Examining the relation between combat-related concussion, a novel 5-factor model of posttraumatic stress symptoms, and health-related quality of life in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans

Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Volumn 73, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 1110-1118

  Tsai, Jack ^a,b   Whealin, Julia M ^c   Scott, J Cobb ^a,b   Harpaz Rotem, Ilan ^a,b   Pietrzak, Robert H ^a,b  

^a VA CONNECTICUT HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFGHANISTAN; ALCOHOL USE DISORDER; ARTICLE; BATTLE INJURY; BRAIN CONCUSSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DSM-IV; DYSPHORIA; FEMALE; HUMAN; IRAQ; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; POSTCONCUSSION SYNDROME; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; SHORT FORM 12; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; VETERAN;

EID: 84865735963     PISSN: 01606689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4088/JCP.11m07587     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Tanielian T, Jaycox LH, eds. Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation; 2008.
2. Mac Donald CL, Johnson AM, Cooper D, et al. Detection of blast-related traumatic brain injury in US military personnel. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(22):2091-2100. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa108069 PubMed
3. Belanger HG, Uomoto JM, Vanderploeg RD. The Veterans Health Administration's (VHA's) Polytrauma System of Care for mild traumatic brain injury: costs, benefits, and controversies. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2009;24(1):4-13. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181957032 PubMed
4. Okie S. Traumatic brain injury in the war zone. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(20):2043-2047. doi:10.1056/NEJMp058102 PubMed
5. Bhattacharjee Y. Neuroscience. Shell shock revisited: solving the puzzle of blast trauma. Science. 2008;319(5862):406-408. doi:10.126/science.319.5862. 406 PubMed
6. Terrio H, Brenner LA, Ivins BJ, et al. Traumatic brain injury screening: preliminary findings in a US Army Brigade Combat Team. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2009;24(1):14-23. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e31819581d8 PubMed
7. Han SD, Suzuki H, Drake AI, et al. Clinical, cognitive, and genetic predictors of change in job status following traumatic brain injury in a military population. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2009;24(1):57-64. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e318195705 PubMed
8. Ruff RL, Ruff SS, Wang XF. Headaches among Operation Iraqi Freedom/ Operation Enduring Freedom veterans with mild traumatic brain injury associated with exposures to explosions. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(7):941-952. doi:10.1682/JRD.208.02.028 PubMed
9. Hoge CW, Goldberg HM, Castro CA. Care of war veterans with mild traumatic brain injury - flawed perspectives. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(16):1588-1591. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0810606 PubMed
10. Bryant RA, Marosszeky JE, Crooks J, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder after severe traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(4):629-631. doi:10.176/api.ajp.157.4.629 PubMed
11. Hibbard MR, Uysal S, Kepler K, et al. Axis I psychopathology in individuals with traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1998;13(4):24-39. doi:10.1097/019-198080-03 PubMed
12. Ashman TA, Spielman LA, Hibbard MR, et al. Psychiatric challenges in the first 6 years after traumatic brain injury: cross-sequential analyses of Axis I disorders. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(suppl 2):S36-S42. doi:10.1016/j.apmr. 203.08.17 PubMed
13. Pietrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder mediates the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury and health and psychosocial functioning in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009;197(10):748-753. doi:10.1097/NMD. 0b013e3181b97a75 PubMed
14. Stein MB, McAllister TW. Exploring the convergence of posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(7):768-776. doi:10.176/api.ajp.209.08101604 PubMed
15. Bryant RA. Post-traumatic stress disorder vs traumatic brain injury. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(3):251-262. PubMed
16. Carlson KF, Kehle SM, Meis LA, et al. Prevalence, assessment, and treatment of mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of the evidence. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2011;26(2):103-115. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181e50ef1 PubMed
17. Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, et al. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(1):13-22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040603 PubMed
18. Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas JL, et al. Mild traumatic brain injury in US soldiers returning from Iraq. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(5):453-463. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072972 PubMed
19. Schneiderman AI, Braver ER, Kang HK. Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(12):1446-1452. doi:10.1093/aje/kwn068 PubMed
20. Polusny MA, Kehle SM, Nelson NW, et al. Longitudinal effects of mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity on postdeployment outcomes in national guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(1):79-89. doi:10.101/archgenpsychiatry.2010.172 PubMed
21. Pietrzak RH, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, et al. Structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychosocial functioning in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Psychiatry Res. 2010;178(2):323-329. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.039 PubMed
22. Tsai J, Pietrzak RH, Southwick SM, et al. Examining the dimensionality of combat-related posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in treatment-seeking OEF/OIF/OND veterans. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1-3):310-314. doi:10.1016/j.jad.201.06.057 PubMed
23. Harder LH, Chen S, Baker DG, et al. The influence of posttraumatic stress disorder numbing and hyperarousal symptom clusters in the prediction of physical health status in veterans with chronic tobacco dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2011;199(12):940-945. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182392bfb PubMed
24. Elhai JD, Biehn TL, Armour C, et al. Evidence for a unique PTSD construct represented by PTSD's D1-D3 symptoms. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(3):340-345. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.10.07 PubMed
25. Armour C, Elhai JD, Richardson D, et al. Assessing a five factor model of PTSD: is dysphoric arousal a unique PTSD construct showing differential relationships with anxiety and depression? J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26(2):368-376. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.201.12.02 PubMed
26. Pietrzak RH, Tsai J, Harpaz-Rotem I, et al. Support for a novel five-factor model of posttraumatic stress symptoms in three independent samples of Iraq/Afghanistan veterans: a confirmatory factor analytic study. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(3):317-322. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.201.1.013 PubMed
27. Wang L, Li Z, Shi Z, et al. Testing the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress responses in young Chinese adult earthquake survivors: further evidence for "dysphoric arousal" as a unique PTSD construct. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28(12):1097-1104. doi:10.102/da.20823 PubMed
28. Wang L, Zhang J, Shi Z, et al. Comparing alternative factor models of PTSD symptoms across earthquake victims and violent riot witnesses in China: evidence for a five-factor model proposed by Elhai et al. (2011). J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(6):771-776. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.201.03.01 PubMed
29. Wang L, Long D, Li Z, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom structure in Chinese adolescents exposed to a deadly earthquake. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011;39(5):749-758. doi:10.107/s10802-01-9508-4 PubMed
30. Clum GA, Nishith P, Resick PA. Trauma-related sleep disturbance and self-reported physical health symptoms in treatment-seeking female rape victims. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001;189(9):618-622. doi:10.1097/05053-201090-08 PubMed
31. Mohr D, Vedantham K, Neylan T, et al. The mediating effects of sleep in the relationship between traumatic stress and health symptoms in urban police officers. Psychosom Med. 2003;65(3):485-489. doi:10.1097/01.PSY.041404.96597.38 PubMed
32. Beckham JC, Flood AM, Dennis MF, et al. Ambulatory cardiovascular activity and hostility ratings in women with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(3):268-272. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.208.06.024 PubMed
33. Kubany ES, Gino A, Denny NR, et al. Relationship of cynical hostility and PTSD among Vietnam veterans. J Trauma Stress. 1994;7(1):21-31. doi:10.102/jts.249070104 PubMed
34. Asmundson GJG, Stapleton JA, Taylor S. Are avoidance and numbing distinct PTSD symptom clusters? J Trauma Stress. 2004;17(6):467-475. doi:10.107/s10960-04-5795-7 PubMed
35. Feeny NC, Zoellner LA, Fitzgibbons LA, et al. Exploring the roles of emotional numbing, depression, and dissociation in PTSD. J Trauma Stress. 2000;13(3):489-498. doi:10.1023/A:1078940930 PubMed
36. Litz BT. Emotional numbing in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: a critical review and reformulation. Clin Psychol Rev. 1992;12(4):417-432. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(92)90125-R
37. Cohen BE, Gima K, Bertenthal D, et al. Mental health diagnoses and utilization of VA non-mental health medical services among returning Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(1):18-24. doi:10.107/s1606-09- 17-3 PubMed
38. Iverson GL, Langlois JA, McCrea MA, et al. Challenges associated with post-deployment screening for mild traumatic brain injury in military personnel. Clin Neuropsychol. 2009;23(8):1299-1314. doi:10.1080/13854040903153902 PubMed
39. United States Government Accountability Office. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Screening and Evaluation Implemented for OEF/OIF Veterans, but Challenges Remain. Washington, DC: United States Congress; 2008.
40. Weathers FW, Huska JA, Keane TM. PCL-C for DSM-IV. Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD-Behavioral Science Division; 1991.
41. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
42. Blanchard EB, Jones-Alexander J, Buckley TC, et al. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behav Res Ther. 1996;34(8):669-673. doi:10.1016/05-7967(96)03-2 PubMed
43. Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman DS, et al. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Presented at the 9th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies; October 1993; San Antonio, TX.
44. Riviere LA, Edens EN, Adler AB, et al. Modifying instructions on the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for military populations does not change symptom reporting. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2011;199(3):199-202. doi:10.1097/NMD. 0b013e31820cae4 PubMed
45. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Tuner-Bowker DM, et al. Version 2 of the SF-12 Health Survey. Boston, MA: Quality Metric; 2002.
46. Ewing JA. Detecting alcoholism: the CAGE questionnaire. JAMA. 1984;252(14):1905-1907. doi:10.101/jama.1984.035014051025 PubMed
47. Dhalla S, Kopec JA. The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies. Clin Invest Med. 2007;30(1):33-41. PubMed
48. Graham JW. Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world. Annu Rev Psychol. 2009;60(1):549-576. doi:10.146/anurev.psych.58.10405.08530 PubMed
49. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. SPSS 17.0. Chicago, IL: SPSS, Inc; 2008.
50. Bentler PM. EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. 6.1 ed. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc; 2001.
51. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using a Multivariate Analysis. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 2001.
52. Trudeau DL, Anderson J, Hansen LM, et al. Findings of mild traumatic brain injury in combat veterans with PTSD and a history of blast concussion. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;10(3):308-313. PubMed
53. Kennedy JE, Jaffee MS, Leskin GA, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44(7):895-920. doi:10.1682/JRD.206.12.016 PubMed
54. Comper P, Bisschop SM, Carnide N, et al. A systematic review of treatments for mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2005;19(11):863-880. doi:10.1080/02690504025042 PubMed
55. Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. Associations between repeated deployments to Iraq (OIF/OND) and Afghanistan (OEF) and postdeployment illnesses and injuries, active component, US Armed Forces, 2003-2010, part 2: mental disorders, by gender, age group, military occupation, and "dwell times" prior to repeat (second through fifth) deployments. MSMR. 2011;18(9):2-11. PubMed
56. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Development. G 05 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/ Pages/proposedrevision. aspx?rid=165. Updated August 20, 2010. Accessed April 24, 2012.