Columnid=1193&view= (accessed 11 August 2011).
154. He Baogang and Mark Warren, "Authoritarian Deliberation".
155. James Fishkin, He Baogang, Robert Luskin and Alice Siu, "Deliberative Democracy in an Unlikely Place";
156. Ethan Leib and He Baogang, The Search for Deliberative Democracy in China.
157. Zhao Yuezhi, Communication in China, pp. 26-36.
158. Geremie Barmé and Gloria Davies, "Have We Been Noticed Yet?: Intellectual Contestations and the Chinese Web", in Merle Goldman and Edward Gu (eds), Chinese Intellectuals Between State and Market (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), p. 77.