Expanding the conservation toolbox: Conservation planning of multifunctional landscapes

Landscape Ecology

Volumn 27, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 1121-1134

  Reyers, Belinda ^a,b   O'Farrell, Patrick J ^a   Nel, Jeanne L ^a   Wilson, Kerrie ^c  

^a DSI CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre   (South Africa)

^b STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Carbon; Conservation costs; Grazing; Land use; Payments for ecosystem services; Tourism

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION PLANNING; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; ECOTOURISM; ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS; GRAZING PRESSURE; LAND USE CHANGE;

KAROO; LITTLE KAROO; SOUTH AFRICA; WESTERN CAPE;

EID: 84865979727     PISSN: 09212973     EISSN: 15729761     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10980-012-9761-0     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Ando A, Camm J, Polasky S, Solow A (1998) Species distributions, land values, and efficient conservation. Science 279: 2126-2128.
2. Balmford A, Gaston KJ, Blyth S, James A, Kapos V (2003) Global variation in terrestrial conservation costs, conservation benefits, and unmet conservation needs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 1046-1050.
3. Bennett EM, Peterson GD, Gordon LJ (2009) Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecol Lett 12: 1394-1404.
4. Biggs R, Reyers B, Scholes RJ (2006) A biodiversity intactness score for South Africa. S Afr J Sci 102: 277-283.
5. Binning C (1997) Beyond reserves: options for achieving nature conservation objectives in rural landscapes. In: Klomp N, Lunt I (eds) Frontiers in ecology: building the links. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 155-168.
6. Blignaut J, Aronson J, Mander M, Marais C (2008) Investing in natural capital and economic development: South Africa's Drakensberg Mountains. Ecol Restor 26: 143-150.
7. Bruner AG, Gullison RE, Balmford A (2004) Financial costs and shortfalls of managing and expanding protected-areas systems in developing countries. Bioscience 54: 1119-1126.
8. Carwardine J, Wilson KA, Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Naidoo R, Iwamura T, Hajkowicz S, Possingham HP (2008) Cost-effective priorities for global mammal conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 11446-11450.
9. Carwardine J, Wilson KA, Hajkowicz SA, Smith RJ, Klein CJ, Watts M, Possingham HP (2010) Conservation planning when costs are uncertain. Conserv Biol 24: 1529-1537.
10. Cowling RM, Egoh B, Knight AT, O'Farrell P, Reyers B, Rouget M, Roux D, Welz A, Wilhelm-Rechman A (2008) An operational model for mainstreaming ecosystem services for implementation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 9483-9488.
11. Dean WRJ, Macdonald IAW (1994) Historical changes in stocking rates of domestic livestock as a measure of semi-arid and arid land degradation in the Cape Province, South Africa. J Arid Environ 26: 282-298.
12. Desmet PG, Cowling RM (2004) Using the species-area relationship to set baseline targets for conservation. Ecol Soc 9: 11.
13. Egoh BN, Reyers B, Carwardine J, Bode M, O'Farrell PJ, Wilson KA, Possingham HP, Polasky S, Rouget M, De Lange W, Cowling RM (2010) Safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services in South Africa's Little Karoo: trade-offs and synergies. Conserv Biol 24: 1021-1030.
14. Gallo JA, Pasquini L, Reyers B, Cowling RM (2009) The role of private conservation areas in biodiversity representation and target achievement within the Little Karoo region, South Africa. Biol Conserv 142: 446-454.
15. Gordon LJ, Finlayson CM, Falkenmark M (2010) Managing water in agriculture for food production and other ecosystem services. Agric Water Manag 97: 512-519.
16. Hale P, Lamb D (1997) Conservation outside nature reserves. Centre for Conservation Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane.
17. Hoekstra JM, Boucher TM, Ricketts TH, Roberts C (2005) Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection. Ecol Lett 8: 23-29.
18. James AN, Gaston KJ, Balmford A (1999) Balancing the Earth's accounts. Nature 401: 323-324.
19. Liu J, Li S, Ouyang Z, Tam C, Chen X (2008) Ecological and socieoeconomic effects of China's policies for ecosystem services. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 9477-9482.
20. Lombard AT, Cowling RM, Vlok JHJ, Fabricius C (2010) Designing conservation corridors in production landscapes: assessment methods, implementation issues, and lessons learned. Ecol Soc 15: 7. http://www. ecologyandsociety. org/vol15/iss3/art7/.
21. Lovell ST, Johnston DM (2009) Creating multifunctional landscapes: how can the field of ecology inform the design of the landscape? Front Ecol Environ 7: 212-220.
22. Mace GM, Lande R (1991) Assessing extinction threats: toward a re-evaluation of IUCN threatened species categories. Conserv Biol 5: 148-157.
23. Margules CR, Pressey RL (2000) Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405: 243-253.
24. Mills AJ, Cowling RM (2006) Rate of carbon sequestration at two thicket restoration sites in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Restor Ecol 14: 38-49.
25. Moore J, Balmford A, Allnutt T, Burgess N (2004) Integrating costs into conservation planning across Africa. Biol Conserv 117: 343-350.
26. Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.
27. Naidoo R, Ricketts TH (2006) Mapping the economic costs and benefits of conservation. PLoS Biol 4(11): e360. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0040360.
28. Naidoo R, Balmford A, Ferraro PJ, Polasky S, Ricketts TH, Rouget M (2006) Integrating economic costs into conservation planning. Trends Ecol Evol 21: 681-687.
29. Nassauer JI, Opdam P (2008) Design in science: extending the landscape ecology paradigm. Landscape Ecol 23: 633-644.
30. Nelson E, Mendoza G, Regetz J, Polasky S, Tallis H, Cameron DR, Chan KMA, Daily GC, Goldstein J, Kareiva P, Lonsdorf E, Naidoo R, Ricketts TH, Shaw MR (2009) Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales. Front Ecol Environ 7: 4-11.
31. O'Farrell PJ, Le Maitre DC, Gelderblom C, Bonora D, Hoffman T, Reyers B (2008) Applying a resilience framework in the pursuit of sustainable land-use development in the Little Karoo, South Africa. In: Burns ME, Weaver A (eds) Exploring sustainability science-a Southern African perspective. SUN Press, Stellenbosch, pp 383-430.
32. O'Farrell PJ, Reyers B, Le Maitre DC, Milton SJ, Egoh B, Maherry A, Colvin C, Atkinson D, De Lange W, Blignaut JN, Cowling RMC (2010) Multi-functional landscapes in semi arid environments: implications for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Landscape Ecol 25: 1231-1246.
33. O'Farrell P, Le Maitre D, De Lange W, Reyers B, Blignaut J, Milton S, Atkinson D, Egoh B, Maherry A, Colvin C, Cowling R (2011) The possibilities and pitfalls presented by ecosystem service valuation in an arid biodiversity hotspot. J Arid Environ 75: 612-623.
34. Pence GQK, Botha MA, Turpie JK (2003) Evaluating combinations of on- and off-reserve conservation strategies for the Agulhas Plain, South Africa: a financial perspective. Biol Conserv 112: 253-274.
35. Reyers B, O'Farrell PJ, Cowling RM, Egoh BN, Le Maitre DC, Vlok JHJ (2009) Ecosystem services, land-cover change, and stakeholders: finding a sustainable foothold for a semiarid biodiversity hotspot. Ecol Soc 14(1): 38. http://www. ecologyandsociety. org/vol14/iss1/art38/.
36. Reyers B, Roux DJ, Cowling RM, Ginsburg AE, Nel JL, O'Farrell P (2010) Putting conservation plans to work: conservation planning as a transdisciplinary process. Conserv Biol 24: 957-965.
37. Reyers B, Polasky S, Tallis H, Mooney H, Larigauderie A (2012) Finding a common ground for biodiversity and ecosystem services. BioScience 62(5): 503-507.
38. Rodrigues ASL, Andelman SJ, Bakarr MI, Boitani L, Brooks TM, Cowling RM, Fishpool LDC, Fonseca GAB, Gaston KJ, Hoffmann M, Long JS, Marquet PA, Pilgrim JD, Pressey RL, Schipper J, Sechrest W, Stuart SN, Underhill LG, Waller RW, Watts MEJ, Yan X (2004) Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428: 640-643.
39. Sanderson SE, Redford KH (2003) Contested relationships between biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. Oryx 37: 389-390.
40. TEEB (2010) Mainstreaming the economics of nature: a synthesis of the approach, conclusions and recommendations of TEEB. Progress Press, Malta.
41. Theobald DM, Hobbs NT, Bearly T, Zack JA, Shenk T, Riebsame WE (2000) Incorporating biological information in local landuse decision making: designing a system for conservation planning. Landscape Ecol 15: 35-45.
42. Turpie JK, Marais C, Blignaut JN (2008) The working for water program: evolution of a payments for ecosystem services mechanism that addresses both poverty and ecosystem service delivery in South Africa. Ecol Econ 65: 788-798.
43. Vlok JHJ, Cowling RM, Wolf T (2005) A vegetation map for the Little Karoo. Unpublished maps and report for a SKEP project supported by Grant No 1064410304. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Cape Town. http://bgis. sanbi. org/littlekaroo/index. asp. Accessed Jan 2008.
44. Watts ME, Ball IR, Stewart RS, Klein CJ, Wilson K, Steinback C, Lourival R, Kircher L, Possingham HP (2009) Marxan with zones: software for optimal conservation based land- and sea-use zoning. Environ Model Softw 24: 1513-1521.
45. Wilson KA, Underwood EC, Morrison SA Klausmeyer KR, Murdoch WW, Reyers B, Wardell-Johnson G, Marquet PA, Rundel PW, McBride MF, Pressey RL, Bode M, Hoekstra JM, Andelman SJ, Looker M, Rondinini C, Kareiva P, Shaw MR, Possingham HP (2007) Conserving biodiversity efficiently: what to do, where and when. PLoS Biol 5: e223. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0050223.
46. Wilson KA, Carwardine J, Possingham HP (2009) Setting conservation priorities. The year in ecology and conservation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1162: 237-264.
47. Wilson KA, Meijaard E, Drummond S, Grantham HS, Boitani L, Catullo G, Christie L, Dennis R, Dutton I, Falcucci A, Maiorano L, Possingham HP, Rondinini C, Turner W, Venter O, Watts M (2010) Conserving biodiversity in production landscapes. Ecol Appl 20: 1721-1732. doi: 10. 1890/09-1051. 1.