Where, When and Why Do Tsetse Contact Humans? Answers from Studies in a National Park of Zimbabwe

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Volumn 6, Issue 8, 2012, Pages

  Torr, Stephen J ^a   Chamisa, Andrew ^b   Mangwiro, T N Clement ^c   Vale, Glyn A ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH   (United Kingdom)

^b Division of Tsetse Control   (Zimbabwe)

^c BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION   (Zimbabwe)

^d STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BED NET; BITE; CONTACT EXAMINATION; FEMALE; GLOSSINA; GLOSSINA MORSITANS; GLOSSINA PALLIDIPES; HABITAT; HUMAN; LOCOMOTION; MALE; NATIONAL PARK; NONHUMAN; RISK; SKIN ODOR; TRAFFIC; TRAVEL; TSETSE FLY; VECTOR CONTROL; VELOCITY; ZIMBABWE;

ANIMALS; DISEASE VECTORS; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; INSECT BITES AND STINGS; MALE; PREGNANCY; TSETSE FLIES; ZIMBABWE;

EID: 84866000697     PISSN: 19352727     EISSN: 19352735     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001791     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Simarro PP, Diarra A, Postigo JAR, Franco JR, Jannin JG, (2011) The Human African Trypanosomiasis Control and Surveillance Programme of the World Health Organization 2000-2009: The Way Forward. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5.
2. Maudlin I, (2006) African trypanosomiasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100: 679-701.
3. Kaare MT, Piccozi K, Mlengeya T, Fevre EM, Mellau MS, et al. (2007) Sleeping sickness- a re-emerging disease in the Serengeti? Travel Med Infect Dis 5: 117-124.
4. Simarro PP, Jannin J, Cattand P, (2008) Eliminating human African trypanosomiasis: Where do we stand and what comes next? PLoS Med 5: 174-180.
5. Simarro PP, Franco JR, Cecchi G, Paone M, Diarra A, et al. (2012) Human African Trypanosomiasis in Non-Endemic Countries (2000-2010). J Travel Med 19: 44-53.
6. Urech K, Neumayr A, Blum J, (2011) Sleeping Sickness in Travelers- Do They Really Sleep? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5.
7. Odiit M, Coleman PG, Liu WC, McDermott JJ, Fevre EM, et al. (2005) Quantifying the level of under-detection of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness cases. Trop Med Int Health 10: 840-849.
8. Kgori PM, Modo S, Torr SJ, (2006) The use of aerial spraying to eliminate tsetse from the Okavango Delta of Botswana. Acta Trop 99: 184-199.
9. Shaw A (2004) The Economics of African Trypanosomiasis. In: Maudlin I, Holmes PH, Miles MA, editors. The Trypanosomiases. Wallingford: CABI. pp. 369-402.
10. Vale GA, Torr SJ (2004) Development of bait technology to control tsetse. In: Maudlin I, Holmes P, Miles M, editors. The Trypanosomiases Wallingford: CABI. pp. 509-523.
11. Torr SJ, Maudlin I, Vale GA, (2007) Less is more: restricted application of insecticide to cattle to improve the cost and efficacy of tsetse control. Med Vet Entomol 21: 53-64.
12. Vale GA, (1974) Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae) to mobile and stationary baits. Bull Entomol Res 64: 545-588.
13. Hargrove JW, (1976) Effect if human presence on the behaviour of tsetse (Glossina spp) Diptera, Glossinidae) near a stationary ox. Bull Entomol Res 66: 173-178.
14. Torr SJ, Mangwiro TNC, (2000) Interactions between cattle and biting flies: effects on the feeding rate of tsetse. Med Vet Entomol 14: 400-409.
15. Jackson CHN, (1933) The causes and implications of hunger in tsetse flies. Bull Entomol Res 24: 443-482.
16. Hargrove JW, (1991) Ovarian ages of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) caught from mobile and stationary baits in the presence and absence of humans. Bull Entomol Res 81: 43-50.
17. Torr SJ, Hall DR, Phelps RJ, Vale GA, (1997) Methods for dispensing odour attractants for tsetse flies (Diptera:Glossinidae). Bull Entomol Res 87: 299-311.
18. Vale GA, (1979) Field responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odours of men, lactic acid and carbon dioxide. Bull Entomol Res 69: 459-467.
19. Hargrove JW, Langley PA, (1993) A field trial of pyriproxyfen-treated targets as an alternative method for controlling tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bull Entomol Res 83: 361-368.
20. Vale GA, (1982) The interaction of men and traps as baits for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Zimbabwe J Agri Res 20: 179-183.
21. Saunders DS, (1962) Age determination for female tsetse flies and the age compositions of samples of Glossina pallidipes Aust., G. palpalis fuscipes Newst. and G. brevipalpis Newst. Bull Entomol Res 53: 575-595.
22. Jackson CHN, (1946) An artificially isolated population of tsetse flies (Diptera). Bull Entomol Res 37: 291-299.
23. Hargrove JW (2004) Tsetse population dynamics. In: Maudlin I, Holmes, PH, Miles, MA, editors. The Trypanosomiases. Wallingford: CABI. pp. 113-137.
24. Ford J, (1969) Feeding and other responses of tsetse flies to man and ox and their epidemiological significance. Acta Trop 26: 249-264.
25. Vale GA, Hargrove JW, Cockbill GF, Phelps RJ, (1986) Field trials of baits to control populations of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera, Glossinidae). Bull Entomol Res 76: 179-193.
26. Langley PA, Pimley RW, (1979) Storage and mobilization of nutriment for uterine milk synthesis by Glossina morsitans. J Insect Physiol 25: 193-197.
27. Hargrove JW, (1999) Lifetime changes in the nutritional characteristics of female tsetse Glossina pallidipes caught in odour-baited traps. Med Vet Entomol 13: 165-176.
28. Hargrove JW, (1999) Nutritional levels of female tsetse Glossina pallidipes from artificial refuges. Med Vet Entomol 13: 150-164.
29. Dale C, Welburn SC, Maudlin I, Milligan PJM, (1995) The kinetics of maturation of trypanosome infections in tsetse. Parasitology 111: 187-191.
30. Vale GA, (1977) Feeding responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to stationary hosts. Bull Entomol Res 67: 635-649.
31. Pilson RD, Pilson BM, (1962) A diurnal and seasonal study of the feeding behaviour of Glossina pallidipes Aust. Bull Entomol Res 53: 541-550.
32. Pilson RD, Pilson BM, (1967) Behaviour studies of Glossina morsitans Westw. in the field. Bull Entomol Res 57: 227-257.
33. Griffiths N, Paynter Q, Brady J, (1995) Rates of progress up odours plumes by tsetse flies- a mark-release study of the timing of odour source location by Glossina pallidipes. Physiol Entomol 20: 100-108.
34. Laveissiere C, Couret D, (1980) Traps impregnated with insecticide for the control of riverine tsetse flies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74: 264-265.
35. Omolo MO, Hassanali A, Mpiana S, Esterhuizen J, Lindh J, et al. (2009) Prospects for Developing Odour Baits To Control Glossina fuscipes spp., the Major Vector of Human African Trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3.
36. Rayaisse JB, Tirados I, Kaba D, Dewhirst SY, Logan JG, et al. (2010) Prospects for the Development of Odour Baits to Control the Tsetse Flies Glossina tachinoides and G-palpalis s.l. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4.
37. Torr SJ, Hall DR, Smith JL, (1995) Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to natural and synthetic ox odours. Bull Entomol Res 85: 157-166.
38. Vale GA, (1982) The improvement of traps for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bull Entomol Res 72: 95-106.
39. Vale GA, (1982) The trap-orientated behaviour of tsetse flies (Glossinidae) and other Diptera. Bull Entomol Res 72: 71-93.
40. Vale GA, Cumming DHM, (1976) Effects of selective elimination of hosts on a population of tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)). Bull Entomol Res 66: 713-729.