Review of recent developments and the future prospective in West African atmosphere/land interaction studies

International Journal of Geophysics

Volumn 2012, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Xue, Yongkang ^a   Boone, Aaron ^b   Taylor, Christopher M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CENTRE NATIONAL DE RECHERCHES MÉTÉOROLOGIQUES   (France)

^c CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR-SOIL INTERACTION; ANNUAL VARIATION; FUTURE PROSPECT; LAND SURFACE; SEASONAL VARIATION; SNOWSTORM; STORM;

WEST AFRICA;

EID: 84866238594     PISSN: 1687885X     EISSN: 16878868     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/748921     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. United Nations Office for West Africa,. West Africa
2. Hulme M., Desbois M., Desalmand F., Validation of large-scale precipitation fields in General Circulation Models. Global Precipitations and Climate Change 1994 Berlin, Germany Springer 466 NATO ASI Series
3. Nicholson S. E., Some B., Kone B., An analysis of recent rainfall conditions in West Africa, including the rainy seasons of the 1997 El Nino and the 1998 La Nina years. Journal of Climate 2000 13 14 2628 2640 2-s2.0-0034233028
4. Le Barbé L., Lebel T., Tapsoba D., Rainfall variability in West Africa during the years 19501990. Journal of Climate 2002 15 2 187 202 2-s2.0-0037079748 (Pubitemid 34527761)
5. Dai A., Lamb P. J., Trenberth K. E., Hulme M., Jones P. D., Xie P., The recent Sahel drought is real. International Journal of Climatology 2004 24 11 1323 1331 2-s2.0-4544318388 10.1002/joc.1083 (Pubitemid 39246573)
6. Lau W. K. M., Kim K. M., Lee M. I., Characteristics of diurnal and seasonal cycles in global monsoon systems. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 2007 85 403 416 2-s2.0-34248682391 (Pubitemid 46767124)
7. Redelsperger J. L., Thorncroft C. D., Diedhiou A., Lebel T., Parker D. J., Polcher J., African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis: an international research project and field campaign. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2006 88 12 1739 1746 2-s2.0-33846479870 10.1175/BAMS-87-12-1739 (Pubitemid 46152000)
8. United Nations, World Population Prospects. United Nations Publication, pp. 801, 2009
9. Lamb P. J., Large-scale tropical Atlantic surface circulation patterns associated with sub-Saharan weather anomalies. Tellus 1978 30 240 251
10. Folland C. J., Owen M., Ward N., Colman A., Prediction of seasonal rainfall in the Sahel region using empirical and dynamical methods. Journal of Forecasting 1991 1 21 56
11. Lebel T., Cappelaere B., Galle S., Hanan N., Kergoat L., Levis S., Vieux B., Descroix L., Gosset M., Mougin E., Peugeot C., Seguis L., AMMA-CATCH studies in the Sahelian region of West-Africa: an overview. Journal of Hydrology 2009 375 1-2 3 13 2-s2.0-67349239961 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.03.020
12. Charney J., Quirk W. J., Chow S. H., Kornfield J., A comparative study of the effects of albedo change on drought in semi-arid regions. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 1977 34 9 1366 1385 2-s2.0-0017538212 (Pubitemid 8558147)
13. Laval K., Picon L., Effect of a change of the surface albedo of the Sahel on climate. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 1986 43 21 2418 2429 2-s2.0-0022923586 (Pubitemid 17528043)
14. Xue Y., Liou K.-N., Kasahara A., Investigation of the biophysical feedback on the African climate using a two-dimensional model. Journal of Climate 1990 3 337 352
15. Xue Y., Shukla J., The influence of land surface properties on Sahel climate. Part I: desertification. Journal of Climate 1993 6 12 2232 2245 2-s2.0-0027795694 (Pubitemid 24403762)
16. Eltahir E. A. B., Gong C., Dynamics of wet and dry years in West Africa. Journal of Climate 1996 9 5 1030 1042 2-s2.0-0030440328 (Pubitemid 27119139)
17. Taylor C. M., Lambin E. F., Stephenne N., Harding R. J., Essery R. L. H., The influence of land use change on climate in the Sahel. Journal of Climate 2002 15 24 3615 3629 2-s2.0-0346668107 (Pubitemid 36199414)
18. Zeng N., Neelin J. D., Lau K. M., Tucker C. J., Enhancement of interdecadal climate variability in the Sahel by vegetation interaction. Science 1999 286 5444 1537 1540 2-s2.0-0033584784 10.1126/science.286.5444.1537
19. Wang G., Eltahir E. A. B., Role of vegetation dynamics in enhancing the low-frequency variability of the Sahel rainfall. Water Resources Research 2000 36 4 1013 1021 2-s2.0-0034029692 10.1029/1999WR900361 (Pubitemid 30181385)
20. Nicholson S., Land surface processes and Sahel climate. Reviews of Geophysics 2000 38 1 117 139 2-s2.0-0034115243 10.1029/1999RG000014 (Pubitemid 30199815)
21. Xue Y., Hutjes R. W. A., Harding R. J., Kabat P., Claussen M., Dirmeyer P. A., The Sahelian Climate (Chapter A5). Vegetation, Water, Humans and the Climate 2004 Berlin, Germany Springer 59 77
22. Taylor C. M., Parker D. J., Kalthoff N., New perspectives on landatmosphere feedbacks from the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis. Atmospheric Science Letters 2011 12 38 44
23. Xie P., Arkin P. A., Global Precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on Gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 1997 78 11 2539 2558 2-s2.0-0031403103
24. Goutorbe J. P., Dolman A. J., Gash J. H. C., HAPEXSahel 1997 Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier
25. Lebel T., thierry.lebel@ujf-grenoble.fr Parker D. J., Flamant C., Höller H., Polcher J., Redelsperger J. L., Thorncroft C., Bock O., Bourles B., Galle S., Marticorena B., Mougin E., Peugeot C., Cappelaere B., Descroix L., Diedhiou A., Gaye A., Lafore J. P., The AMMA field campaigns: accomplishments and lessons learned. Atmospheric Science Letters 2011 12 1 123 128 10.1002/asl.323
26. Boone A., de Rosnay P., Balsamo G., Beljaars A., Chopin F., Decharme B., Delire C., Ducharne A., Gascoin S., Grippa M., Guichard F., Gusev Y., Harris P., Jarlan L., Kergoat L., Mougin E., Nasonova O., Norgaard A., Orgeval T., Ottlé C., Poccard-Leclercq I., Polcher J., Sandholt I., Saux-Picart S., Taylor C., Xue Y., The AMMA land surface model intercomparison project (ALMIP). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2009 90 12 1865 1880 2-s2.0-75249103689 10.117S/2009BAMS2786.1
27. Huffman G. J., Adler R. F., Bolvin D. T., Gu G., Nelkin E. J., Bowman K. P., Hong Y., Stocker E. F., Wolff D. B., The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. Journal of Hydrometeorology 2007 8 1 38 55 2-s2.0-33947356755 10.1175/JHM560.1 (Pubitemid 46444451)
28. Geiger B., Meurey C., Lajas D., Franchistéguy L., Carrer D., Roujean J. L., Near real-time provision of downwelling shortwave radiation estimates derived from satellite observations. Meteorological Applications 2008 15 3 411 420 2-s2.0-52949116817 10.1002/met.84
29. de Rosnay P., Drusch M., Boone A., Balsamo G., Decharme B., Harris P., Kerr Y., Pellarin T., Polcher J., Wigneron J. P., AMMA land surface model intercomparison experiment coupled to the community microwave emission model: ALMIP-MEM. Journal of Geophysical Research D 2009 114 5 2-s2.0-65849178501 10.1029/2008JD010724 D05108
30. Grippa M., manuela.grippa@get.obs-mip.fr Kergoat L., laurent.kergoat@get. obs-mip.fr Frappart F., frappart@get.obs-mip.fr Araud Q., araud.quentin@gmail. com Boone A., aaron.boone@meteo.fr De Rosnay P., patricia.rosnay@ecmwf.int Lemoine J. M., jean-michel.lemoine@cnes.fr Gascoin S., simon.gascoin@ceaza.cl Balsamo G., gianpaolo.balsamo@ecmwf.int Ottlé C., catherine.ottle@lsce. ipsl.fr Decharme B., bertrand.decharme@cnrm.meteo.fr Saux-Picart S., stux@pml.ac.uk Ramillien G., laurent.kergoat@get.obs-mip.fr Land water storage variability over West Africa estimated by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and land surface models. Water Resources Research 2011 47 5, article W05549 10.1029/2009WR008856
31. Timouk F., Kergoat L., laurent.kergoat@cesbio.cnes.fr Mougin E., Lloyd C. R., Ceschia E., Cohard J. M., Rosnay P. d., Hiernaux P., Demarez V., Taylor C. M., Response of surface energy balance to water regime and vegetation development in a Sahelian landscape. Journal of Hydrology 2009 375 1-2 178 189 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.022
32. Gao X., Dirmeyer P. A., A multimodel analysis, validation, and transferability study of global soil wetness products. Journal of Hydrometeorology 2006 7 6 1218 1236 2-s2.0-33751019410 10.1175/JHM551.1 (Pubitemid 46111232)
33. Boone A. A., Poccard-Leclercq I., Xue Y., Feng J., de Rosnay P., Evaluation of the WAMME model surface fluxes using results from the AMMA land-surface model intercomparison project. Climate Dynamics 2010 35 1 127 142 2-s2.0-77954129007 10.1007/s00382-009-0653-1
34. Tulet P., Mallet M., Pont V., The 712 March dust storm over West Africa: mineral dust generation and vertical layering in the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008 113, article D00C08 13 10.1029/2008JD009871
35. Kocha C., kcbamf@hotmail.com Lafore J. P., Tulet P., Seity Y., High-resolution simulation of a major West African dust-storm: comparison with observations and investigation of dust impact. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 2012 138 663 455 470 10.1002/qj.927
36. Delon C., Galy-Lacaux C., Boone A., Liousse C., Serça D., Adon M., Diop B., Akpo A., Lavenu F., Mougin E., Timouk F., Atmospheric nitrogen budget in Sahelian dry savannas. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2010 10 6 2691 2708 2-s2.0-77949871493
37. Agustí-Panareda A., Balsamo G., Beljaars A., Impact of improved soil moisture on the ECMWF precipitation forecast in West Africa. Geophysical Research Letters 2010 37 20 2-s2.0-77957155979 10.1029/2010GL044748 L20808
38. Guichard F., Asencio N., Peugeot C., Bock O., Redelsperger J. L., Cui X., Garvert M., Lamptey B., Orlandi E., Sander J., Fierli F., Gaertner M. A., Jones S. C., Lafore J. P., Morse A., Nuret M., Boone A., Balsamo G., De Rosnay P., Decharme B., Harris P. P., S J. B., An intercomparison of simulated rainfall and evapotranspiration associated with a mesoscale convective system over West Africa. Weather and Forecasting 2010 25 1 37 60 2-s2.0-77949409753 10.1175/2009WAF2222250.1
39. Steiner A. L., Pal J. S., Rauscher S. A., Bell J. L., Diffenbaugh N. S., Boone A., Sloan L. C., Giorgi F., Land surface coupling in regional climate simulations of the West African monsoon. Climate Dynamics 2009 33 6 869 892 2-s2.0-75249095301 10.1007/s00382-009-0543-6
40. Hourdin F., Guichard F., Musat I., Ruti P. M., Favot F., Filiberti M. A., Pham M. A. Ï., Grandpeix J. Y., Polcher J. A. N., Marquet P., Boone A., Lafore J. P., Redelsperger J. L., Dell'Aquila A., Doval T. L., Traore A. K., Gallée H., AMMA-Model intercomparison project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2010 91 1 95 104 2-s2.0-77249100237 10.1175/2009BAMS2791. 1
41. Meynadier R., Bock O., Guichard F., Boone A., Roucou P., Redelsperger J. L., West African Monsoon water cycle: 1. A hybrid water budget data set. Journal of Geophysical Research D 2010 115 19 2-s2.0-77957730211 10.1029/2010JD013917 D19106
42. Xue Y., de Sales F., Lau W. K. M., Boone A., Feng J., Dirmeyer P., Guo Z., Kim K. M., Kitoh A., Kumar V., Poccard-Leclercq I., Mahowald N., Moufouma-Okia W., Pegion P., Rowell D. P., Schemm J., Schubert S. D., Sealy A., Thiaw W. M., Vintzileos A., Williams S. F., Wu M. L. C., Intercomparison and analyses of the climatology of the West African Monsoon in the West African Monsoon Modeling and Evaluation project (WAMME) first model intercomparison experiment. Climate Dynamics 2010 35 1 3 27 2-s2.0-77954145216 10.1007/s00382-010-0778-2
43. Martiny N., Richard Y., Camberlin P., Interannual persistence effects in vegetation dynamics of semi-arid Africa. Geophysical Research Letters 2005 32 24 4 L24403 2-s2.0-32644442730 10.1029/2005GL024634 (Pubitemid 43239950)
44. Zhang X., Friedl M. A., Schaaf C. B., Strahler A. H., Liu Z., Monitoring the response of vegetation phenology to precipitation in Africa by coupling MODIS and TRMM instruments. Journal of Geophysical Research D 2005 110 12 14 D12103 2-s2.0-23244468485 10.1029/2004JD005263 (Pubitemid 41094022)
45. Liu Z., Notaro M., Kutzbach J., Liu N., Assessing global vegetation-climate feedbacks from observations. Journal of Climate 2006 19 5 787 814 2-s2.0-33645832735 10.1175/JCLI3658.1
46. Los S. O., Weedon G. P., North P. R. J., Kaduk J. D., Taylor C. M., Cox P. M., An observation-based estimate of the strength of rainfall-vegetation interactions in the Sahel. Geophysical Research Letters 2006 33 16 2-s2.0-33845662655 10.1029/2006GL027065 L16402 (Pubitemid 44945719)
47. Zeng X., Rao P., DeFries R. S., Hansen M. C., Interannual variability and decadal trend of global fractional vegetation cover from 1982 to 2000. Journal of Applied Meteorology 2003 42 10 1525 1530 2-s2.0-0344120346 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)0421525:IVADTO>2.0.CO;2 (Pubitemid 37458539)
48. Jarlan L., lionel.jarlan@cesbio.cnes.fr Tourre Y. M., Mougin E., Philippon N., Mazzega P., Dominant patterns of AVHRR NDVI interannual variability over the Sahel and linkages with key climate signals (19822003). Geophysical Research Letters 2005 32 4 4 L04701 10.1029/2004GL021841 (Pubitemid 40746871)
49. Philippon N., Jarlan L., Martiny N., Camberlin P., Mougin E., Characterization of the interannual and intraseasonal variability of West African vegetation between 1982 and 2002 by means of NOAA AVHRR NDVI data. Journal of Climate 2007 20 7 1202 1218 2-s2.0-34247533654 10.1175/JCLI4067.1 (Pubitemid 46647973)
50. Eklundh L., Olsson L., Vegetation index trends for the African Sahel 19821999. Geophysical Research Letters 2003 30 8 4 1430 2-s2.0-0041382842
51. Govaerts Y., Lattanzio A., Estimation of surface albedo increase during the eighties Sahel drought from Meteosat observations. Global and Planetary Change 2008 64 3-4 139 145 2-s2.0-57049095844 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.04.004
52. Hiernaux P., Diarra L., Trichon V., Mougin E., Soumaguel N., Baup F., Woody plant population dynamics in response to climate changes from 1984 to 2006 in Sahel (Gourma, Mali). Journal of Hydrology 2009 375 1-2 103 113 2-s2.0-69549090987 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.01.043
53. Koster R. D., Dirmeyer P. A., Guo Z., Bonan G., Chan E., Cox P., Gordon C. T., Kanae S., Kowalczyk E., Lawrence D., Liu P., Lu C. H., Malyshev S., McAvaney B., Mitchell K., Mocko D., Oki T., Oleson K., Pitman A., Sud Y. C., Taylor C. M., Verseghy D., Vasic R., Xue Y., Yamada T., Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation. Science 2004 305 5687 1138 1140 2-s2.0-4143112257 10.1126/science.1100217 (Pubitemid 39100323)
54. Douville H., Chauvin F., Broqua H., Influence of soil moisture on the Asian and African monsoons. Part I: mean monsoon and daily precipitation. Journal of Climate 2001 14 11 2381 2403 2-s2.0-0035354768 (Pubitemid 33045322)
55. Douville H., Influence of soil moisture on the Asian and African monsoons. Part II: interannual variability. Journal of Climate 2002 15 7 701 720 2-s2.0-0036539319 (Pubitemid 34476087)
56. Dirmeyer P. A., dirmeyer@cola.iges.org Dolman A. J., Sato N., The pilot phase of the global soil wetness project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 1999 80 5 851 878 (Pubitemid 129598466)
57. Notaro M., Statistical identification of global hot spots in soil moisture feedbacks among IPCC AR4 models. Journal of Geophysical Research D 2008 113 9 2-s2.0-46449124178 10.1029/2007JD009199 D09101
58. Philippon N., Fontaine B., The relationship between the Sahelian and previous 2nd Guinean rainy seasons: a monsoon regulation by soil wetness? Annales Geophysicae 2002 20 4 575 582 2-s2.0-0036258930 (Pubitemid 34573128)
59. Shinoda M., Yamaguchi Y., Influence of soil moisture anomaly on temperature in the Sahel: a comparison between wet and dry decades. Journal of Hydrometeorology 2003 4 2 437 447 2-s2.0-0037931742 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)4437: IOSMAO>2.0.CO;2 (Pubitemid 36751434)
60. Douville H., Conil S., Tyteca S., Voldoire A., Soil moisture memory and West African monsoon predictability: artefact or reality? Climate Dynamics 2007 28 7-8 723 742 2-s2.0-34247577180 10.1007/s00382-006-0207-8 (Pubitemid 46672586)
61. van den Hurk B. J. J. M., van Meijgaard E., Diagnosing land-atmosphere interaction from a regional climate model simulation over West Africa. Journal of Hydrometeorology 2010 11 2 467 481 2-s2.0-77953345469 10.1175/2009JHM1173.1
62. Xue Y., De Sales F., Vasic R., Global and temporal characteristics of seasonal climate/vegetation biophysical process (VBP) interactions. Journal of Climate 2010 23 1411 1433
63. Kang H. S., Xue Y., Collatz G. J., Impact assessment of satellite-derived leaf area index datasets using a general circulation model. Journal of Climate 2007 20 6 993 1015 2-s2.0-34147158440 10.1175/JCLI4054.1 (Pubitemid 46554528)
64. Xue Y., Juang H. M. H., Li W. P., Prince S., DeFries R., Jiao Y., Vasic R., Role of land surface processes in monsoon development: East Asia and West Africa. Journal of Geophysical Research D 2004 109 3 24 D03105 2-s2.0-2642587320
65. Taylor C. M., Intraseasonal land-atmospheric coupling in the West African monsoon. Journal of Climate 2008 21 24 6636 6648 2-s2.0-58049194388 10.1175/2008JCLI2475.1
66. Lavender S. L., Taylor C. M., Matthews A. J., Coupled land-atmosphere intraseasonal variability of the West African monsoon in a GCM. Journal of Climate 2010 23 21 5557 5571 2-s2.0-77958101587 10.1175/2010JCLI3419.1
67. Cook K. H., Generation of the African easterly jet and its role in determining West African precipitation. Journal of Climate 1999 12 5 1165 1184 2-s2.0-0032835032 (Pubitemid 29437715)
68. Thorncroft C. D., Blackburn M., Maintenance of the African easterly jet. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 1999 125 555 763 786 2-s2.0-0032807715 (Pubitemid 29348031)
69. Li W., Xue Y., Poccard I., Numerical investigation of the impact of vegetation indices on the variability of West African summer monsoon. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 2007 85 363 383 2-s2.0-34248672254 (Pubitemid 46767122)
70. Wu M. L. C., Reale O., Schubert S. D., Suarez M. J., Koster R. D., Pegion P. J., African easterly jet: structure and maintenance. Journal of Climate 2009 22 17 4459 4480 2-s2.0-70350023633 10.1175/2009JCLI2584.1
71. Prince S. D., Kerr Y. H., Goutorbe J. P., Lebel T., Tinga A., Bessemoulin P., Brouwer J., Dolman A. J., Engman E. T., Gash J. H., Hoepffner M., Kabat P., Monteny B., Said F., Sellers P., Wallace J., Geographical, biological and remote sensing aspects of the hydrologic atmospheric pilot experiment in the Sahel (HAPEX-Sahel). Remote Sensing of Environment 1995 51 1 215 234 2-s2.0-0028976648 10.1016/0034-4257(94)00076-Y
72. Kohler M., Kalthoff N., Kottmeier C., The impact of soil moisture modifications on CBL characteristics in West Africa: a case-study from the AMMA campaign. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 2010 136 1 442 455 2-s2.0-77949421752 10.1002/qj.430
73. Taylor C. M., Parker D. J., Harris P. P., An observational case study of mesoscale atmospheric circulations induced by soil moisture. Geophysical Research Letters 2007 34 15 2-s2.0-34948848633 10.1029/2007GL030572 L15801 (Pubitemid 47521305)
74. Garcia-Carreras L., Parker D. J., Taylor C. M., Reeves C. E., Murphy J. G., Impact of mesoscale vegetation heterogeneities on the dynamical and thermodynamic properties of the planetary boundary layer. Journal of Geophysical Research D 2010 115 3 2-s2.0-76849107337 10.1029/2009JD012811 D03102
75. Gaertner M. A., Domínguez M., Garvert M., A modelling case-study of soil moisture-atmosphere coupling. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 2010 136 1 483 495 2-s2.0-77949411270 10.1002/qj.541
76. Gantner L., Kalthoff N., Sensitivity of a modelled life cycle of a mesoscale convective system to soil conditions over West Africa. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 2010 136 1 471 482 2-s2.0-77949363947 10.1002/qj.425
77. Taylor C. M., cmt@ceh.ac.uk Gounou A., Guichard F., Harris P. P., Ellis R. J., Couvreux F., De Kauwe M., Frequency of sahelian storm initiation enhanced over mesoscale soil-moisture patterns. Nature Geoscience 2011 4 7 430 433 10.1038/ngeo1173
78. Taylor C. M., Feedbacks on convection from an African wetland. Geophysical Research Letters 2010 37, article L05406
79. Lamprey H. F., Report on the desert encroachment reconnaissance in northern Sudan. Desertification Control Bulletin 1988 17 1 7
80. Tucker C. J., Nicholson S. E., Variations in the size of the Sahara Desert from 1980 to 1997. Ambio 1999 28 7 587 591 2-s2.0-0033390778 (Pubitemid 30097432)
81. Pitman A. J., De Noblet-Ducoudré N., Cruz F. T., Davin E. L., Bonan G. B., Brovkin V., Claussen M., Delire C., Ganzeveld L., Gayler V., Van Den Hurk B. J. J. M., Lawrence P. J., Van Der Molen M. K., Müller C., Reick C. H., Seneviratne S. I., Strengen B. J., Voldoire A., Uncertainties in climate responses to past land cover change: first results from the LUCID intercomparison study. Geophysical Research Letters 2009 36 14 2-s2.0-70349592923 10.1029/2009GL039076 L14814
82. Dregne H. E., Chou N. T., Global desertification dimensions and costs. Degradation and Restoration of Arid Lands 1992 Texas Tech University 249 282
83. Middleton N., The Global Casino. An Introduction to Environmental Issues 2008 4th Arnold
84. Goudie A. S., The Human Impact on the Natural Environment 2006 6th The MIT Press
85. Hiernaux P., Ayantunde A., Kalilou A., Mougin E., Gérard B., Baup F., Grippa M., Djaby B., Trends in productivity of crops, fallow and rangelands in Southwest Niger: impact of land use, management and variable rainfall. Journal of Hydrology 2009 375 1-2 65 77 2-s2.0-69549092745 10.1016/j.jhydrol. 2009.01.032
86. Hurtt G. C., Frolking S., Fearon M. G., Moore B., Shevliakova E., Malyshev S., Pacala S. W., Houghton R. A., The underpinnings of land-use history: three centuries of global gridded land-use transitions, wood-harvest activity, and resulting secondary lands. Global Change Biology 2006 12 7 1208 1229 2-s2.0-33744504220 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01150.x
87. Hickler T., Eklundh L., Seaquist J. W., Smith B., Ardö J., Olsson L., Sykes M. T., Sjöström M., Precipitation controls Sahel greening trend. Geophysical Research Letters 2005 32 21 4 2-s2.0-29344444517 10.1029/2005GL024370 L21415 (Pubitemid 43000741)
88. Reij C., Tappan G., Belemvire A., Changing land management practices and vegetation on the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso (19682002). Journal of Arid Environments 2005 63 3 642 659 2-s2.0-22244455798 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.03.010 (Pubitemid 40984991)
89. d'Orgeval T., Polcher J., Impacts of precipitation events and land-use changes on West African river discharges during the years 19512000. Climate Dynamics 2008 31 2-3 249 262 2-s2.0-45849088865 10.1007/s00382-007-0350-x
90. Rian S., Xue Y., MacDonald G. M., Touré M. B., Yu Y., De Sales F., Levine P. A., Doumbia S., Taylor C. E., Analysis of climate and vegetation characteristics along the savanna-desert ecotone in mali using MODIS data. GIScience and Remote Sensing 2009 46 4 424 450 2-s2.0-76149090487 10.2747/1548-1603.46.4.424
91. Levis S., Bonan G. B., Bonfils C., Soil feedback drives the mid-Holocene North African monsoon northward in fully coupled CCSM2 simulations with a dynamic vegetation model. Climate Dynamics 2004 23 7-8 791 802 2-s2.0-12744253965 10.1007/s00382-004-0477-y
92. Notaro M., Wang Y., Liu Z., Gallimore R., Levis S., Combined statistical and dynamical assessment of simulated vegetation-rainfall interactions in North Africa during the mid-Holocene. Global Change Biology 2008 14 2 347 368 2-s2.0-41549135896 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01495.x
93. Wang G., Eltahir E. A. B., Foley J. A., Pollard D., Levis S., Decadal variability of rainfall in the Sahel: results from the coupled GENESIS-IBIS atmosphere-biosphere model. Climate Dynamics 2004 22 6-7 625 637 2-s2.0-3142600878 10.1007/s00382-004-0411-3 (Pubitemid 38904867)
94. 2 concentration changes on the biosphere-atmosphere system of West Africa. Global Change Biology 2002 8 12 1169 1182 2-s2.0-0036889914 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00542.x (Pubitemid 35337694)
95. Alo C. A., Wang G., Role of dynamic vegetation in regional climate predictions over Western Africa. Climate Dynamics 2010 35 5 907 922 2-s2.0-77957016954 10.1007/s00382-010-0744-z
96. Paeth H., Born K., Girmes R., Podzun R., Jacob D., Regional climate change in tropical and Northern Africa due to greenhouse forcing and land use changes. Journal of Climate 2009 22 1 114 132 2-s2.0-60749088281 10.1175/2008JCLI2390.1
97. Agustí-Panareda A., Balsamo G., Beljaars A., Impact of improved soil moisture on the ECMWF precipitation forecast in West Africa. Geophysical Research Letters 2010 37 20 2-s2.0-77957155979 10.1029/2010GL044748 L20808