Electrical and mechanical ventricular activation during left bundle branch block and resynchronization

Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 117-126

  Strik, Marc ^a   Regoli, François ^b   Auricchio, Angelo ^b   Prinzen, Frits ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b DIVISION OF CARDIOLOGY   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Cardiac resynchronization therapy; Electrical mapping; Left bundle branch block

Indexed keywords

CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART MUSCLE CONDUCTION DISTURBANCE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART VENTRICLE CONTRACTION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QRS COMPLEX; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMANS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VENTRICULAR FUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 84866135191     PISSN: 19375387     EISSN: 19375395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9351-1     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Strik, M., Ploux, S., Vernooy, K., & Prinzen, F. W. (2011). Cardiac resynchronization therapy: refocus on the electrical substrate. Circulation Journal, 75, 1297-1304.
2. Vernooy, K., Cornelussen, R. N., Verbeek, X. A., Vanagt, W. Y., van Hunnik, A., Kuiper, M., et al. (2007). Cardiac resynchronization therapy cures dyssynchronopathy in canine left bundle-branch block hearts. European Heart Journal, 28, 2148-2155. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm207. (Pubitemid 47517434)
3. Bilchick, K. C., Kamath, S., DiMarco, J. P., & Stukenborg, G. J. (2010). Bundle-branch block morphology and other predictors of outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy in medicare patients. Circulation, 122, 2022-2030. doi:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.110.956011.
4. Eppinger, H., & Rothberger, J. (1910). Ueber die folgen der durchschneidung der tawaraschen schenkel des reizleitungssystems. Zeitschrift für Klinische Medizin, 70, 1-20.
5. Demoulin, J. C., & Kulbertus, H. E. (1972). Histopathological examination of concept of left hemiblock. British Heart Journal, 34, 807-814.
6. Massing, G. K., & James, T. N. (1976). Anatomical configuration of the his bundle and bundle branches in the human heart. Circulation, 53, 609-621.
7. Durrer, D., van Dam, R. T., Freud, G. E., Janse, M. J., Meijler, F. L., & Arzbaecher, R. C. (1970). Total excitation of the isolated human heart. Circulation, 41, 899-912.
8. Strik, M., van Middendorp, L. B., & Vernooy, K. (2011). Animal models of dyssynchrony. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. doi:10.1007/s12265-011-9336-5.
9. Vassallo, J. A., Cassidy, D. M., Marchlinski, F. E., Buxton, A. E., Waxman, H. L., Doherty, J. U., et al. (1984). Endocardial activation of left bundle branch block. Circulation, 69, 914-923. (Pubitemid 14137287)
10. Jia, P., Ramanathan, C., Ghanem, R. N., Ryu, K., Varma, N., & Rudy, Y. (2006). Electrocardiographic imaging of cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure: observation of variable electrophysiologic responses. Heart Rhythm, 3(Jia P, Ramanathan C, Ghanem RN, Ryu K, Varma N, Rudy Y), 296-310. doi:10.1016/ j.hrthm.2005.11.025. (Pubitemid 43264406)
11. Rodriguez, L. M., Timmermans, C., Nabar, A., Beatty, G., & Wellens, H. J. (2003). Variable patterns of septal activation in patients with left bundle branch block and heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 14, 135-141. (Pubitemid 36403545)
12. Auricchio, A., Fantoni, C., Regoli, F., Carbucicchio, C., Goette, A., Geller, C., et al. (2004). Characterization of left ventricular activation in patients with heart failure and left bundle-branch block. Circulation, 109, 1133-1139. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000118502.91105.F6. (Pubitemid 38332617)
13. Narula, O. S. (1977). Longitudinal dissociation in the his bundle. Bundle branch block due to asynchronous conduction within the His bundle in man. Circulation, 56, 996-1006. (Pubitemid 8243138)
14. Bacharova, L., Mateasik, A., Krause, R., Prinzen, F. W., Auricchio, A., & Potse, M. (2011). The effect of reduced intercellular coupling on electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of Electrocardiology, 44, 571-576. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2011.06.004.
15. Surawicz, B., Childers, R., Deal, B. J., Gettes, L. S., Bailey, J. J., Gorgels, A., et al. (2009). Aha/accf/hrs recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: Part III: intraventricular conduction disturbances. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 53, 976-981. doi:10.1016/ j.jacc.2008.12.013.
16. Strauss, D. G., Selvester, R. H., Lima, J. A., Arheden, H., Miller, J. M., Gerstenblith, G., et al. (2008). Ecg quantification of myocardial scar in cardiomyopathy patients with or without conduction defects: correlation with cardiac magnetic resonance and arrhythmogenesis. Circulation. Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 1, 327-336. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.108.798660.
17. Fantoni, C., Kawabata, M., Massaro, R., Regoli, F., Raffa, S., Arora, V., et al. (2005). Right and left ventricular activation sequence in patients with heart failure and right bundle branch block: a detailed analysis using three-dimensional non-fluoroscopic electroanatomic mapping system. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 16, 112-119. doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2005. 40777.x. discussion 120-111. (Pubitemid 40322194)
18. Tang, A. S., Wells, G. A., Talajic, M., Arnold, M. O., Sheldon, R., Connolly, S., et al. (2010). Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure. The New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1009540.
19. Gervais, R., Leclercq, C., Shankar, A., Jacobs, S., Eiskjaer, H., Johannessen, A., et al. (2009). Surface electrocardiogram to predict outcome in candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a sub-analysis of the care-hf trial. European Journal of Heart Failure, 11, 699-705. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/ hfp074.
20. Zareba, W., Klein, H., Cygankiewicz, I., Hall, W. J., McNitt, S., Brown, M., et al. (2011). Effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy by qrs morphology in the multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial-cardiac resynchronization therapy (madit-crt). Circulation, 123, 1061-1072. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 110.960898.
21. Sipahi, I., Carrigan, T. P., Rowland, D. Y., Stambler, B. S., & Fang, J. C. (2011). Impact of QRS duration on clinical event reduction with cardiac resynchronization therapy: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Internal Medicine. doi:10.1001/ archinternmed.2011.247.
22. Hsing, J. M., Selzman, K. A., Leclercq, C., Pires, L. A., McLaughlin, M. G., McRae, S. E., et al. (2011). Paced left ventricular qrs width and ecg parameters predict outcomes after cardiac resynchronization therapy: prospect-ECG sub-study. Circulation. Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962605.
23. Grant, R. P., & Dodge, H. T. (1956). Mechanisms of QRS complex prolongation in man; left ventricular conduction disturbances. American Journal of Medicine, 20, 834-852.
24. Strauss, D. G., & Selvester, R. H. (2009). The QRS complex -a biomarker that "images" the heart: QRS scores to quantify myocardial scar in the presence of normal and abnormal ventricular conduction. Journal of Electrocardiology, 42, 85-96. doi:10.1016/ j.jelectrocard.2008.07.011.
25. Chung, E. S., Leon, A. R., Tavazzi, L., Sun, J. P., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Merlino, J., et al. (2008). Results of the predictors of response to CRT (prospect) trial. Circulation, 117, 2608-2616. doi:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.107. 743120.
26. Sweeney, M. O., van Bommel, R. J., Schalij, M. J., Borleffs, C. J., Hellkamp, A. S., & Bax, J. J. (2010). Analysis of ventricular activation using surface electrocardiography to predict left ventricular reverse volumetric remodeling during cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation, 121, 626-634. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.894774.
27. Varma, N. (2009). Left ventricular conduction delays and relation to qrs configuration in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The American Journal of Cardiology, 103, 1578-1585. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.379.
28. Singh, J. P., Fan, D., Heist, E. K., Alabiad, C. R., Taub, C., Reddy, V., et al. (2006). Left ventricular lead electrical delay predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm, 3, 1285-1292. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.07.034. (Pubitemid 44615674)
29. Fung, J. W., Chan, J. Y., Yip, G. W., Chan, H. C., Chan, W. W., Zhang, Q., et al. (2007). Effect of left ventricular endocardial activation pattern on echocardiographic and clinical response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart, 93, 432-437. doi:10.1136/hrt.2007.115295. (Pubitemid 46631505)
30. Mollema, S. A., Bleeker, G. B., van der Wall, E. E., Schalij, M. J., & Bax, J. J. (2007). Usefulness of qrs duration to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with end-stage heart failure. The American Journal of Cardiology, 100, 1665-1670. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.06. 071. (Pubitemid 350123732)
31. Marcus, G. M., Rose, E., Viloria, E. M., Schafer, J., De Marco, T., Saxon, L. A., et al. (2005). Septal to posterior wall motion delay fails to predict reverse remodeling or clinical improvement in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 46, 2208-2214. doi:10.1016/ j.jacc.2005.05.095. (Pubitemid 41785487)
32. Pitzalis, M. V., Iacoviello, M., Romito, R., Guida, P., De Tommasi, E., Luzzi, G., et al. (2005). Ventricular asynchrony predicts a better outcome in patients with chronic heart failure receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 45, 65-69. doi:10.1016/j.jacc. 2004.09.058. (Pubitemid 40052027)
33. Seo, Y., Ito, H., Nakatani, S., Takami, M., Naito, S., Shiga, T., et al. (2011). The role of echocardiography in predicting responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation Journal, 75, 1156-1163.
34. Russel, I. K., Zwanenburg, J. J., Germans, T., Marcus, J. T., Allaart, C. P., de Cock, C. C., et al. (2007). Mechanical dyssynchrony or myocardial shortening as mri predictor of response to biventricular pacing? Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 26, 1452-1460. doi:10.1002/jmri.21133. (Pubitemid 350291272)
35. Torrent-Guasp, F., Kocica, M. J., Corno, A. F., Komeda, M., Carreras-Costa, F., Flotats, A., et al. (2005). Towards new understanding of the heart structure and function. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 27, 191-201. doi:10.1016/j. ejcts.2004.11.026. (Pubitemid 40193126)
36. Voigt, J. U., Schneider, T. M., Korder, S., Szulik, M., Gurel, E., Daniel, W. G., et al. (2009). Apical transverse motion as surrogate parameter to determine regional left ventricular function inhomogeneities: a new, integrative approach to left ventricular asynchrony assessment. European Heart Journal, 30, 959-968. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp062.
37. Lim, P., Buakhamsri, A., Popovic, Z. B., Greenberg, N. L., Patel, D., Thomas, J. D., et al. (2008). Longitudinal strain delay index by speckle tracking imaging: a new marker of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation, 118, 1130-1137. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.750190.
38. Klimusina, J., De Boeck, B. W., Leenders, G. E., Faletra, F. F., Prinzen, F., Averaimo, M., et al. (2011). Redistribution of left ventricular strain by cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure patients. European Journal of Heart Failure, 13, 186-194. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfq197.
39. Tanaka, H., Nesser, H. J., Buck, T., Oyenuga, O., Janosi, R. A., Winter, S., et al. (2010). Dyssynchrony by speckle-tracking echocardiography and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: results of the speckle tracking and resynchronization (star) study. European Heart Journal, 31, 1690-1700. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq213.
40. De Boeck, B. W., Teske, A. J., Meine, M., Leenders, G. E., Cramer, M. J., Prinzen, F.W., et al. (2009). Septal rebound stretch reflects the functional substrate to cardiac resynchronization therapy and predicts volumetric and neurohormonal response. European Journal of Heart Failure, 11, 863-871. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfp107.
41. Helm, R. H., Leclercq, C., Faris, O. P., Ozturk, C., McVeigh, E., Lardo, A. C., et al. (2005). Cardiac dyssynchrony analysis using circumferential versus longitudinal strain: implications for assessing cardiac resynchronization. Circulation, 111, 2760-2767. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.508457. (Pubitemid 40791547)
42. Bilchick, K. C., Dimaano, V., Wu, K. C., Helm, R. H., Weiss, R. G., Lima, J. A., et al. (2008). Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of dyssynchrony and myocardial scar predicts function class improvement following cardiac resynchronization therapy. JACC. Cardiovascular Imaging, 1, 561-568. doi:10.1016/j. jcmg.2008.04.013.
43. Mangiavacchi, M., Gasparini, M., Faletra, F., Klersy, C., Morenghi, E., Galimberti, P., et al. (2006). Clinical predictors of marked improvement in left ventricular performance after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with chronic heart failure. American Heart Journal, 151, 477 e471-477 e476. doi:10.1016/j. ahj.2005.08.008.
44. St John Sutton, M. G., Plappert, T., Abraham, W. T., Smith, A. L., DeLurgio, D. B., Leon, A. R., et al. (2003). Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure. Circulation, 107, 1985-1990. doi:10.1161/ 01.CIR.0000065226.24159.E9. (Pubitemid 36506071)
45. Rademakers, L. M., van Kerckhoven, R., van Deursen, C. J., Strik, M., van Hunnik, A., Kuiper, M., et al. (2010). Myocardial infarction does not preclude electrical and hemodynamic benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy in dyssynchronous canine hearts circulation. Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 3, 361-368. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.109.931865.
46. Chalil, S., Foley, P. W., Muyhaldeen, S. A., Patel, K. C., Yousef, Z. R., Smith, R. E., et al. (2007). Late gadolinium enhancement-cardiovascular magnetic resonance as a predictor of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Europace, 9, 1031-1037. doi:10.1093/ europace/eum133. (Pubitemid 351773274)
47. Leyva, F., Foley, P. W., Chalil, S., Ratib, K., Smith, R. E., Prinzen, F., et al. (2011). Cardiac resynchronisation therapy guided by late gadolinium-enhancement cardiovascularmagnetic resonance. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 13, 29. doi:10.1186/1532-429X-13-29.
48. Delgado, V., van Bommel, R. J., Bertini, M., Borleffs, C. J., Marsan, N. A., Arnold, C. T., et al. (2011). Relative merits of left ventricular dyssynchrony, left ventricular lead position, and myocardial scar to predict long-term survival of ischemic heart failure patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation, 123, 70-78. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 110.945345.
49. Faletra, F. F., Conca, C., Klersy, C., Klimusina, J., Regoli, F., Mantovani, A., et al. (2009). Comparison of eight echocardiographic methods for determining the prevalence of mechanical dyssynchrony and site of latest mechanical contraction in patients scheduled for cardiac resynchronization therapy. The American Journal of Cardiology, 103, 1746-1752. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard. 2009.02.043.
50. Strik, M., Rademakers, L. M., van Deursen, C. J., van Hunnik, A., Kuiper, M., Klersy, C., et al. (2011). Endocardial left ventricular pacing improves cardiac resynchronization therapy in chronic asynchronous infarction and heart failure models. Circulation. Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.111. 965814.
51. van Deursen, C., van Geldorp, I. E., Rademakers, L. M., van Hunnik, A., Kuiper, M., Klersy, C., et al. (2009). Left ventricular endocardial pacing improves resynchronization therapy in canine left bundle-branch hearts. Circulation. Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 2, 580-587. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP. 108.846022.
52. Spragg, D. D., Dong, J., Fetics, B. J., Helm, R., Marine, J. E., Cheng, A., et al. (2010). Optimal left ventricular endocardial pacing sites for cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 56, 774-781. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.014.
53. Jais, P., Takahashi,A.,Garrigue, S., Yamane, T., Hocini,M., Shah, D. C., et al. (2000). Mid-term follow-up of endocardial biventricular pacing. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 23, 1744-1747.
54. van Gelder, B. M., Scheffer, M. G., Meijer, A., & Bracke, F. A. (2007). Transseptal endocardial left ventricular pacing: an alternative technique for coronary sinus lead placement in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm, 4, 454-460. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.11.023. (Pubitemid 46610399)
55. Kassai, I., Foldesi, C., Szekely, A., & Szili-Torok, T. (2009). Alternative method for cardiac resynchronization: transapical lead implantation. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 87, 650-652. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.04. 080.
56. Echt, D. S., Cowan, M. W., Riley, R. E., & Brisken, A. F. (2006). Feasibility and safety of a novel technology for pacing without leads. Heart Rhythm, 3, 1202-1206. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.06.012. (Pubitemid 44464148)
57. Soliman, O. I., Geleijnse, M. L., Theuns, D. A., van Dalen, B. M., Vletter, W. B., Jordaens, L. J., et al. (2009). Usefulness of left ventricular systolic dyssynchrony by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to predict long-term response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. The American Journal of Cardiology, 103, 1586-1591. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.372.
58. Bax, J. J., Bleeker, G. B., Marwick, T. H., Molhoek, S. G., Boersma, E., Steendijk, P., et al. (2004). Left ventricular dyssynchrony predicts response and prognosis after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 44, 1834-1840. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.08.016. (Pubitemid 39424084)
59. Yu, C. M., Lin, H., Zhang, Q., & Sanderson, J. E. (2003). High prevalence of left ventricular systolic and diastolic asynchrony in patients with congestive heart failure and normal QRS duration. Heart, 89, 54-60. (Pubitemid 36044290)
60. Suffoletto, M. S., Dohi, K., Cannesson, M., Saba, S., & Gorcsan, J., 3rd. (2006). Novel speckle-tracking radial strain from routine black-and-white echocardiographic images to quantify dyssynchrony and predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation, 113, 960-968. doi:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.105.571455. (Pubitemid 43879471)
61. Jansen, A. H., van Dantzig, J., Bracke, F., Meijer, A., Peels, K. H., van den Brink, R. B., et al. (2007). Qualitative observation of left ventricular multiphasic septal motion and septalto-lateral apical shuffle predicts left ventricular reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. The American Journal of Cardiology, 99, 966-969. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006. 11.044. (Pubitemid 46483291)
62. Buss, S. J., Humpert, P. M., Bekeredjian, R., Hardt, S. E., Zugck, C., Schellberg, D., et al. (2009). Echocardiographic phase imaging to predict reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. JACC. Cardiovascular Imaging, 2, 535-543. doi:10.1016/j. jcmg.2009.03.003.
63. Mills, R. W., Cornelussen, R. N., Mulligan, L. J., Strik, M., Rademakers, L. M., Skadsberg, N. D., et al. (2009). Left ventricular septal and left ventricular apical pacing chronically maintain cardiac contractile coordination, pump function and efficiency. Circulation. Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 2, 571-579. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.109.882910.
64. Strauss, D. G., Selvester, R. H., & Wagner, G. S. (2011). Defining left bundle branch block in the era of cardiac resynchronization therapy. The American Journal of Cardiology, 107, 927-934. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.11.010.
65. Rademakers, L. M. (2009). Electrical and hemodynamic benefits of endocardial crt with chronic infarction and LBBB. Heart Rhythm, 6, S237.