Eruption of kimberlite magmas: Physical volcanology, geomorphology and age of the youngest kimberlitic volcanoes known on earth (the Upper Pleistocene/Holocene Igwisi Hills volcanoes, Tanzania)

Bulletin of Volcanology

Volumn 74, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 1621-1643

  Brown, Richard J ^a,h   Manya, S ^b   Buisman, I ^c   Fontana, G ^d   Field, M ^e   Niocaill, C Mac ^d   Sparks, R S J ^f   Stuart, F M ^g  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM   (Tanzania)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^e AMEC FOSTER WHEELER   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^g SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^h DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Explosive eruption; Igwisi Hills; Kimberlite; Lava; Monogenetic volcano

Indexed keywords

AGE DETERMINATION; CRATER; GEOMORPHOLOGY; HOLOCENE; KIMBERLITE; LAVA FLOW; MAGMA; OLIVINE; PLEISTOCENE; PYROCLASTIC DEPOSIT; VOLCANIC ERUPTION; VOLCANISM; VOLCANOLOGY;

TANZANIA;

EID: 84865640116     PISSN: 02588900     EISSN: 14320819     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00445-012-0619-8     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Bassett H (1954) The Igwisi craters and lavas. Rec Geol Surv Tanganyika 4: 81-92.
2. Batumike JM, Griffin WL, Belousova NJ, Pearson NJ, O'Reilly SY, Shee SR (2008) LAM-ICPMS U-Pb dating of kimberlitic perovskite: Eocene-Oligocene kimberlites from the Kundelungu Plateau, D. R. Congo. Earth Planet Sci Lett 267: 609-619.
3. Bell K, Dodson MH (1981) The geochronology of the Tanzanian shield. J Geol 89: 109-128.
4. Berryman A, Scott Smith BH, Jellicoe B (2004) Geology and diamond distribution of the 140/141 kimberlite, Fort à la Corne, central Saskatchewan, Canada. Lithos 76: 99-114.
5. Brown RJ, Buse B, Sparks RSJ, Field M (2008a) On the welding of pyroclasts from very low-viscosity magmas: examples from kimberlite volcanoes. J Geol 116: 354-374.
6. Brown RJ, Gernon T, Steifenhofer FM (2008b) Geological constraints on the eruption of the Jwaneng central kimberlite pipe, Botswana. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174: 195-208.
7. Brown RJ, Tait M, Field M, Sparks RSJ (2009) Geology of a complex kimberlite pipe (K2 pipe, Venetia mine, South Africa): insights into conduit processes during explosive ultrabasic eruptions. Bull Volcanol 71: 95-112.
8. Buisman I, Sparks RSJ, Manya S, Brown RJ, Kavanagh J, Walter MJ (2012) Olivine chemistry of exceptionally young (Holocene) kimberlite of the IHV, Tanzania. Contrib Min Pet (in press).
9. Buse B, Schumacher JC, Sparks RSJ, Field M (2010) Growth of bultfonteinite and hydrogarnet in metasomatized basalt xenoliths in the B/K9 kimberlite, Damtshaa, Botswana: insights into hydrothermal metamorphism in kimberlite pipes. Contrib Min Pet 160: 533-550.
10. Cas RAF, Wright JV (1987) Volcanic successions. Chapman and Hall, London, p 528.
11. Cas RAF, Hayman P, Pittari A, Porritt L (2008) Some major problems with existing models and terminology associated with kimberlite pipes from a volcanological perspective, and some suggestions. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174: 209-225.
12. Castrucchio A, Rust A, Sparks RSJ (2010) Rheology and flow of crystal-rich bearing lavas: insights from analogue gravity currents. Earth Planet Sci Lett 297: 471-480.
13. Davis GL (1977) The ages and uranium contents of zircons from kimberlites and associated rocks. Carnegie Institute Washington 76: 631-635.
14. Dawson JB (1964) Carbonate tuff cones in northern Tanganyika. Geol Mag 101: 129-137.
15. Dawson JB (1971) Advances in kimberlite geology. Earth Sci Rev 7: 187-214.
16. Dawson JB (1994) Quaternary kimberlitic volcanism on the Tanzania craton. Contrib Min Pet 116: 473-485.
17. Dawson JB, Hawthorne JB (1973) Magmatic sedimentation and carbonatitic differentiation in kimberlite sills at Benfontein, South Africa. J Geol Soc London 129: 61-85.
18. Dawson JB, Powell DG (1969) The Natron-Engaruka explosion crater area, Northern Tanzania. Bull Volcanol 33: 761-817.
19. Doubik P, Hill BE (1999) Magmatic and hydromagmatic conduit development during the 1975 Tolbachik Eruption, Kamchatka, with implications for hazards assessment at Yucca Mountain, NV. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 91: 43-64.
20. Douce AEP, Beard JS (1994) Dehydration melting of biotite gneiss and quartz amphibolite from 3 to 15 kbar. J Pet 36: 707-738.
21. Dunai TJ (2000) Scaling factors for production rates of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides: a critical reevaluation. Earth Planet Sci Lett 176: 157-169.
22. Eley R, Grütter H, Louw A, Tunguno C, Twidale J (2008) Exploration geology of the Luxinga kimberlite cluster (Angola) with evidence supporting the presence of kimberlite lava. Extended Abstract 9th Int. Kimberlite Conf.
23. Field M, Scott Smith BH (1999) Contrasting geology and near-surface emplacement of kimberlite pipes in southern Africa and Canada. In: Gurney J, Gurney J, Pascoe M, Richardson S (eds) J. B. Dawson Volume. Proceedings of the VIIth International Kimberlite Conference, vol 1. Red Roof design cc, Cape Town, 214-237.
24. Field M, Gibson JG, Wilkes TA, Gababotse J, Khutjwe P (1997). The geology of the Orapa A/K1 Kimberlite, Botswana: further insight into the emplacement of kimberlite pipes. In: Dobretsov NL, Goldin SV, Kontorovich AE, Polyakov GV, Sobolev NV (eds) Proceedings of the Sixth International Kimberlite Conference 1: kimberlites, related rocks and mantle xenoliths. Russian Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia, 24-39.
25. Field M, Stiefenhofer J, Robey J, Kurszlaukis S (2008) The kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits of southern Africa: a review. Ore Geology Reviews 34: 33-75.
26. Fisher RV, Schmincke H-U (1984) Pyroclastic rocks. Springer, Berlin.
27. Foeken JPT, Persano C, Stuart FM, ter Voorde M (2007) Role of topography in isotherm perturbation: apatite (U-Th)/He and fission track results from the Malta tunnel, Tauern Window, Austria. Tectonics 26: 1-15.
28. Fontana GPG, Mac Niocaill C, Brown RJ, Sparks RSJ, Field M (2011) Emplacement temperatures of pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits in kimberlite pipes in southern Africa. Bull Volcanol 73: 1063-1083.
29. Fozzard PMH (1956) Further notes on the volcanic rocks from Igwisi, Tanganyika. Rec Geol Surv Tanganyika 6: 69-75.
30. Gernon T, Gilbertson M, Sparks RSJ, Field M (2008a) Gas-fluidisation in an experimental tapered bed: Insights into processes in diverging volcanic conduits. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174: 49-56.
31. Gernon T, Sparks RSJ, Field M (2008b) Degassing structures in volcaniclastic kimberlite: examples from southern African pipes. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174: 186-194.
32. Gernon TM, Fontana G, Field M, Sparks RSJ, Brown RJ, Mac Niocaill C (2009a) Pyroclastic flow deposits from a kimberlite eruption: the Orapa south crater, Botswana. Lithos 112: 566-578.
33. Gernon TM, Fontana G, Field M, Sparks RSJ (2009b) Depositional processes in a kimberlite crater: the Upper Cretaceous Orapa South Pipe (Botswana). Sedimentology 56: 623-643.
34. Gobba JM (1989) Kimberlite exploration in Tanzania. J African Earth Sci 9(314): 565-578.
35. Goehring BM, Kurz MD, Balco G, Schaefer JM, Licciardi J, Lifton NA (2010) Reevaluation of in situ cosmogenic (3)He production rates. Quat Geochron 5: 410-418.
36. Haggerty SE, Raber E, Naeser CW (1983) Fission track dating of kimberlite zircons. Earth Planet Sci Lett 63: 41-50.
37. Hawthorne JB (1975) Model of a kimberlite pipe. Phys Chem Earth 9: 1-15.
38. Junqueira-Brod TC, Brod JA, Gaspar JC, Jost H (2004) Kamafugitic diatremes: facies characterisation and genesis-examples from the Goiás alkaline province, Brazil. Lithos 76: 261-282.
39. Keating GN, Valentine GA, Krier DJ, Perry FV (2008) Shallow plumbing systems for small-volume basaltic volcanoes. Bull Volcanol 70: 563-582.
40. Kjarsgaard BA (2007). Kimberlite diamond deposits. In: Goodfellow WD (ed) Mineral deposits of Canada: a synthesis of major deposit types, district metallogeny, the evolution of geological provinces, and exploration methods. Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, Special Publication 5: 245-272.
41. Kjarsgaard BA, Leckie DA, Zonneveld J-P (2007). Discussion of "Geology and diamond distribution of the 140/141 kimberlite, Fort à la Corne, central Saskatchewan, Canada" by Berryman AK, Scott Smith BH, Jellicoe BC (Lithos 76: 99-114). Lithos 97: 422-428.
42. Kjarsgaard BA, Harvey S, McClintock M, Zonneveld JP, Du Plessis P, McNeil D, Heaman L (2009) Geology of the Orion South kimberlite, Fort à la Corne, Canada. Lithos 1125: 600-617.
43. Kurszlaukis S, Barnett WP (2003) Volcanological and structural aspects of the Venetia Kimberlite cluster-a case study of South African kimberlite maar-diatreme volcanoes. South African J Earth Sci 106: 165-192.
44. Kurszlaukis S, Lorenz V (2008) Formation of "Tuffisitic Kimberlite" by phreatomagmatic processes. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174: 68-80.
45. 3He: influence of the Earth's magnetic field. Eos 68: 1286.
46. Leckie DA, Kjarsgaard BA, Bloch J, McIntyre D, McNeil D, Stasiuk L, Heaman L (1997) Emplacement and reworking of Cretaceous, diamond-bearing, crater facies kimberlite of central Saskatchewan, Canada. Geol Soc Am Bull 109: 1000-1020.
47. Lefebvre N, Kurszlaukis S (2008) Contrasting eruption styles of the 147 kimberlite, Fort à la Corne, Saskatchewan, Canada. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174: 171-185.
48. Lorenz V (1975) Formation of phreatomagmatic maar-diatreme volcanoes and its relevance to kimberlite diatremes. Phys Chem Earth 9: 17-27.
49. Lorenz V (2007) Syn- and post-eruptive hazards of maar-diatreme volcanoes. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 159: 285-312.
50. Lorenz V, Kurszlaukis S (2007) Root zone processes in the phreatomagmatic pipe emplacement model and consequences for the evolution of maar-diatreme volcanoes. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 159: 4-32.
51. Mainkar D, Lehmann B, Haggerty SE (2004) The crater-facies kimberlite system of Tokapal, Bastar district, Chhattisgarh, India. Lithos 76: 201-217.
52. Mattsson HB, Tripoli BA (2011) Depositional characteristics and volcanic landforms in the lake Natron-Engaruka monogenetic field, northern Tanzania. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 203: 23-34.
53. McClintock M, White JDL, Houghton BF, Skilling IP (2008) Physical volcanology of a large crater-complex formed during the initial stages of Karoo flood basalt volcanism, Sterkspruit, Eastern Cape, South Africa. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 172: 93-111.
54. McGetchin TR, Settle M, Chouet BA (1974) Cinder cone growth modeled after northeast crater, Mount Etna, Sicily. J Geophys Res 79: 3257-3272.
55. Mitchell RH (1970) Kimberlite and related rocks-a critical reappraisal. J Geol 78: 686-704.
56. Mitchell RH (1986). Kimberlites. Mineralogy, geochemistry and petrology. Plenum, New York.
57. Mitchell RH (2008) Petrology of hypabyssal kimberlites: relevance to primary magma compositions. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174: 1-8.
58. Moss S, Russell JK (2011) Fragmentation in kimberlite: products and intensity of explosive eruptions. Bull Volcanol 72: 983-1003.
59. Moss S, Russell JK, Andrews GDM (2008) Progressive infilling of a kimberlite pipe at Diavik, Northwest Territories, Canada: insights from volcanic facies architecture, textures, and granulometry. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174: 103-116.
60. Newhall CG, Self S (1982) The volcanic explosivity index (VEI): an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism. J Geophys Res 87: 123-1238.
61. Pirrung M, Büchel G, Lorenz V, Treutler H (2008) Post-eruptive development of the Ukinrek east maar since its eruption in 1977 A. D. in the periglacial area of south-west Alaska. Sedimentology 55: 305-334.
62. Pittari A, Cas RAF, Lefebvre N, Robey J, Kurszlaukis S, Webb K (2006) Eruption processes and facies architecture of the Orion central kimberlite volcanic complex, Fort a la Corne, Saskatchewan; kimberlite mass flow deposits in a sedimentary basin. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174: 152-170.
63. Porritt LA, Russell JK (2012) Kimberlite ash: fact or fiction? Phys Chem Earth (in press).
64. Porritt LA, Cas R, Crawford BB (2008) In-vent column collapse as an alternative model for massive volcaniclastic kimberlite emplacement: an example from the Fox kimberlite, Ekati Diamond Mine, NWT, Canada. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 174: 90-102.
65. Porter SC (1972) Distribution, morphology, and size frequency of cinder cones on Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii. Geol Soc Am Bull 83: 3607-3612.
66. Reid AM, Donaldson CH, Dawson JB, Brown RW, Ridley WI (1975) The Igwisi Hills extrusive "kimberlites". Phys Chem Earth 9: 199-218.
67. Ross P-S, White JD (2006) Debris jets in continental phreatomagmatic volcano: a field study of their subterranean rocks in the Coombs Hills vent complex, Antarctica. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 149: 62-84.
68. Ross P-S, Delpit S, Haller MJ, Németh K, Corbella H (2011) Influence of the substrate on maar-diatreme volcanoes-an example of a mixed setting from the Pali Aike volcanic field, Argentina. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 201: 253-271.
69. Rowland SK, Walker GPL (1988) Mafic-crystal distributions, viscosities, and lava structures of some Hawaiian lava flows. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 35: 55-66.
70. Sampson DN (1953) The volcanic hills at Igwisi. Rec Geol Surv Tanganyika 3: 48-53.
71. Skinner EMW, Marsh JS (2004) Distinct kimberlite pipe classes with contrasting eruption processes. Lithos 76: 183-200.
72. Sparks RSJ, Baker L, Brown RJ, Field M, Schumacher J, Stripp G (2006) Dynamical constraints on kimberlite volcanism. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 155: 18-48.
73. Stiefenhofer J, Farrow DJ (2004) Geology of the Mwadui kimberlite, Shinyanga district, Tanzania. Lithos 76: 139-160.
74. Stripp GR, Field M, Schumacher JC, Sparks RSJ (2006) Post-emplacement serpentinization and related hydrothermal metamorphism in a kimberlite from Venetia, South Africa. J Met Geology 24: 515-534.
75. Valentine GA (2012) Shallow plumbing systems for small-volume basaltic volcanoes, 2: evidence from crustal xenoliths at scoria cones and maars. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 223-224: 47-63.
76. Valentine GA, Groves KR (2008) Entrainment of country rock during basaltic eruptions of the Lucero volcanic field, New Mexico. J Geol 104: 71-90.
77. van Straaten BI, Kopylova MG, Russell JK, Scott Smith BH (2011) A rare occurrence of a crater-filling clastogenic extrusive coherent kimberlite, Victor Northwest (Ontario, Canada). Bull Volcanol 73: 1047-1062.
78. Walker GPL (1973) Lengths of lava flows. Phil Trans Roy Soc London 274: 107-118.
79. Walters AL, Phillips JC, Brown RJ, Field M, Gernon T, Stripp G (2006) The role of fluidisation in the formation of volcaniclastic kimberlite: grain size observations and experimental investigation. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 155: 119-137.
80. White JDL, Houghton BF (2006) Primary volcaniclastic rocks. Geology 34: 677-680.
81. White JDL, Ross P-S (2011) Maar-diatreme volcanoes: a review. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 201: 1-29.
82. Willcox A, Buisman I, Sparks RSJ, Brown RJ, Manya S, Schumacher JS, Tuffen H (2012) Petrology, geochemistry and low-temperature alteration of extrusive lavas and pyroclastic rocks of the Igwisi Hills kimberlites, Tanzania. Chem Geol. doi: 10. 1016/j. pce. 2011. 03. 002.
83. 3He concentrations in old volcanic rocks: an example of landscape development in central Gran Canaria. Quat Sci Rev 24: 211-222.
84. Wohletz KH, Sheridan MF (1983) Hydrovolcanic explosions II. Evolution of basaltic tuff rings and tuff cones. Am J Sci 283: 385-413.
85. Wood CA (1980) Morphometric evolution of cinder cones. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 7: 387-413.
86. Zonneveld J-P, Kjarsgaard BA, Harvey SE, Heaman LM, McNeil DH, Marcia KY (2004) Sedimentologic and stratigraphic constraints on the emplacement of the Star kimberlite east-central Saskatchewan. Lithos 76: 115-138.