Q fever at the turn of the century

Polish Journal of Microbiology

Volumn 61, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 81-93

  Chmielewski, Tomasz ^a   Tylewska Wierzbanowska, Stanisława ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE   (Poland)

Author keywords

Coxiella burnetii; Q fever; Zoonosis

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; AMINOGLYCOSIDE; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CEFALOTIN; CHLOROQUINE; CLARITHROMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DNA TOPOISOMERASE IV; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; LINCOMYCIN; MACROLIDE; OFLOXACIN; OXYTETRACYCLINE; PEFLOXACIN; PENICILLIN G; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; RNA 16S; ROXITHROMYCIN; STREPTOMYCIN; TETRACYCLINE; TRIMETHOPRIM;

ACANTHAMOEBA CASTELLANII; ALKALINIZATION; AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; AMNION FLUID; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTHRALGIA; BACTERIAL CELL WALL; BACTERIAL GENOME; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM DETECTION; BIRD; BODY TEMPERATURE; BRONCHUS TUMOR; CLASSIFICATION; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COUGHING; COW; COXIELLA BURNETII; DISEASE CARRIER; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DNA SEQUENCE; DRUG MECHANISM; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIC; ERYTHROCYTE; EUROPE; FEVER; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GENE SEQUENCE; GENOTYPING TECHNIQUE; GOAT; HEADACHE; HEPATITIS; HOSPITALIZATION; IN VITRO STUDY; INCUBATION TIME; INFLAMMATION; ISOTOPE LABELING; LABORATORY TEST; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVESTOCK; LONG TERM CARE; MAMMAL; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; MILK; MORPHOLOGY; MORTALITY; MYALGIA; MYOCARDITIS; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PET ANIMAL; PHAGOLYSOSOME; PHYLOGENY; PLACENTA; PLASMID; PNEUMONIA; POLAND; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREVALENCE; Q FEVER; REPTILE; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM; SEROLOGY; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SHEEP; SHORT SURVEY; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; SWEAT; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TICK; TREATMENT DURATION; VACCINATION; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; ZOONOSIS;

ACANTHAMOEBA CASTELLANII; ANIMALIA; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CAPRA HIRCUS; COXIELLA BURNETII; COXIELLACEAE; GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA; LEGIONELLALES; ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS; OVIS ARIES; PROTEOBACTERIA;

EID: 84865759355     PISSN: 17331331     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2012-011     Document Type: Short Survey

References (133)

1. Amano K. and J.C. Williams. 1984. Chemical and immunological characterization of lipopolysaccharides from phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii. J. Bacteriol. 160: 994-1002.
2. Amano K, J.C. Williams, T.F. McCaul and M.G. Peacock. 1984. Biochemical and immunological properties of Coxiella burnetii cell wall and peptidoglycan-protein complex fractions. J. Bacteriol. 160: 982-988.
3. Amitai Z., M. Bromberg, M. Bernstein, D. Raveh, A. Keysary, D. David, S. Pitlik, D. Swerdlow, R. Massung, S. Rzotkiewicz, O. Halutz and T. Shohat. 2010. A large Q fever outbreak in an urban school in central Israel. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50: 1433-1438.
4. th International Symposium, 1-6.09. 1996, Bratislava.
5. Anusz Z., J. Knap, J. Ziemka, Z. Piesiak, K. Borko, H. Ciecierski, D. Kruszewska, Z. Lewińska, E. Mikołajczyk and W. Rumin. 1986. Two foci of Q fever in humans, sheep and cattle in the Olsztyn province. Przegl. Epidemiol. 40: 349-361.
6. Anusz Z., J. Rehacek, J. Knap, H. Krauss, H. Ciecierski, A. Platt-Samoraj, W. Wodecki and P. Lewicki. 1991. Sytuacja epizootiologiczno- epidemiologiczna gora̧czki Q u bydła i ludzi w regionie Żuław. Acta. Acad. Agricult. Tech. Olst. Vet. 20: 35-45.
7. Anusz Z., E. Walkowiak, J. Krupa, D. Kruszewska, W. Rumin and H. Ciecierski. Occurence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in bisons (Bison bonasus) from Bialowieski Primeval Forest and in cattle and sheep from villages around it. Proceedings of the 37 Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production; 1991 Sep 1-6; Budapest, Hungary: Summaries. p. 538.
8. Anusz Z. Q fever in humans and animals. Olsztyn: WART; 1995.
9. Arricau-Bouvery N., Y. Hauck, A. Bejaoui, D. Frangoulidis, C.C. Bodier, A. Souriau, H. Meyer, H. Neubauer, A. Rodolakis and G. Vergnaud. 2006. Molecular characterization of Coxiella burnetii isolates by infrequent restriction site-PCR and MLVA typing. BMC Microbiol. 6: 38.
10. Avakyan A.A., V.L. Popov, S.M. Chebanov, A.A. Shatkin, V.E. Sidorov and R.I. Kudelina. 1983. Comparison of the ultrastructure of small dense forms of chlamydiae and Coxiella burnetii. Acta Virol. 2: 168-172.
11. Ayres J.G., E.G. Smith and N. Flint. 1996. Protracted fatigue and debility after acute Q fever. Lancet 347: 978.
12. Babudieri B. 1959. Q fever: A zoonosis. Adv. Vet. Sci. 5: 81-154.
13. Baca O.G. and M.R. Yeaman. 1991. Antibiotic susceptibilities and possible resistance mechanisms of several Coxiella burnetii isolates. (W:) J. Kazar and D. Raoult: Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases. Bratislava, pp.: 700-713.
14. Barandika J.F., A. Hurtado, C. García-Esteban, H. Gil, R. Escudero, M. Barral, I. Jado, R.A. Juste, P. Anda and A.L. García- Pérez. 2007. Tick-borne zoonotic bacteria in wild and domestic small mammals in northern Spain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 6166-6171.
15. Bautista-Hernández V., F. Gutierrez, V.G. Ray, J.M. Arribas, J. García-Puente, N. Casinello and R. Arcas. 2004. Constrictive pericarditis due to Coxiella burnetii. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1: 326-328.
16. Beare P.A., J.E. Samuel, D. Howe, K. Virtaneva, S.F. Porcella and R.A. Heinzen. 2006. Genetic diversity of the Q fever agent, Coxiella burnetii, assessed by microarray-based whole-genome comparisons. J. Bacteriol. 188: 2309-2324.
17. Bernit E., J. Pouget, F. Janbon, H. Dutronc, P. Martinez, P. Brouqui and D. Raoult. 2002. Neurological involvement in acute Q fever: a report of 29 cases and review of the literature. Arch. Intern. Med. 162: 693-700
18. Botelho-Nevers E., P.E. Fournier, H. Richet, F. Fenollar, H. Lepidi, C. Foucault, A. Branchereau, P. Piquet, M. Maurin and D. Raoult. 2007. Coxiella burnetii infection of aortic aneurysms or vascular grafts: report of 30 new cases and evaluation of outcome. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 26: 635-640.
19. Burnet F.M. and M. Freeman. 1937. Experimental studies on the virus of "Q" fever. Med. J. Aust. 2: 299.
20. Burnet F.M. and M. Freeman. 1938. The rickettsia of Q fever: further experimental studies. Med. J. Aust. 1: 296.
21. Carcopino X., D. Raoult, F. Bretelle, L. Boubli and A. Stein. 2009. Q Fever during pregnancy: a cause of poor fetal and maternal outcome. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1166: 79-89.
22. Carrieri, M.P., H. Tissot-Dupont, D. Rey, P. Brousse, H. Renard, Y. Obadia and D. Raoult. 2002. Investigation of a slaughterhouse-related outbreak of Q fever in the French Alps. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 21: 17-21.
23. Chevalier P., F. Vandenesch, P. Brouqui, G. Kirkorian, A. Tabib, J. Etienne, D. Raoult, R. Loire and P. Touboul. 1997. Fulminant myocardial failure in a previously healthy young man. Circulation. 95: 1654-1657.
24. Chmielewski T., K. Sidi-Boumedine, V. Duquesne, E. Podsiadly, R. Thiéry and S. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska. 2009. Molecular epidemiology of Q fever in Poland. Pol. J. Microbiol. 58: 9-13
25. Chmielewski T. and S. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska. 2011. Inhibition of fibroblast apoptosis by Borrelia afzelii, Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella henselae. Pol. J. Microbiol. 60: 269-272.
26. Chrzanowski J., I. Kularska, R. Stempień and L. Wojciechowski. 1960. Badania serologiczne w kierunku gora̧czki Q wśród pracowników przemysłu wełnianego. Przeg. Epid. 4: 411-416.
27. Coleman S.A., E.R. Fischer, D.C. Cockrell, D.E. Voth, D. Howe, D.J. Mead, J.E. Samuel and R.A. Heinzen. 2007. Proteome and antigen profiling of Coxiella burnetii developmental forms. Infect. Immun. 75: 290-298.
28. Coleman S.A., E.R. Fischer, D. Howe, D.J. Mead and R.A. Heinzen. 2004. Temporal analysis of Coxiella burnetii morphological differentiation. J. Bacteriol. 186: 7344-7352.
29. Cottalorda J., J.L. Jouve, G. Bollini, P. Touzet, A. Poujol, F. Kelberine and Raoult D. 1995. Osteoarticular infection due to Coxiella burnetii in children. J. Pediatr. Orthop. B. 4: 219-221.
30. Cox H.R. 1941. Cultivation of rickettsiae of the rocky mountain spotted fever, typhus and Q fever groups in the embryonic tissues of developing chicks. Science. 94(2444): 399-403.
31. Czopowicz M., J. Kaba, O. Szaluś-Jordanow, M. Nowicki, L. Witkowski, D. Nowicka and T. Frymus. 2010. Prevalence of antibodies against Chlamydophila abortus and Coxiella burnetii in goat herds in Poland. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 13: 175-179.
32. Denison A.M., R.F. Massung and H.A. Thompson. 2007. Analysis of the O-antigen biosynthesis regions of phase II isolates of Coxiella burnetii. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 267: 102-107.
33. Derrick E.H. 1937. Q fever, a new fever entity: clinical features, diagnosis and laboratory investigation. Med. J. Aust. 2: 281.
34. Dorko E., K. Rimarova, E. Pilipcinec and M. Travnicek. 2009. Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in wild ruminants in Kavecany zoo, Kosice, eastern Slovakia. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 16: 321-324
35. Dupuis G., J. Petite, O. Péter and M. Vouilloz. 1987. An important outbreak of human Q fever in a Swiss Alpine valley. Int. J. Epidemiol. 16: 282-287.
36. Ellis M.E., C.C. Smith and Moffat M.A. 1983. Chronic and fatal Q-fever infection: a review of 16 patients seen in North-East Scotland (1967-1980). Q.J. Med. 52: 54-66.
37. Enserink M. 2010. Infectious diseases. Questions abound in Q-fever explosion in the Netherlands. Science 327: 266-267
38. Fenollar F., F. Thuny, F. Xeridat, H. Lepidi and D. Raoult. 2006. Endocarditis after acute Q fever in patients with previously undiagnosed valvulopathies. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42: 818-821.
39. Fishbein D.B. and D. Raoult. 1992. A cluster of Coxiella burnetii infections associated with exposure to vaccinated goats and their unpasteurized dairy products. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 47: 35-40.
40. Fournier P.E., J. Etienne, J.R. Harle, G. Habib and D. Raoult. 2001. Myocarditis, a rare but severe manifestation of Q fever: report of 8 cases and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32: 1440-1447.
41. Gawron H. and K. Wagner. 1962. A focus of Q-fever in Gdańsk in 1962. Przegl. Epid. 1: 87-89.
42. Gikas A., D.P. Kofteridis, A. Manios, J. Pediaditis and Y. Tselentis. 2001. Newer macrolides as empiric treatment for acute Q fever infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 3644-3646.
43. Gilsdorf A., C. Kroh, S. Grimm, E. Jensen, C. Wagner-Wiening and K. Alpers. 2008. Large Q fever outbreak due to sheep farming near residential areas, Germany, 2005. Epidemiol. Infect. 136: 1084-1087.
44. Gimenez G., C. Bertelli, C. Moliner, C. Robert, D. Raoult, P.E. Fournier and G. Greub. 2011. Insight into cross-talk between intra-amoebal pathogens. BMC Genomics. 2; 12: 542.
45. Glazunowa O., V. Roux, O. Freylikman, Z. Sekeyova, G. Fournous, J. Tyczka, N. Tokarevich, E. Kovacava, T.J. Marrie and D. Raoult. 2005. Coxiella burnetii genotyping. Emerg. Inf. Dis. 11: 1211-1217.
46. Gouriet F., F. Fenollar, J.Y. Patrice, M. Drancourt and D. Raoult. 2005. Use of shell-vial cell culture assay for isolation of bacteria from clinical specimens: 13 years of experience. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 4993-5002.
47. Greub G. and D. Raoult. 2004. Microorganisms resistant to free-living amoebae. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17: 413-433.
48. Hatchette T.F., R.C. Hudson, W.F. Schlech, N.A. Campbell, J.E. Hatchette, S. Ratnam, D. Raoult, C. Donovan and T.J. Marrie. 2001. Goat-associated Q fever: a new disease in Newfoundland. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7: 413-419.
49. Hendrix L.R., J.E. Samuel and L.P. Mallavia. 1991. Differentiation of Coxiella burnetii isolates by analysis of restriction-endonuclease-digested DNA separated by SDS-PAGE. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137: 269-276
50. Honstettre A., E. Ghigo, A. Moynault, C. Capo, R. Toman, S. Akira, O. Takeuchi, H. Lepidi, D. Raoult and J.L. Mege. 2004. Lipopolysaccharide from Coxiella burnetii is involved in bacterial phagocytosis, filamentous actin reorganization, and inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor 4. J. Immunol. 172: 3695-3703
51. Hoover T.A., D.W. Culp, M.H. Vodkin, J.C. Williams and H.A. Thompson. 2002. Chromosomal DNA deletions explain phenotypic characteristics of two antigenic variants, phase II and RSA 514 (crazy), of the Coxiella burnetii Nine Mile strain. Infect Immun. 70: 6726-6733
52. Hryniewiecki T., S. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska and I. Rawczyńska- Englert. 2001. Attempt of estimation of Q fever endocarditis frequency in Poland. Przegl. Lek. 58: 759-761
53. Ioannou I., D. Chochlakis, N. Kasinis, P. Anayiotos, A. Lyssandrou, B. Papadopoulos, Y. Tselentis and A. Psaroulaki. 2009. Carriage of Rickettsia spp., Coxiella burnetii and Anaplasma spp. by endemic and migratory wild birds and their ectoparasites in Cyprus. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 15 Suppl 2: 158-160.
54. Jäger C., S. Lautenschläger, H. Willems and G. Baljer. 2002. Coxiella burnetii plasmid types QpDG and QpH1 are closely related and likely identical. Vet. Microbiol. 89: 161-166
55. Jäger C., H. Willems, D. Thiele and G. Baljer. 1998. Molecular characterization of Coxiella burnetii isolates. Epidemiol. Infect. 120(2): 157-164
56. Janigan D.T. and T.J. Marrie. 1983. An inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung in Q fever pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 308: 86-88.
57. Karakousis P., M. Trucksis and S. Dumler. 2006. Chronic Q fever in the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 2283-2287.
58. King L.A., L. Goirand, H. Tissot-Dupont, B. Giunta, C. Giraud, C. Colardelle, V. Duquesne, E. Rousset, M. Aubert, R. Thiéry, L. Calatayud, G. Daurat, L. Hocqueloux, V. Cicchelero, F. Golliot, and H. de Valk. 2011. Outbreak of Q fever, Florac, Southern France, Spring 2007. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11: 341-347.
59. Kishimoto R.A., R.W. Stockman and C.L. Redmond. 1979. Q fever: diagnosis, therapy, and immunoprophylaxis. Mil. Med. 144: 183-187.
60. Kofteridis D.P., E.E. Mazokopakis, Y. Tselentis and A. Gikas. 2004. Neurological complications of acute Q fever infection. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 19: 1051-1054.
61. Kruszewska D., K. Lembowicz and S. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska. 1996. Possible sexual transmission of Q fever among humans. Clin. Infect. Dis. 22: 1087-1088.
62. Kruszewska D. and S. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska. 1991. Influence of Coxiella burnetii infection of male mice on their offspring. Acta Virol. 35: 79-82.
63. Kruszewska D. and S. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska. 1997. Isolation of Coxiella burnetii from bull semen. Res. Vet. Sci. 62: 299-300.
64. Kruszewska D. and S.K. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska. 1993. Coxiella burnetii penetration into the reproductive system of male mice, promoting sexual transmission of infection. Infect. Immun. 61: 4188-4195.
65. La Scola B. and D. Raoult. 2001. Survival of Coxiella burnetii within free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 75-9.
66. Levy P.Y., P. Carrieri and D. Raoult. 1999 Coxiella burnetii pericarditis: report of 15 cases and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29(2): 393-397.
67. Lührmann A. and C.R. Roy. 2007. Coxiella burnetii inhibits activation of host cell apoptosis through a mechanism that involves preventing cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Infect. Immun. 75: 5282-5289.
68. Lutynski R. 1956. First focus of Q-fever on the territory of Poland. Przegl. Lek. 12: 187-188.
69. Lyytikäinen O., T. Ziese, B. Schwartländer, P. Matzdorff, C. Kuhnhen, C. Jäger and L. Petersen. 1998. An outbreak of sheep-associated Q fever in a rural community in Germany. Eur J Epidemiol. 14: 193-199.
70. Mayer H., J. Radziejewska-Lebrecht and S. Schramek. 1988. Chemical and immunochemical studies on lipopolysaccharides of Coxiella burnetii phase I and phase II. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 228: 577-591.
71. Ma̧czka I. T. Chmielewski, E. Walczak, J. Różanski, G. Religa, and S. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska. 2011. Tick-borne infections as a cause of heart transplantation. Pol. J. Microbiol. 60: 341-343.
72. Mallavia L.P. 1991. Genetics of rickettsiae. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 7: 213-221.
73. Maltezou H.C., J. Constantopoulou, C. Kallergi, V. Vlahou, D. Georgakopoulos, D.A. Kafetzis and D. Raoult. 2004. Q fever in children in Greece. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 70: 540-544.
74. Marrie T.J., A. MacDonald, H. Durant, L. Yates and L. McCormick. 1988. An outbreak of Q fever probably due to contact with a parturient cat. Chest. 93: 98-103.
75. Marrie T.J., W.F. Schlech, J.C. Williams and L. Yates. 1986. Q fever pneumonia associated with exposure to wild rabbits. Lancet. 1: 427-429.
76. Marrie T.J., A. Stein, D. Janigan and D. Raoult. 1996. Route of infection determines the clinical manifestations of acute Q fever. J. Infect. Dis. 173: 484-487.
77. Maurin M. and D. Raoult. 1999. Q fever. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 4: 518-553.
78. Maurin M. and D. Raoult. Antimicrobial therapy of rickettsial diseases. (eds.) D. Raoult and P. Brouqui. Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases at the Turn of the Thrid Millenium 1999, p. 330-342.
79. McCaul T.F., A.J. Dare, J.P. Gannon and A.J. Galbraith. 1994. In vivo endogenous spore formation by Coxiella burnetii in Q fever endocarditis. J. Clin. Pathol. 47: 978-981.
80. McCaul T.F. and J.C. Williams. 1981. Developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii: structure and morphogenesis of vegetative and sporogenic differentiations. J. Bacteriol. 147: 1063-1076.
81. McQuiston J.H. and J.E. Childs. 2002. Q fever in humans and animals in the United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2: 179-191
82. Meiklejohn G., L.G. Reimer, P.S. Graves and C. Helmick. 1981. Cryptic epidemic of Q fever in a medical school. J. Infect. Dis. 144: 107-113.
83. Mikolajczyk E., Z. Lewińska, R. Lojewska, W. Rumin and D. Kruszewska. 1986. Serologic reactions in humans during the outbreak of Q fever. Przeg. Epid. 40: 342-348.
84. Nguyen S.V. and K. Hirai. 1999. Differentiation of Coxiella burnetii isolates by sequence determination and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase gene. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 180: 249-254
85. Ong C., O. Ahmad, S. Senanayake, G. Buirski and C. Lueck. 2010. Optic neuritis associated with Q fever: case report and literature review. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 145: 269-273.
86. Ormsbee R.A., M.G. Peacock, R. Gerlo), G. Tallent and D. Wike. 1978. Limits of rickettsial infectivity. Infect. Immun. 19: 239-245.
87. Ortolá P.R., F.G. Peñalba, C.J. Ruiz and M.A. Angulo. 1992. Coxiella burnetii osteoarthritis. Rev. Clin. Esp. 191: 25-26
88. Panaiotov S., M. Ciccozzi, N. Brankova, V. Levterova, M. Mitova-Tiholova, M. Amicosante, G. Rezza and T. Kantardjiev. 2009. An outbreak of Q fever in Bulgaria. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita. 45: 83-86.
89. Porten K., J. Rissland, A. Tigges, S. Broll, W. Hopp, M. Lunemann, U. van Treeck, P. Kimmig, S.O. Brockmann, C. Wagner-Wiening, W. Hellenbrand and U. Buchholz. 2006. A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany. BMC Infect. Dis. 6: 147.
90. Raoult D., G. Bollini and H. Gallais. 1989. Osteoarticular infection due to Coxiella burnetii. J. Infect. Dis. 159: 1159-1160.
91. Raoult D., F. Fenollar and A. Stein. 2002. Q fever during pregnancy: diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Arch. Intern. Med. 162: 701-704.
92. Raoult D., P. Houpikian, H. Tissot Dupont, J.M. Riss, J. Arditi-Djiane and P. Brouqui. 1999. Treatment of Q fever endocarditis: comparison of 2 regimens containing doxycycline and ofloxacin or hydroxychloroquine. Arch. Intern. Med. 159: 167-173
93. Raoult D. Antibiotic treatment of rickettsiosis, recent advances and current concepts. In: Kazar J., Raoult D. Rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases. Bratislava 1991, 652-662.
94. Raoult D. 1993. Treatment of Q fever. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 37: 1733-1736.
95. Rehacek J. and Tarasevich I.V. Q fever. In: Acari-borne rickettsiae & rickettsioses in Eurasia. Veda Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. Bratislava 1988.
96. Rowbotham T.J. 1983. Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from clinical specimens via amoebae, and the interaction of those and other isolates with amoebae. J. Clin. Pathol. 36: 978-986.
97. Ruiz-Fons F., O. Rodríguez, A. Torina, V. Naranjo, C. Gortázar, and J. de la Fuente. 2008. Prevalence of Coxiella burnetti infection in wild and farmed ungulates. Vet. Microbiol. 126: 282-286.
98. Salmon M.M., B. Howells, E.J. Glencross, A.D. Evans and S.R. Palmer. 1982. Q fever in an urban area. Lancet 1: 1002-1004
99. Schramek S., J. Radziejewska-Lebrecht and H. Mayer. 1985. 3-C-branched aldoses in lipopolysaccharide of phase I Coxiella burnetii and their role as immunodominant factors. Eur. J. Biochem. 148(3): 455-461.
100. Scott G.H. and J.C. Williams. 1990. Susceptibility of Coxiella burnetii to chemical disinfectants. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 590: 291-296.
101. Segal G., M. Feldman and T. Zusman. 2005. The Icm/Dot type-IV secretion systems of Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 29: 65-81.
102. Serbezov V.S., J. Kazár, V. Novkirishki, N. Gatcheva, E. Kovácová and V. Voynova. 1999. Q fever in Bulgaria and Slovakia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5: 388-394.
103. Seshadri R., I.T. Paulsen, J.A. Eisen, T.D. Read, K.E. Nelson, W.C. Nelson, N.L. Ward, H. Tettelin, T.M. Davidsen, M.J. Beanan, R.T. Deboy, S.C. Daugherty, L.M. Brinkac, R. Madupu, R.J. Dodson, H.M. Khouri, K.H. Lee, H.A. Carty, D. Scanlan, R.A. Heinzen, H.A. 'ompson, J.E. Samuel, C.M. Fraser and J.F. Heidelberg. 2003. Complete genome sequence of the Q-fever pathogen Coxiella burnetii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 5455-5460.
104. Sessa C., L. Vokrri, P. Porcu, M. Maurin, J.P. Stahl and J.L. Magne. 2005. Abdominal aortic aneurysm and Coxiella burnetii infection: report of three cases and review of the literature. J. Vasc. Surg. 42: 153-158.
105. Slabá K., A. Hussein, P. Palkovic, V. Horváth and R. Toman. 2003. Studies on the immunological role of virenose and dihydrohydroxystreptose present in the Coxiella burnetii phase I lipopolysaccharide. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 990: 505-509
106. Speelman P. 2010. The largest Q fever outbreak ever reported. Neth. J. Med. 68: 380-381.
107. Spelman DW. 1982. Q fever: a study of 111 consecutive cases. Med. J. Aust. 1: 547-553.
108. Spicer A.J., M.G. Peacock and J.C. Williams. 1981. Effectiveness of several antibiotics in suppressing chick embryo lethality during experimental infections by Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia typhi and R. rickettsii. (In:) W. Burgdorfer, R. l. Anacker Rickettsiae and rickettsial Diseases. Academic Press, New York, 375-383.
109. Stein A. and D. Raoult. 1999. Pigeon pneumonia in provence: a bird-borne Q fever outbreak. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29: 617-620.
110. Stein A. and D. Raoult. 1998. Q fever during pregnancy: a public health problem in southern France. Clin Infect Dis. 27: 592-596
111. Stein A., N.A. Saunders, A.G. Taylor and D. Raoult. 1993. Phylogenic homogeneity of Coxiella burnetii strains as determinated by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 113: 339-344.
112. Stempień R., Z. Deroń, T. Górski, M. Libich, A. Vogel and M. Dadak. 1985. Imported leather raw materials as a cause of Q fever. Przegl. Epidemiol. 39: 218-223.
113. Tilburg J.J., J.W. Rossen, E.J. van Hannen, W.J. Melchers, M.H. Hermans, J. van de Bovenkamp, H.J. Roest, A. de Bruin, M.H. Nabuurs-Franssen, A.M. Horrevorts and C.H. Klaassen. 2012. Genotypic diversity of Coxiella burnetii in the 2007-2010 Q fever outbreak episodes in The Netherlands. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50: 1076-1078.
114. Tissot Dupont H., D. Raoult, P. Brouqui, F. Janbon, D. Peyramond, P.J. Weiller, C. Chicheportiche, M. Nezri and R. Poirier. 1992. Epidemiologic features and clinical presentation of acute Q fever in hospitalized patients: 323 French cases. Am. J. Med. 93: 427-434.
115. Tissot-Dupont H., M.A. Amadei, M. Nezri and D. Raoult. 2004. Wind in November, Q fever in December. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10: 1264-1269.
116. Tissot-Dupont H., S. Torres, M. Nezri and D. Raoult. 1999. Hyperendemic focus of Q fever related to sheep and wind. Am. J. Epidemiol. 150: 67-74.
117. Tobin M.J., Cahill N., Gearty G., Mauer B., Blake S., Daly K. and R. Hone. 1982. Q-fever endocarditis. Am. J. Med. 72: 369-400.
118. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska S., D. Kruszewska and T. Chmielewski. 1996. Epidemics of Q-fever in Poland in 1992-1994. Ann. Acad. Med. Bial. 1: 123-128.
119. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska S., H. Lewkowicz and M. Wesołowska. 1993. Coxiella burnetii infections (Q fever) in animals and humans in Poznan and Leszno districts detected by serodiagnosis. Przegl. Epidemiol. 47: 399-404.
120. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska S., W. Rumin, H. Lewkowicz and S. Sikorski. 1991. Epidemic of Q-fever in Leszno district in Poland. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 3: 307-309.
121. Valková D. and J. Kazár. 1995. A new plasmid (QpDV) common to Coxiella burnetii isolates associated with acute and chronic Q fever. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 125: 275-280.
122. Varma M.P., A.A. Adgey and J.H. Connoly. 1980. Chronic Q-fever endocarditis. Br. Heart J. 43, 695-699.
123. Vogiatzis I., G. Dimoglou and V. Sachpekidis. 2008. Q fever myocarditis. Hippokratia12: 46-49
124. Voth D.E. and R.A. Heinzen. 2009. Sustained activation of Akt and Erk1/2 is required for Coxiella burnetii antiapoptotic activity. Infect. Immun. 77: 205-213.
125. Voth D.E., D. Howe and R.A. Heinzen. 2007. Coxiella burnetii inhibits apoptosis in human THP-1 cells and monkey primary alveolar macrophages. Infect. Immun. 75: 4263-4271.
126. Vranakis I., P.J. De Bock, A. Papadioti, Y. Tselentis, K. Gevaert, G. Tsiotis and A. Psaroulaki. 2011. Identification of potentially involved proteins in levofloxacin resistance mechanisms in Coxiella burnetii. J. Proteome Res. 10: 756-762.
127. Vranakis I., V. Sandalakis, D. Chochlakis, Y. Tselentis and A. Psarou laki. 2010. DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV mutations in an in vitro fluoroquinolone-resistant Coxiella burnetii strain. Microb. Drug Resist. 16: 111-117.
128. Weisburg W.G., M.E. Dobson, J.E. Samuel, G.A. Dasch, L.P. Mallavia, O. Baca, L. Mandelco, J.E. Sechrest, E. Weiss and C.R. Woese. 1989. Phylogenetic diversity of the Rickettsiae. J. Bacteriol. 171: 4202-4206.
129. Westlake P., L.M. Price, M. Russell and J.K. Kelly. 1987. The pathology of Q fever hepatitis. A case diagnosed by liver biopsy. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 9: 357-363.
130. Willems H., D. Thiele and H. Krauss. 1993. Plasmid differentiation and detection of Coxiella burnetii in clinical samples. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 9: 411-418.
131. Yadav M.P. and M.S. Sethi. 1979. Poikilotherms as reservoirs of Q-fever (Coxiella burnetii) in Uttar Pradesh. J. Wildl. Dis. 15: 15-17.
132. Yeaman M.R. and O.G. Baca. 1990. Unexpected antibiotic susceptibility of a chronic isolate of Coxiella burnetii. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 590: 297-305.
133. Yebra M., M. Marazuela, F. Albarrán and A. Moreno. 1988. Chronic Q fever hepatitis. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10: 1229-1230.