Venous thromboembolism associated with pregnancy and hormonal therapy

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Haematology

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 319-332

  Jacobsen, Anne Flem ^a   Sandset, Per Morten ^b  

^a ULLEVÅL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^b OSLO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

Author keywords

coagulation; oestrogen; oral contraceptives; postmenopausal hormone therapy; pregnancy; venous thromboembolism

Indexed keywords

ANTIVITAMIN K; DESOGESTREL; DROSPIRENONE; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; GESTODENE; HEPARIN DERIVATIVE; LEVONORGESTREL; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; NORGESTREL; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; WARFARIN;

ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ARTICLE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FAMILY HISTORY; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; LEG EDEMA; LEG PAIN; MATERNAL MORBIDITY; MATERNAL MORTALITY; POSTTHROMBOSIS SYNDROME; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; THROMBOPHILIA; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 84866048530     PISSN: 15216926     EISSN: 15321924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2012.07.006     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. M.D. McColl, J.E. Ramsay, and R.C. Tait Risk factors for pregnancy associated venous thromboembolism Thromb Haemost 78 1997 1183 1188
2. R.B. Gherman, T.M. Goodwin, and B. Leung Incidence, clinical characteristics, and timing of objectively diagnosed venous thromboembolism during pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 94 1999 730 734
3. P. Lindqvist, B. Dahlback, and K. Marsal Thrombotic risk during pregnancy: a population study Obstet Gynecol 94 1999 595 599
4. E.L. Simpson, R.A. Lawrenson, and A.L. Nightingale Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and the puerperium: incidence and additional risk factors from a London perinatal database BJOG 108 2001 56 60
5. J.A. Heit, C.E. Kobbervig, and A.H. James Trends in the incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum: a 30-year population-based study Ann Intern Med 143 2005 697 706
6. A.H. James, M.G. Jamison, and L.R. Brancazio Venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period: incidence, risk factors, and mortality Am J Obstet Gynecol 194 2006 1311 1315
7. A.F. Jacobsen, F.E. Skjeldestad, and P.M. Sandset Incidence and risk patterns of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium - a register-based case-control study e1-7 Am J Obstet Gynecol 198 2008 233
8. J.S. Ginsberg, P. Brill-Edwards, and R.F. Burrows Venous thrombosis during pregnancy: leg and trimester of presentation Thromb Haemost 67 1992 519 520
9. F.B. Cockett, M.L. Thomas, and D. Negus Iliac vein compression - its relation to iliofemoral thrombosis and the post-thrombotic syndrome Br Med J 2 1967 14 19
10. W.S. Chan, F.A. Spencer, and J.S. Ginsberg Anatomic distribution of deep vein thrombosis in pregnancy CMAJ 182 2010 657 660
11. R. Cantwell, T. Clutton-Brock, and G. Cooper Saving Mothers' Lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006-2008. The eighth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom BJOG 118 2011 1 203
12. Confidential enquiry into maternal and child health: saving Mothers' lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer - 2003-2005. Internet communication; http://www.hqip.org.uk/assets/NCAPOP-Library/CMACE-Reports/21.- December-2007-Saving-Mothers-Lives-reviewing-maternal-deaths-to-make-motherhood- safer-2003-2005.pdf.
13. S.R. Kahn, I. Shrier, and J.A. Julian Determinants and time course of the postthrombotic syndrome after acute deep venous thrombosis Ann Intern Med 149 2008 698 707
14. L.W. Tick, M.H. Kramer, and F.R. Rosendaal Risk factors for post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with a first deep venous thrombosis J Thromb Haemostasis 6 2008 2075 2081
15. T. Enden, Y. Haig, and N.E. Klow Long-term outcome after additional catheter-directed thrombolysis versus standard treatment for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (the CaVenT study): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 379 2012 31 38
16. M.H. Musani, F. Matta, and A.Y. Yaekoub Venous compression for prevention of postthrombotic syndrome: a meta-analysis Am J Med 123 2010 735 740
17. H.S. Wik, A.F. Jacobsen, and L. Sandvik Prevalence and predictors for post-thrombotic syndrome three to 16 years after pregnancy-related venous thrombosis: a population-based, cross-sectional, case-control study J Thromb Haemostasis 10 2012 840 847
18. H.S. Wik, T.R. Enden, and A.F. Jacobsen Long-term quality of life after pregnancy-related deep vein thrombosis and the influence of socioeconomic factors and comorbidity J Thromb Haemostasis 9 2011 1931 1936
19. Y. Stirling, L. Woolf, and W.R. North Haemostasis in normal pregnancy Thromb Haemost 52 1984 176 182
20. P. Clark, J. Brennand, and J.A. Conkie Activated protein C sensitivity, protein C, protein S and coagulation in normal pregnancy Thromb Haemost 79 1998 1166 1170
21. A. Bergrem, A.E. Dahm, and A.F. Jacobsen Resistance to activated protein C is a risk factor for pregnancy-related venous thrombosis in the absence of the F5 rs6025 (factor V Leiden) polymorphism Br J Haematol 154 2011 241 247
22. U. Kjellberg, N.E. Andersson, and S. Rosen APC resistance and other haemostatic variables during pregnancy and puerperium Thromb Haemost 81 1999 527 531
23. I.A. Greer Thrombosis in pregnancy: maternal and fetal issues Lancet 353 1999 1258 1265
24. M. Epiney, F. Boehlen, and M. Boulvain D-dimer levels during delivery and the postpartum J Thromb Haemostasis 3 2005 268 271
25. P.R. Cordts, and T.S. Gawley Anatomic and physiologic changes in lower extremity venous hemodynamics associated with pregnancy J Vasc Surg 24 1996 763 767
26. J. Palmgren, and P. Kirkinen Venous circulation in the maternal lower limb: a Doppler study with the Valsalva maneuver Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 8 1996 93 97
27. D.R. Danilenko-Dixon, J.A. Heit, and M.D. Silverstein Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism during pregnancy or post partum: a population-based, case-control study Am J Obstet Gynecol 184 2001 104 110
28. T.B. Larsen, S.P. Johnsen, and M. Gislum ABO blood groups and risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium. A population-based, nested case-control study J Thromb Haemostasis 3 2005 300 304
29. T.B. Larsen, H.T. Sorensen, and M. Gislum Maternal smoking, obesity, and risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: a population-based nested case-control study Thromb Res 120 2007 505 509
30. A.F. Jacobsen, F.E. Skjeldestad, and P.M. Sandset Ante- and postnatal risk factors of venous thrombosis: a hospital-based case-control study J Thromb Haemostasis 6 2008 905 912
31. H.E. Robinson, C.M. O'Connell, and K.S. Joseph Maternal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by obesity Obstet Gynecol 106 2005 1357 1364
32. F.A. Anderson Jr., and F.A. Spencer Risk factors for venous thromboembolism Circulation 107 2003 I9 16
33. L. Robertson, O. Wu, and P. Langhorne Thrombophilia in pregnancy: a systematic review Br J Haematol 132 2006 171 196
34. S.M. Bates, I.A. Greer, and S. Middeldorp VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines Chest 141 2012 e691S e736S
35. P.W. Friederich, B.J. Sanson, and P. Simioni Frequency of pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism in anticoagulant factor-deficient women: implications for prophylaxis Ann Intern Med 125 1996 955 960
36. I.D. Bezemer, F.J. van der Meer, and J.C. Eikenboom The value of family history as a risk indicator for venous thrombosis Arch Intern Med 169 2009 610 615
37. A.F. Jacobsen, A. Dahm, and A. Bergrem Risk of venous thrombosis in pregnancy among carriers of the factor V Leiden and the prothrombin gene G20210A polymorphisms J Thromb Haemostasis 8 2010 2443 2449
38. S. Middeldorp, E.J. Libourel, and K. Hamulyak The risk of pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism in women who are homozygous for factor V Leiden Br J Haematol 113 2001 553 555
39. I. Martinelli, C. Legnani, and P. Bucciarelli Risk of pregnancy-related venous thrombosis in carriers of severe inherited thrombophilia Thromb Haemost 86 2001 800 803
40. D. Tormene, P. Simioni, and P. Prandoni Factor V Leiden mutation and the risk of venous thromboembolism in pregnant women Haematologica 86 2001 1305 1309
41. F. Forestier, F. Daffos, and M. Capella-Pavlovsky Low molecular weight heparin (PK 10169) does not cross the placenta during the second trimester of pregnancy study by direct fetal blood sampling under ultrasound Thromb Res 34 1984 557 560
42. J.S. Ginsberg, J. Hirsh, and D.C. Turner Risks to the fetus of anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy Thromb Haemost 61 1989 197 203
43. C. Richter, J. Sitzmann, and P. Lang Excretion of low molecular weight heparin in human milk Br J Clin Pharmacol 52 2001 708 710
44. B.J. Sanson, A.W. Lensing, and M.H. Prins Safety of low-molecular-weight heparin in pregnancy: a systematic review Thromb Haemost 81 1999 668 672
45. I.A. Greer, and C. Nelson-Piercy Low-molecular-weight heparins for thromboprophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy: a systematic review of safety and efficacy Blood 106 2005 401 407
46. C. Nelson-Piercy, R. Powrie, and J.Y. Borg Tinzaparin use in pregnancy: an international, retrospective study of the safety and efficacy profile Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 159 2011 293 299
47. V. Pettila, P. Leinonen, and A. Markkola Postpartum bone mineral density in women treated for thromboprophylaxis with unfractionated heparin or LMW heparin Thromb Haemost 87 2002 182 186
48. M.A. Rodger, S.R. Kahn, and A. Cranney Long-term dalteparin in pregnancy not associated with a decrease in bone mineral density: substudy of a randomized controlled trial J Thromb Haemostasis 5 2007 1600 1606
49. I.A. Greer Venous thromboembolism and anticoagulant therapy in pregnancy Gend Med 2 Suppl. A 2005 S10 S17
50. E. Lindhoff-Last, H.J. Kreutzenbeck, and H.N. Magnani Treatment of 51 pregnancies with danaparoid because of heparin intolerance Thromb Haemost 93 2005 63 69
51. M. Nagler, M. Haslauer, and W.A. Wuillemin Fondaparinux - data on efficacy and safety in special situations Thromb Res 129 2012 407 417
52. G. Leonhardt, C. Gaul, and H.H. Nietsch Thrombolytic therapy in pregnancy J Thromb Thrombolysis 21 2006 271 276
53. P.M. Sandset, H. Arnesen, and A.F. Jacobsen Prophylaxis against prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis with unfractionated heparin administered by an elastometric infusion pump Thromb Res 126 2010 e232 e234
54. S. MacLean, S. Mulla, and E.A. Akl Patient values and preferences in decision making for antithrombotic therapy: a systematic review: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines Chest 141 2012 e1S 23S
55. I. Pabinger, H. Grafenhofer, and P.A. Kyrle Temporary increase in the risk for recurrence during pregnancy in women with a history of venous thromboembolism Blood 100 2002 1060 1062
56. L. Tengborn, D. Bergqvist, and T. Matzsch Recurrent thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium. Is there a need for thromboprophylaxis? Am J Obstet Gynecol 160 1989 90 94
57. I. Pabinger, H. Grafenhofer, and A. Kaider Risk of pregnancy-associated recurrent venous thromboembolism in women with a history of venous thrombosis J Thromb Haemostasis 3 2005 949 954
58. V. de Stefano, I. Martinelli, and E. Rossi The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium without antithrombotic prophylaxis Br J Haematol 135 2006 386 391
59. P. Brill-Edwards, J.S. Ginsberg, and M. Gent Safety of withholding heparin in pregnant women with a history of venous thromboembolism. Recurrence of clot in this Pregnancy Study Group N Engl J Med 343 2000 1439 1444
60. G.H. Guyatt, S.L. Norris, and S. Schulman Methodology for the development of antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis guidelines: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines Chest 141 2012 53S 70S
61. P.S. Wells, C. Owen, and S. Doucette Does this patient have deep vein thrombosis? J Am Med Assoc 295 2006 199 207
62. M. Tan, and M.V. Huisman The diagnostic management of acute venous thromboembolism during pregnancy: recent advancements and unresolved issues Thromb Res 127 Suppl. 3 2011 S13 S16
63. A. Cogo, A.W. Lensing, and M.M. Koopman Compression ultrasonography for diagnostic management of patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis: prospective cohort study BMJ 316 1998 17 20
64. W.S. Chan, A. Lee, and F.A. Spencer Predicting deep venous thrombosis in pregnancy: out in "LEFt" field? Ann Intern Med 151 2009 85 92
65. W.S. Chan, and J.S. Ginsberg Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in pregnancy Thromb Res 107 2002 85 91
66. P.M. Roy, G. Meyer, and B. Vielle Appropriateness of diagnostic management and outcomes of suspected pulmonary embolism Ann Intern Med 144 2006 157 164
67. M. Righini, G.G. Le, and D. Aujesky Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by multidetector CT alone or combined with venous ultrasonography of the leg: a randomised non-inferiority trial Lancet 371 2008 1343 1352
68. D.R. Anderson, S.R. Kahn, and M.A. Rodger Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography vs ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial J Am Med Assoc 298 2007 2743 2753
69. K. Shahir, L.R. Goodman, and A. Tali Pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: CT pulmonary angiography versus perfusion scanning AJR Am J Roentgenol 195 2010 W214 W220
70. M. Nijkeuter, J.S. Ginsberg, and M.V. Huisman Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: a systematic review J Thromb Haemostasis 4 2006 496 500
71. A.F. Jacobsen, E. Qvigstad, and P.M. Sandset Low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy BJOG 110 2003 139 144
72. M.A. Crowther, K. Spitzer, and J. Julian Pharmacokinetic profile of a low-molecular weight heparin (reviparin) in pregnant patients. A prospective cohort study Thromb Res 98 2000 133 138
73. V.A. Rodie, A.J. Thomson, and F.M. Stewart Low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy: a case series BJOG 109 2002 1020 1024
74. M.P. Smith, L.A. Norris, and P.J. Steer Tinzaparin sodium for thrombosis treatment and prevention during pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 190 2004 495 501
75. A.Y.Y. Lee, M.N. Levine, and R.I. Baker Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer N Engl J Med 349 2003 146 153
76. C. Kearon, E.A. Akl, and A.J. Comerota Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines Chest 141 2012 e419S e494S
77. F.R. Rosendaal, F.M. Helmerhorst, and J.P. Vandenbroucke Female hormones and thrombosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22 2002 201 210
78. A. van Hylckama Vlieg, and S. Middeldorp Hormone therapies and venous thromboembolism: where are we now? J Thromb Haemostasis 9 2011 257 266
79. P.M. Sandset, E. Hoibraaten, and A.L. Eilertsen Mechanisms of thrombosis related to hormone therapy Thromb Res 123 Suppl. 2 2009 S70 S73
80. S.N. Tchaikovski, and J. Rosing Mechanisms of estrogen-induced venous thromboembolism Thromb Res 126 2010 5 11
81. J.M. Kemmeren, A. Algra, and D.E. Grobbee Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis BMJ 323 2001 131 134
82. O. Lidegaard, L.H. Nielsen, and C.W. Skovlund Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001-9 BMJ 343 2011 d6423
83. O. Lidegaard, E. Lokkegaard, and A.L. Svendsen Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study BMJ 339 2009 b2890
84. A. van Hylckama Vlieg, F.M. Helmerhorst, and J.P. Vandenbroucke The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study BMJ 339 2009 b2921
85. E. Hoibraaten, E. Qvigstad, and H. Arnesen Increased risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism during hormone replacement therapy - results of the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled estrogen in venous thromboembolism trial (EVTET) Thromb Haemost 84 2000 961 967
86. J.P. Vandenbroucke, T. Koster, and E. Briet Increased risk of venous thrombosis in oral-contraceptive users who are carriers of factor V Leiden mutation Lancet 344 1994 1453 1457
87. D.M. Herrington, E. Vittinghoff, and T.D. Howard Factor V Leiden, hormone replacement therapy, and risk of venous thromboembolic events in women with coronary disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22 2002 1012 1017
88. P.G. Lindqvist, J. Rosing, and A. Malmquist Etonogestrel implant use is not related to hypercoagulable changes in anticoagulant system J Thromb Haemostasis 1 2003 601 602
89. S. Jick, J.A. Kaye, and L. Li Further results on the risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in users of the contraceptive transdermal patch compared to users of oral contraceptives containing norgestimate and 35 microg of ethinyl estradiol Contraception 76 2007 4 7
90. D.D. Dore, H. Norman, and J. Loughlin Extended case-control study results on thromboembolic outcomes among transdermal contraceptive users Contraception 81 2010 408 413