Vitamin D: An overview of its role in skeletal muscle physiology in children and adolescents

Nutrition Reviews

Volumn 70, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 520-533

  Hazell, Tom J ^a   Deguire, Jason R ^a   Weiler, Hope A ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

25 hydroxyvitamin D; Calcidiol; Calcitriol; Dihydroxycholecalciferol

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; CALMODULIN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 23; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 27; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MYOSIN; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PHOSPHORUS; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

ACTIN FILAMENT; ACTIN MYOSIN INTERACTION; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CAVEOLA; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHILD NUTRITION; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; EXCITATION CONTRACTION COUPLING; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPOCALCEMIA; IN VITRO STUDY; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUSCLE FIBER CONTRACTION; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; MUSCULOSKELETAL DEVELOPMENT; MYASTHENIA; NEUROMUSCULAR SYNAPSE; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMALACIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHOSPHATE BLOOD LEVEL; PHOSPHATE METABOLISM; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RICKETS; SARCOLEMMA; SARCOMERE; SARCOMERE LENGTH; SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SKELETAL MUSCLE SATELLITE CELL; SOLEUS MUSCLE; SUN EXPOSURE; TRANSVERSE TUBULAR SYSTEM; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN D RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ADOLESCENT; BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENTS; CHILD; HUMANS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; RECEPTORS, CALCITRIOL; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84865857241     PISSN: 00296643     EISSN: 17534887     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00510.x     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266-281.
2. White JH. Vitamin D signaling, infectious diseases, and regulation of innate immunity. Infect Immun. 2008;76:3837-3843.
3. Andersen S, Boeskov E, Laurberg P. Ethnic differences in bone mineral density between Inuit and Caucasians in North Greenland are caused by differences in body size. J Clin Densitom. 2005;8:409-414.
4. Binkley N. Does low vitamin D status contribute to "age-related" morbidity? J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(Suppl 2):V55-V58.
5. Cashman KD. Vitamin D in childhood and adolescence. Postgrad Med J. 2007;83:230-235.
6. Gordon CM, DePeter KC, Feldman HA, etal. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:531-537.
7. Mark S. Vitamin D status and recommendations to improve vitamin D status in Canadian youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010;35:718.
8. Holick MF. Vitamin D: a D-Lightful health perspective. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(Suppl 2):S182-S194.
9. Holick MF. Sunlight, UV-radiation, vitamin D and skin cancer: how much sunlight do we need? Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;624:1-15.
10. Norman AW. From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:S491-S499.
11. Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:2062-2072.
12. Langlois K, Greene-Finestone L, Little J, etal. Vitamin D status of Canadians as measured in the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Rep. 2010;21:47-55.
13. Looker AC, Dawson-Hughes B, Calvo MS, etal. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone. 2002;30:771-777.
14. 3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67:373-378.
15. Vieth R, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Boucher BJ, etal. The urgent need to recommend an intake of vitamin D that is effective. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:649-650.
16. Canadian Paediatric Society. Vitamin D supplementation: recommendations for Canadian mothers and infants. Paediatr Child Health. 2007;12:583-598.
17. Norman AW, Bouillon R, Whiting SJ, etal. 13th Workshop consensus for vitamin D nutritional guidelines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103:204-205.
18. Need AG. Bone resorption markers in vitamin D insufficiency. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;368:48-52.
19. Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, etal. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:713-716.
20. Yetley EA. Assessing the vitamin D status of the US population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:S558-S564.
21. Gilsanz V, Kremer A, Mo AO, etal. Vitamin D status and its relation to muscle mass and muscle fat in young women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:1595-1601.
22. Harkness L, Cromer B. Low levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D are associated with elevated parathyroid hormone in healthy adolescent females. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:109-113.
23. Stein EM, Laing EM, Hall DB, etal. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in girls aged 4-8y living in the southeastern United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:75-81.
24. Sullivan SS, Rosen CJ, Halteman WA, etal. Adolescent girls in Maine are at risk for vitamin D insufficiency. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105:971-974.
25. Weng FL, Shults J, Leonard MB, etal. Risk factors for low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in otherwise healthy children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:150-158.
26. El Hayek J, Egeland G, Weiler H. Vitamin D status of Inuit preschoolers reflects season and vitamin D intake. J Nutr. 2010;140:1839-1845.
27. Maguire JL, Birken CS, O'Connor DL, etal. Prevalence and predictors of low vitamin D concentrations in urban Canadian toddlers. Paediatr Child Health. 2011;16:e11-e15.
28. Mark S, Gray-Donald K, Delvin EE, etal. Low vitamin D status in a representative sample of youth from Quebec, Canada. Clin Chem. 2008;54:1283-1289.
29. Newhook LA, Sloka S, Grant M, etal. Vitamin D insufficiency common in newborns, children and pregnant women living in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Matern Child Nutr. 2009;5:186-191.
30. Roth DE, Martz P, Yeo R, etal. Are national vitamin D guidelines sufficient to maintain adequate blood levels in children? Can J Public Health. 2005;96:443-449.
31. Du X, Greenfield H, Fraser DR, etal. Vitamin D deficiency and associated factors in adolescent girls in Beijing. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:494-500.
32. Foo LH, Zhang Q, Zhu K, etal. Relationship between vitamin D status, body composition and physical exercise of adolescent girls in Beijing. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:417-425.
33. Cashman KD, Hill TR, Cotter AA, etal. Low vitamin D status adversely affects bone health parameters in adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:1039-1044.
34. Hill TR, Cotter AA, Mitchell S, etal. Vitamin D status and its determinants in adolescents from the Northern Ireland Young Hearts 2000 cohort. Br J Nutr. 2008;99:1061-1067.
35. McCarthy D, Collins A, O'Brien M, etal. Vitamin D intake and status in Irish elderly women and adolescent girls. Ir J Med Sci. 2006;175:14-20.
36. Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Reddy DR, etal. Vitamin D and bone mineral density status of healthy schoolchildren in northern India. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:477-482.
37. El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Nabulsi M, Choucair M, etal. Hypovitaminosis D in healthy schoolchildren. Pediatrics. 2001;107:E53.
38. El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Nabulsi M, Tamim H, etal. Effect of vitamin D replacement on musculoskeletal parameters in school children: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:405-412.
39. Rabbani A, Alavian SM, Motlagh ME, etal. Vitamin D insufficiency among children and adolescents living in Tehran, Iran. J Trop Pediatr. 2009;55:189-191.
40. Ward KA, Das G, Berry JL, etal. Vitamin D status and muscle function in post-menarchal adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:559-563.
41. Andersen R, Molgaard C, Skovgaard LT, etal. Teenage girls and elderly women living in northern Europe have low winter vitamin D status. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59:533-541.
42. 3. Arch Pediatr. 1998;5:1211-1215.
43. Hintzpeter B, Scheidt-Nave C, Muller MJ, etal. Higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is associated with immigrant background among children and adolescents in Germany. J Nutr. 2008;138:1482-1490.
44. Lehtonen-Veromaa M, Mottonen T, Irjala K, etal. Vitamin D intake is low and hypovitaminosis D common in healthy 9- to 15-year-old Finnish girls. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53:746-751.
45. 2 supplementation on serum 25(OH)D concentration is weak among peripubertal Finnish girls: a 3-y prospective study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56:431-437.
46. Outila TA, Karkkainen MU, Lamberg-Allardt CJ. Vitamin D status affects serum parathyroid hormone concentrations during winter in female adolescents: associations with forearm bone mineral density. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:206-210.
47. Holick MF. Vitamin D: a millenium perspective. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88:296-307.
48. Balk SJ. Ultraviolet radiation: a hazard to children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;127:588-597.
49. Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(Suppl):S1678-S1688.
50. Webb AR, Engelsen O. Calculated ultraviolet exposure levels for a healthy vitamin D status. Photochem Photobiol. 2006;82:1697-1703.
51. Webb AR, Engelsen O. Ultraviolet exposure scenarios: risks of erythema from recommendations on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;624:72-85.
52. Garriguet D. Canadians' eating habits. Health Rep. 2007;18:17-32.
53. Greer FR, Krebs NF. Optimizing bone health and calcium intakes of infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006;117:578-585.
54. Nicklas TA, Hayes D. Position of the American Dietetic Association: nutrition guidance for healthy children ages 2 to 11 years. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:1038-1044, 1046-1047.
55. Ness AR, Leary SD, Mattocks C, etal. Objectively measured physical activity and fat mass in a large cohort of children. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e97.
56. Patrick K, Norman GJ, Calfas KJ, etal. Diet, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors as risk factors for overweight in adolescence. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:385-390.
57. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, etal. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:690-693.
58. Parikh SJ, Edelman M, Uwaifo GI, etal. The relationship between obesity and serum 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D concentrations in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1196-1199.
59. Mughal Z. Rickets in childhood. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2002;6:183-190.
60. Soliman AT, Omar M, El Awwa A, etal. Linear growth, growth-hormone secretion and IGF-I generation in children with neglected hypothyroidism before and after thyroxine replacement. J Trop Pediatr. 2008;54:347-349.
61. Kim CJ. Vitamin D dependent rickets type I. Korean J Pediatr. 2011;54:51-54.
62. Takeda E, Yamamoto H, Taketani Y, etal. Vitamin D-dependent rickets type I and type II. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1997;39:508-513.
63. Brooks MH, Bell NH, Love L, etal. Vitamin-D-dependent rickets type II. Resistance of target organs to 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D. N Engl J Med. 1978;298:996-999.
64. Malloy PJ, Pike JW, Feldman D. The vitamin D receptor and the syndrome of hereditary 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D-resistant rickets. Endocr Rev. 1999;20:156-188.
65. Malloy PJ, Feldman D. Genetic disorders and defects in vitamin D action. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010;39:333-346.
66. Exeter D, Connell DA. Skeletal muscle: functional anatomy and pathophysiology. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14:97-105.
67. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL, eds. Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.
68. Dulhunty AF. Excitation-contraction coupling from the 1950s into the new millennium. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;33:763-772.
69. Colston K, Hirt M, Feldman D. Organ distribution of the cytoplasmic 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol receptor in various mouse tissues. Endocrinology. 1980;107:1916-1922.
70. 3 in the presence of contaminating serum vitamin D binding protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985;130:1020-1026.
71. 3 receptor concentration in rat kidney in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:4312-4314.
72. 3 receptor in human skeletal muscle tissue. Histochem J. 2001;33:19-24.
73. 3 receptor in chick skeletal muscle myoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985;128:305-311.
74. 3 receptors and hormonal responses in cloned human skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology. 1986;119:2214-2220.
75. 3 receptors and activities in muscle. J Biol Chem. 1985;260:8882-8891.
76. Zanello SB, Collins ED, Marinissen MJ, etal. Vitamin D receptor expression in chicken muscle tissue and cultured myoblasts. Horm Metab Res. 1997;29:231-236.
77. Endo I, Inoue D, Mitsui T, etal. Deletion of vitamin D receptor gene in mice results in abnormal skeletal muscle development with deregulated expression of myoregulatory transcription factors. Endocrinology. 2003;144:5138-5144.
78. 3 metabolites on calcium fluxes in intact chicken skeletal muscle and myoblasts cultured in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int. 1984;36:200-205.
79. Ceglia L. Vitamin D and skeletal muscle tissue and function. Mol Aspects Med. 2008;29:407-414.
80. Hamilton B. Vitamin D and human skeletal muscle. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20:182-190.
81. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW. Vitamin D and muscle function. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13:187-194.
82. Okamura WH, Midland MM, Hammond MW, etal. Chemistry and conformation of vitamin D molecules. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995;53:603-613.
83. 3. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002;197:1-13.
84. NextBio Public. CYP27B1 in Human Muscle. Body Atlas 2009:Available at: http://www.nextbio.com/b/search/ba/CYP27B1?id=6552&type=gene. Accessed October 4 2011.
85. DeLuca HF. The vitamin D story: a collaborative effort of basic science and clinical medicine. FASEB J. 1988;2:224-236.
86. 3 receptor-mediating cell cycle arrest and differentiation. J Nutr. 1999;129(Suppl):S581-S586.
87. 3 affects the synthesis, phosphorylation and in vitro calmodulin binding of myoblast cytoskeletal proteins. Z Naturforsch [C]. 1990;45:1156-1160.
88. Zanello SB, Boland RL, Norman AW. cDNA sequence identity of a vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein in the chick to calbindin D-9K. Endocrinology. 1995;136:2784-2787.
89. Barton-Davis ER, Shoturma DI, Musaro A, etal. Viral mediated expression of insulin-like growth factor I blocks the aging-related loss of skeletal muscle function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:15603-15607.
90. 3. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1995;114:1-8.
91. 3. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989;1014:112-119.
92. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Borchers M, Gudat F, etal. Vitamin D receptor expression in human muscle tissue decreases with age. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:265-269.
93. Vinciguerra M, Musaro A, Rosenthal N. Regulation of muscle atrophy in aging and disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;694:211-233.
94. 3 correlates with tyrosine phosphorylation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and VDR-Src interaction. J Cell Biochem. 2000;79:274-281.
95. 3 in basal-lateral membranes of chick intestinal epithelium and relationship to transcaltachia. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:23750-23756.
96. Huhtakangas JA, Olivera CJ, Bishop JE, etal. The vitamin D receptor is present in caveolae-enriched plasma membranes and binds 1 alpha, 25(OH)2-vitamin D3 in vivo and in vitro. Mol Endocrinol. 2004;18:2660-2671.
97. 3-dependent modulation of Src, MAPK cascades and VDR localization in skeletal muscle cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121:169-175.
98. de Boland AR, Nemere I. Rapid actions of vitamin D compounds. J Cell Biochem. 1992;49:32-36.
99. 3 requires the presence of a functional vitamin D nuclear receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:1589-1594.
100. 3 induces translocation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Biochem. 2002;86:128-135.
101. 3. Biochem J. 1993;289:675-679.
102. 3. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1993;31:677-684.
103. 2+ influx in skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:16134-16138.
104. 2+ influx in skeletal muscle cells. Modulation by phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and tyrosine kinases. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:33954-33960.
105. 3 stimulates the adenylyl cyclase pathway in muscle cells by a GTP-dependent mechanism which presumably involves phosphorylation of G alpha i. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;234:125-128.
106. 3-induced SOC influx in muscle cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004;36:1910-1918.
107. 3. Activation of muscle cell PLC gamma through the tyrosine kinase c-Src and P3-kinase. Eur J Biochem. 2002;269:2506-2515.
108. 3 in skeletal muscle cells is mediated by protein kinase C and calcium. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001;173:41-52.
109. 3 signalling to the nucleus in muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1541:179-187.
110. 2+ entry in skeletal muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;239:562-565.
111. 3 of the adenylyl cyclase/cyclic AMP pathway in rat and chick myoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995;1269:91-97.
112. 3 modulation of intracellular calcium during development of skeletal muscle cells in culture. J Cell Biochem. 2000;77:200-212.
113. 3: role of phosphorylation and calmodulin. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1992;84:15-22.
114. 2+ uptake in skeletal muscle by protein kinase C. Biochem J. 1992;281:349-352.
115. 2+ uptake in rat and chick cultured myoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996;1310:157-162.
116. de Boland AR, Boland RL. Non-genomic signal transduction pathway of vitamin D in muscle. Cell Signal. 1994;6:717-724.
117. 3 stimulation of phospholipases C and D in muscle cells involves extracellular calcium and a pertussis-sensitive G protein. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1996;122:207-211.
118. 3 in the C2C12 muscle cell line. J Cell Biochem. 2006;97:698-708.
119. Wu Z, Woodring PJ, Bhakta KS, etal. p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases regulate the myogenic program at multiple steps. Mol Cell Biol. 2000;20:3951-3964.
120. 3 regulation of chick myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1999;153:39-45.
121. 3 regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:2199-2205.
122. 3 and 17beta-estradiol in skeletal muscle cells leads to phosphorylation of Elk-1 and CREB transcription factors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103:462-466.
123. 3 by VDR-dependent and -independent mechanisms in muscle cells. Steroids. 2002;67:477-482.
124. Savkur RS, Miller AR. Investigational PPAR-gamma agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2006;15:763-778.
125. Dirks-Naylor AJ, Lennon-Edwards S. The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle function and cellular signaling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2011;125:159-168.
126. Boland R. Role of vitamin D in skeletal muscle function. Endocr Rev. 1986;7:434-448.
127. Banerji NK, Hurwitz LJ. Neurological manifestations in adult steatorrhoea (probable gluten enteropathy). J Neurol Sci. 1971;14:125-141.
128. Ekbom K, Hed R, Kirstein L, etal. Weakness of proximal limb muscles, probably due to myopathy after partial gastrectomy. Preliminary report. Acta Med Scand. 1964;176:493-496.
129. Smith R, Stern G. Myopathy, osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism. Brain. 1967;90:593-602.
130. Smith R, Stern G. Muscular weakness in osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism. J Neurol Sci. 1969;8:511-520.
131. Rodman JS, Baker T. Changes in the kinetics of muscle contraction in vitamin D-depleted rats. Kidney Int. 1978;13:189-193.
132. Pleasure D, Wyszynski B, Sumner A, etal. Skeletal muscle calcium metabolism and contractile force in vitamin D-deficient chicks. J Clin Invest. 1979;64:1157-1167.
133. Sjostrom M, Lorentzon R, Larsson SE, etal. The influence of 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on the ultrastructural organization of skeletal muscle fibres. Morphometric analyses on vitamin D deficient or calcium deficient growing rats. Med Biol. 1978;56:209-215.
134. Curry OB, Basten JF, Francis MJ, etal. Calcium uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle from vitamin D-deficient rabbits. Nature. 1974;249:83-84.
135. de Boland AR, Albornoz LE, Boland R. The effect of cholecalciferol in vivo on proteins and lipids of skeletal muscle from rachitic chicks. Calcif Tissue Int. 1983;35:798-805.
136. 3 stimulate the skeletal muscle-calcium mobilization in rachitic chicks. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1984;231:211-216.
137. 3. Z Naturforsch [C] 1985;40:102-108.
138. 3 are suppressed by calcium channel blockers. Endocrinology. 1987;120:1858-1864.
139. Bell NH, Epstein S, Greene A, etal. Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in obese subjects. J Clin Invest. 1985;76:370-373.
140. Rummens K, van Bree R, Van Herck E, etal. Vitamin D deficiency in guinea pigs: exacerbation of bone phenotype during pregnancy and disturbed fetal mineralization, with recovery by 1, 25(OH)2D3 infusion or dietary calcium-phosphate supplementation. Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;71:364-375.
141. Li YC, Pirro AE, Amling M, etal. Targeted ablation of the vitamin D receptor: an animal model of vitamin D-dependent rickets type II with alopecia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:9831-9835.
142. Song Y, Fleet JC. Intestinal resistance to 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D in mice heterozygous for the vitamin D receptor knockout allele. Endocrinology. 2007;148:1396-1402.
143. 3 and muscle function in the rainbow trout. Cytobios. 1981;31:7-18.
144. Stroder J, Arensmeyer E. Actomyosin content of the skeletal muscles in experimental rickets]. Klin Wochenschr. 1965;43:1201-1202.
145. Pointon JJ, Francis MJ, Smith R. Effect of vitamin D deficiency on sarcoplasmic reticulum function and troponin C concentration of rabbit skeletal muscle. Clin Sci (Lond). 1979;57:257-263.
146. Westerblad H, Bruton JD, Katz A. Skeletal muscle: energy metabolism, fiber types, fatigue and adaptability. Exp Cell Res. 2010;316:3093-3099.
147. Schubert L, DeLuca HF. Hypophosphatemia is responsible for skeletal muscle weakness of vitamin D deficiency. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010;500:157-161.
148. Birge SJ, Miller R. The role of phosphate in the action of vitamin D on the intestine. J Clin Invest. 1977;60:980-988.
149. Birge SJ, Avioli RC. Intestinal phosphate transport and alkaline phosphatase activity in the chick. Am J Physiol. 1981;240:E384-E390.
150. Popovtzer MM, Robinette JB, DeLuca HF, etal. The acute effect of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on renal handling of phosphorus. Evidence for a parathyroid hormone-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest. 1974;53:913-921.
151. Berndt T, Kumar R. Phosphatonins and the regulation of phosphate homeostasis. Annu Rev Physiol. 2007;69:341-359.
152. Juppner H. Phosphate and FGF-23. Kidney Int Suppl. 2011;121:S24-S27.
153. Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verlinden L, etal. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:726-776.
154. Collins MT, Lindsay JR, Jain A, etal. Fibroblast growth factor-23 is regulated by 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:1944-1950.
155. Liu S, Tang W, Zhou J, etal. Fibroblast growth factor 23 is a counter-regulatory phosphaturic hormone for vitamin D. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:1305-1315.
156. Annweiler C, Schott AM, Berrut G, etal. Vitamin D-related changes in physical performance: a systematic review. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:893-898.
157. Latham NK, Anderson CS, Reid IR. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical performance, and falls in older persons: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:1219-1226.
158. Foo LH, Zhang Q, Zhu K, etal. Low vitamin D status has an adverse influence on bone mass, bone turnover, and muscle strength in Chinese adolescent girls. J Nutr. 2009;139:1002-1007.
159. Ward KA, Das G, Roberts SA, etal. A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation upon musculoskeletal health in postmenarchal females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:4643-4651.