House on fire: The fight to eradicate smallpox

House on Fire: The Fight to Eradicate Smallpox

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages

  Foege, William H ^a  

^a BILL AND MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION   (United States)

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EID: 84865663525     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (70)

1. Donald R. Hopkins, Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
2. Donald R. Hopkins, personal communication, December 1979.
3. G. Catlin, O-Kee-Pa, a Religious Ceremony, and Other Customs oftheMandans (1867. Centennial edition, edited by J.C. Ewers, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1967).
4. Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic 0/1775-82 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001).
5. Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992).
6. Hopkins, Princes and Peasants.
7. Edward Jenner, An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire, and Known by the Name of the Cowpox (1798. Reprint, Denver, CO: Nolie Mumey, 1940).
8. Jefferson quoted in Hopkins, Princes and Peasants, 310.
9. Some years later, Ravenholt's interest in global fertility control led him to head up the population program at the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). For a compilation of Ravenholt's contributions, see "Adventures in Epidemiology," January 15, 2009, at www.ravenholt.com.
10. Through the years, the name changed first to Center for Disease Control, then to Centers for Disease Control, and finally to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The acronym (CDC) remains unchanged.
11. For more information, see "Epidemic Intelligence Service," www.cdc.gov/eis/, accessed December 14, 2008.
12. C. W. Dixon, Smallpox (London: J. and A. Churchill Ltd., 1962).
13. W. H. Foege, "Investigation of Suspected Smallpox-New Mexico," Report to J. D. Millar, March 1963. Archives housed in the Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (hereafter cited as CDC Files).
14. Jim Curran, K2: The Story of the Savage Mountain (Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1995)
15. Robert H. Bates and Charles S. Houston, Five Miles High: The Story of an Attack on the Second Highest Mountain in the World by the Members of the First American Karakoram Expedition, 2nd ed. (New York: Lyons Press, 2000).
16. T.H. Weller, "Questions of Priority," New England Journal of Medicine 269 (1963): 673-78.
17. Tom Weller, John Enders, and Fred Robbins had won a Nobel Prize in 1954 for demonstrating that it is possible to grow poliovirus under laboratory conditions, thereby setting the stage for the development of polio vaccine, which was licensed in 1955. Weller remained active and interested in global health for the rest of his life. He died in 2008 at the age of ninety-four.
18. F. Fenner, D. A. Henderson, I. Arita, and Z. Jezek, Smallpox and Its Eradication (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988), 409.
19. Rei Ravenholt to Sargent Shriver, June 24,1961. Author's personal files.
20. Personal communication, June 1965.
21. See, for instance, S. Bhattacharya, M. Harrison, and M. Worboys, Fractured States: Smallpox, Public Health, and Vaccination Policy in British India 1800-194.7 (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2005).
22. Elenore Smith Bowen [Laura Bohannan], Return to Laughter: An Anthropological Novel (Garden City, NY: Doubleday 1964), 230.
23. William Schneider, "Smallpox in Africa during Colonial Rule," Medical History 53 (2009).
24. Donald R. Hopkins, Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
25. Hausa woman quoted in Schneider, "Smallpox in Africa during Colonial Rule," 198.
26. R Fenner, D. A Henderson, I. Arita, and Z. Jezek, Smallpox and Its Eradication (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988), 903.
27. Peter Enahoro, How to Be a Nigerian (Santa Rosa, CA: Spectrum Books Ltd., 1998), 21.
28. World Health Organization, Smallpox Eradication-Report of a WHO Scientific Group, Technical Report Series no. 383 (Geneva: WHO, 1968).
29. W. H. Foege, "Epidemiology of Smallpox in West and Central Africa," Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa (Lagos, Nigeria, May 13-20,1969).
30. Henry M. Gelfand and D. A. Henderson, "A Program for Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control throughout West Africa," Journal of International Health 2, no. 1 (Fall 1966).
31. CDC, West and Central African Smallpox Eradication.
32. Letter from H. Gelfand to J. D. Millar, May 2,1969. Author's personal files.
33. R Fenner, D. A. Henderson, I. Arita, and Z. Jezek, Smallpox and Its Eradication (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988).
34. J. Z. Holwell, "An Account of the Manner of Inoculating for Smallpox in the East Indies (AD 1767)," in Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century: Some Contemporary European Accounts, vol. 1 of Collected Writings ofDharam-pal (Delhi: Impex, 1971), 143-63.
35. My thanks to Dr. M. I. D. Sharma for his help in assembling the following material on smallpox in India.
36. G. Mukhopadhya, History of Indian Medicine, 2nd ed. (New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1974).
37. O. R Jaggi, Folk Medicine (Delhi: Atma Ram and Sons, 1973).
38. S. Bhattacharya, M. Harrison, and M. Worboys, Fractured States: Smallpox, Public Health and Vaccination Policy in British India 1800-194.7 (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2005), 64.
39. Holwell, "Account of the Manner of Inoculating for Smallpox."
40. C. W. Dixon, Smallpox (London: J. and A. Churchill Ltd., 1962)
41. K.M. Lai, D. Chand, and G.S. Murty "Smallpox in Uttar Pradesh (1877-1954)," Journal of the Indian Medical Association 30, no. 4 (1958): 120-26.
42. M.I. D. Sharma, The History of Smallpox in India, unpublished paper, 1980. Author's personal files.
43. British Medical Journal, Jenner Centenary Number, May 23,1896.
44. Donald R. Hopkins, Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 74.
45. S.P James, Smallpox and Vaccination in British India (Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co., 1909).
46. Sharma, History of Smallpox in India.
47. R.W. Hunter, A Statistical Account of Bengal (London: Trubner and Co., 1876).
48. S.J. Thompson, The Silent India (Edinburgh: Williams, Blackwood and Sons, 1913).
49. Bhattacharya, Harrison, and Worboys, Fractured States, 35.
50. Hopkins, Princes and Peasants, 147-48. S.J. Thompson reports that simi-lar rumors were repeated in Burma as part of an antivaccination campaign. See Thompson, Silent India.
51. Bhattacharya, Harrison, and Worboys, Fractured States.
52. James, Smallpox and Vaccination in British India.
53. Bhattacharya, Harrison, and Worboys, Fractured States, 64.
54. Health Survey and Development Committee, Report (Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1946).
55. R.N. Basu, Z. Jezek, and N. A. Ward, The Eradication of Smallpox from India (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1979).
56. Control of Smallpox and Cholera in India. Report on the Deliberations of the Central Expert Committee of Indian Council of Medical Research on Smallpox and Cholera (New Delhi: Ministry of Health, Government of India, 1959).
57. National Smallpox Eradication Programme in India (New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Planning, Government of India, 1966).
58. India's National Institute of Communicable Diseases is equivalent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States; indeed it was renamed the National Centre for Disease Control at its centennial celebration in July 2009. See K.C. Patnaik and P.N. Kapoor, Statistical Review of Smallpox Problem in India (New Delhi: Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, 1965)
59. H. M. Gelfand, "A Critical Examination of the Indian Smallpox Eradication Program," American journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health 56, no. 10 (1966): 1634-51
60. S.P. Ramakrishnan and H. M Gelfand, A Guide for the Evaluation of the National Smallpox Eradication Programme at the District Level (New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health, 1964).
61. World Health Organization, "An Assessment of the National Smallpox Eradication Programme," restricted report (Geneva: WHO, 1968).
62. S. Bhattacharya, Expunging Variola-The Control and Eradication of Smallpox in India, 1947-1977 (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2006), 147.
63. A.R. Rao, Smallpox (Bombay: Kothari Book Depot, 1972).
64. Personal communication, Don Francis, January 16, 2009.
65. S. Bhattacharya, Expunging Variola: The Control and Eradication of Smallpox in India, 1947-1977 (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2006).
66. R.N. Basu, Z. Jezek, and N.A. Ward, The Eradication of Smallpox from India (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1979).
67. Myron L. Belkind, Smallpox (New Delhi: Associated Press, 1974).
68. Letter from H. Gelfand to J. D. Millar, dated May 2,1969. Author's personal files.
69. Mahendra Dutta, personal communication, August 2, 2009.
70. R Fenner, D. A Henderson, I. Arita, and Z. Jezek, Smallpox and Its Eradication (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988), 1097.