Safety considerations when handling metal powders

Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Volumn 112, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 563-575

  Benson, J M ^a  

^a DSI CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Metal powders; Safety

Indexed keywords

ADVERSE EFFECT; AIRBORNE PARTICLE; DIRECT CONVERSION; DUST CLOUDS; HIGH SURFACE-TO-VOLUME RATIO; HUMAN BODIES; LASER SINTERING; LOSS OF LIFE; METAL INJECTION MOULDING; METAL PRODUCTION; NET-SHAPE; POWDER COMPACTIONS; POWDER PARTICLES; SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS; SERIOUS INJURIES;

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; EXPLOSIONS; HAFNIUM; HOT ISOSTATIC PRESSING; LASER HEATING; NIOBIUM; SAFE HANDLING; SINTERING; TANTALUM; TITANIUM; ZIRCONIUM;

POWDER METALS;

EID: 84866068594     PISSN: 22256253     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Investigation Report, Combustible Dust Hazard Study, November 2006, accessed at: www.csb.gov/assets/document/Dust-Final-Report- Website-11-17-06. pdf.
2. Combustible Dust Policy Institute. http://dustexplosions.blogspot.com/ 2011/01/legislators-more-regulation-is-comdust.html
3. US Chemical Safety Board website, www.csb.gov/investigations/ investigations. aspx?Type=1&F-All=y.
4. HOUGHT, J. www.baghouse.com/2011/03/09/one-dust-explosion-perweek- in-uk-and-2000-per-year-in-europe-says-new-study/
5. PECKHAM, M. http://techland.time.com/2011/05/24/combustible-dustplant- explosion-may-cost-apple-500000-ipads/fiixzz1PKNoxPQD
6. US Chemical Safety Board report number 2004-01-I-IN: Aluminium Dust Explosion, www.csb.gov/assets/document/Hayes-Report.pdf.
7. OSTIGUY, C., SOUCY, B., LAPOINTE, G., WOODS, C., MÉNARD, L., and TROTTIER, M. Health Effects of Nanoparticles, IRSST Report R-589, Second Edition, www.irsst.qc.ca/media/documents/PubIRSST/R-589.pdf
8. Industrial Fire Prevention web-site, http://industrialfireprevention. blogspot.com/2010/04/fire-triangle-and-fire-tetrahedron.html.
9. CHOLIN, J.M. http://www.oshainfo.gatech.edu/DustExplosions.pdf
10. CASHDOLLAR, K.L. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 13, 2000. pp. 183-199.
11. DREIZIN, E. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 35, 2009. pp. 141-167.
12. ECKHOFF, R.K. Dust Explosions in the Process Industries, Third Edition, Gulf Professional Publishing, ISBN 0-7506-7602-7.
13. The Office of Health, Safety and Security, http://homer.ornl.gov/ nuclearsafety/ns/techstds/standard/hdbk1081/hbk1081d.html
14. HERTZBERG, M., ZLOCHOWEr, I.A., and CASHDOLLAR, K.L. Metal Dust Combustion: Explosion Limits, Pressures and Temperatures, Twenty Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 1992. pp. 1827-1835.
15. ASTM International, ASTM E2651 - 10 Standard Guide for Powder Particle Size Analysis, http://www.astm.org/Standard/index.shtml.
16. ASTM International, ASTM E1515 - 07 Standard Test Method for Minimum Explosible Concentration of Combustible Dusts, http://www.astm.org/Standard/ index.shtml.
17. ASTM International, ASTM E2019 - 03(2007) Standard Test Method for Minimum Ignition Energy of a Dust Cloud in Air, http://www.astm.org/Standard/ index.shtml.
18. ASTM International, ASTM E2021 - 09 Standard Test Method for Hot- Surface Ignition Temperature of Dust Layers, http://www.astm.org/Standard/index.shtml.
19. ASTM International, ASTM E1491 - 06 Standard Test Method for Minimum Auto-ignition Temperature of Dust Clouds, http://www.astm.org/Standard/index. shtml.
20. ASTM International, ASTM E1226 - 10 Standard Test Method for Explosibility of Dust Clouds, http://www.astm.org/Standard/index.shtml.
21. DUFAUD, O., TRAORÉ, M., PERRIN, L., CHAZELET, S., and THOMAS, D. Experimental investigation and modelling of aluminium dusts explosions in the 20 L sphere, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 23, 2010. pp. 226-236.
22. BOUILLARD, J., VIGNES, A., DUFAUD, O., PERRIN, L., and THOMAS, D. Ignition and explosion risks of nanopowders, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 181, 2010. pp. 873-880.
23. US National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 484: Standard for Combustible Metals, 2009, www.nfpa.org.
24. CASHDOLLAR, K.L. and ZLOCHOWER, I.A. Explosion Temperatures of Metals and Other Elemental Dust Clouds, Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (Halifax, NS, Canada, Aug. 27 - Sept. 1, 2006). pp. 98-113 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/ pubs/pdfs/etoma.pdf.
25. Chemetall, Precautionary Handling Advice for Zirconium, Zirconium Hydride, Titanium, Titanium Hydride and Zr/Ni- Alloys in Powder Form, April 2010, http://www.specialmetals.chemetall.com/pdf/A0ECD7C3FC93C0CAC125771 F0025346F-0.pdf.
26. LI, Q., LIN, B., LI, W., ZHAI, C., and ZHU, C. Explosion characteristics of nano-aluminum powder-air mixtures in 20 L spherical vessels, Powder Technology vol. 212, iss. 2, 10 October 2011. pp. 303-309.
27. RANDEBERG, E. and ECKHOFF, R.K. Measurement of minimum ignition energies of dust clouds in the <1 mJ region, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 140, 2007. pp. 237-244. (Pubitemid 46239923)
28. OSHA, http://www.wmma.org/wood-industry-resources/nep-combustibledust. pdf.
29. Crohmiq. http://crohmiq.com/mie-fibc-minimum-ignition-energyantistatic- big-bags.html
30. OSHS. http://www.osh.dol.govt.nz/order/catalogue/archive/ staticelectricity. pdf
31. MATSUDA, T. and YAMAGUMA, M. Tantalum dust deflagration in a bag filter dust-collecting device, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 77, 2000. pp. 33-42. (Pubitemid 30628516)
32. WU, H-C., CHANG, R-C., and HSIAO, H-C. Research of minimum ignition energy for nano Titanium powder and nano Iron powder, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 22, iss. 1, January 2009. pp. 21-24.
33. Chemetall. www.specialmetals.chemetall.com/pdf/Zirconium-metal- powde -AB-dry.pdf
34. ESPI Metals. http://www.espi-metals.com/msds's/Zirconium.htm
35. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/ npgd0585.html
36. Atlantic Equipment Engineers. http://micronmetals.thomasnet.com/Asset/HF- 101-MSDS.doc
37. ESPI Metals. https://www.utdallas.edu/research/cleanroom/safety/msds/ documents/hafnium.pdf.
38. Tico Titanium. http://www.ticotitanium.com/wp-content/themes/tico/pdfs/ MSDS-Niobium- Base- Alloys -Solids.pdf.
39. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. http://www.ccohs.ca/ oshanswers/chemicals/chem-profiles/aluminum-powder/working-alu.html
40. HUANG, Y., RISHA, G.A., YANG, V., and YETTER, R.A. Effect of particle size on combustion of aluminum particle dust in air, Combustion and Flame, vol. 156, iss. 1, January 2009. pp. 5-13.
41. ABBASI, T. and ABBASI, S.A. Dust explosions-Cases, causes, consequences, and control, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 140, 2007. pp. 7-44. (Pubitemid 46239945)
42. MATSUDA, T., YASHIMA, M., NIFUKU, M., and ENOMOTO, H. Some aspects in testing and assessment of metal dust explosions, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 14, 2001. pp. 449-453. (Pubitemid 34010267)
43. Eastern Research Group, Inc., July 2011, http://www.osha.gov/dsg/ combustibledust/expert-forum-summary-report.pdf.
44. CADWALLADER, L.C. Dust Combustion Safety Issues for Fusion Applications, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Bechtel BWXT, Idaho, LLC, May 2003. http://www.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/2699859.pdf
45. OSHA. www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/hafnium/recognition.html
46. DASTIDAR, A.G., AMYOTTE, P.R., GOING, J., and CHATRATHI, K. Flammability limits of dusts: Minimum inerting concentrations, Process Safety Progress, vol. 18, no. 1, 1999. pp. 56-63.
47. MCCLELLAN, G., RODRIGUEZ, J., and MILLAGE, K. http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/ 2007cbis/wednesday/mcclellanWed1130.pdf
48. BUZEA, C., PACHEO, I., and ROBBIE, K. Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: Sources and toxicity, Biointerphases, vol. 2, iss. 4, 2007. pp. MR17-MR172. http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0801/0801.3280.pdf.
49. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/ npgd0677.html
50. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium.
51. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ idlh/7440677.html
52. KERWIEN, S.C. Toxicity of tungsten, molybdenum, and tantalum and the environmental and occupational laws associated with their manufacture, use, and disposal. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD= ADA310298 & Location=U2&doc =GetTRDoc.pdf.
53. Cabot Corporation. http://www.cabot-corp.com/wcm/msds/en-gb/TA/TANTALUM- EUR-EN.pdf.
54. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/ npgd0309.html.
55. ESPI Metals. http://www.espi-metals.com/msds's/niobium.htm.
56. Lenntech. http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/nb.htmfi ixzz1REOn7nj1.
57. The Aluminum Association. Recommendations for storage and handling of aluminium powders and paste, 4th edition, 2006.
58. POULSEN, E. www.titanium.org/files/ItemFileA4631.pdf
59. POULSEN, E. Safety-Related Problems in the Titanium Industry in the Last 50 Years, JOM, vol. 52, no. 5, 2000. pp. 13-17.
60. ECKHOFF, R.K. and RANDEBERG, E. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 20, iss. 4-6, July-November 2007. pp. 396-401.
61. European Standard. EN 1127-1 'Explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection - Part 1: Basic concepts and methodology', 2007.
62. US National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 654: Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids, www.nfpa.org.
63. National Fire Protection Agency, http://www.nfpa.org/
64. Australian/New Zealand Standards, http://www.standards.org.au/
65. South African National Standards, https://www.sabs.co.za/