Radio-echo probing of Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, USA, during onset of melting and spring speed-up

Journal of Glaciology

Volumn 58, Issue 210, 2012, Pages 713-724

  Gades, Anthony M ^a,b   Raymond, Charles F ^a   Conway, Howard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b PHILIPS HEALTHCARE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLACIER; MELTING; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; REFLECTIVITY; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; SURFACE WATER; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS;

ALASKA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84865597924     PISSN: 00221430     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3189/2012JoG11J145     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Amundson JM, Truffer M and Lüthi MP (2006) Time-dependent basal stress conditions beneath Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, USA, inferred from measurements of ice deformation and surface motion. J. Glaciol., 52(178), 347-357 (doi: 10.3189/172756506781828593) (Pubitemid 44970708)
2. Bartholomaus TC, Anderson RS and Anderson SP (2008) Response of glacier basal motion to transient water storage. Nature Geosci., 1(1), 33-37 (doi: 10.1038/ngeo.2007.52)
3. Born M and Wolf E (1980) Principles of optics: electromagnetic theory of propagation interference and diffraction of light, 6th edn. Pergamon Press, London
4. Bradford JH, Nichols J, Mikesell TD and Harper JT (2009) Continuous profiles of electromagnetic wave velocity and water content in glaciers: an example from Bench Glacier, Alaska, USA. Ann. Glaciol., 50(51), 1-9 (doi: 10.3189/172756409789097540)
5. Chan EC and Marton JP (1974) Generalized Maxwell Garnett equations for rough surfaces. J. Appl. Phys., 45(11), 5004-5007 (doi: 10.1063/1.1663173)
6. Cuffey KM and Paterson WSB (2010) The physics of glaciers, 4th edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
7. Dillon WR and Goldstein M (1984) Multivariate analysis methods and applications. Wiley, New York
8. Fountain AG and Walder JS (1998) Water flow through temperate glaciers. Rev. Geophys., 36(3), 299-328 (Pubitemid 28555981)
9. Gades AM (1998) Spatial and temporal variations of basal conditions beneath glaciers and ice sheets inferred from radio echo soundings. (PhD Thesis, University of Washington)
10. Harrison WD, Mayo LR and Trabant DC (1973) Temperature measurements of Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, 1973. In Weller G and Bowling SA eds. Climate of the Arctic: Proceedings of 24th Alaska Science Conference. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 350-352
11. Heinrichs TA, Mayo LR, Echelmeyer KA and Harrison WD (1996) Quiescent-phase evolution of a surge-type glacier: Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A. J. Glaciol., 42(140), 110-122
12. Irvine-Fynn TDL, Moorman BJ, Williams JLM and Walter FSA (2006) Seasonal changes in ground-penetrating radar signature observed at a polythermal glacier, Bylot Island, Canada. Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 31(7), 892-909 (doi: 10.1002/esp.1299) (Pubitemid 43985023)
13. Jacobel RW and Anderson SK (1987) Interpretation of radio-echo returns from internal water bodies in Variegated Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A. J. Glaciol., 33(115), 319-323
14. Jones FHM (1987) Digital impulse radar for glaciology: instrumentation, modelling and field studies. (MSc thesis, University of British Columbia)
15. Keller GV and Frischknecht FC (1966) Electrical methods in geophysical prospecting. Pergamon Press, New York
16. Kulessa B, Booth AD, Hobbs A and Hubbard AL (2008) Automated monitoring of subglacial hydrological processes with groundpenetrating radar (GPR) at high temporal resolution: scope and potential pitfalls. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(24), L24502 (doi: 10.1029/2008GL035855)
17. Looyenga H (1965) Dielectric constant of heterogeneous mixtures. Physica, 31(3), 401-406
18. Mair D, Willis I, Fischer UH, Hubbard B, Nienow P and Hubbard A (2003) Hydrological controls on patterns of surface, internal and basal motion during three 'spring events': Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. J. Glaciol., 49(167), 555-567 (doi: 10.3189/172756503781830467) (Pubitemid 39048031)
19. McIntyre JDE and Aspnes DE (1971) Differential reflection spectroscopy of very thin surface films. Surf. Sci., 24(2), 417-434
20. Murray T, Booth A and Rippin DM (2007) Water-content of glacierice: limitations on estimates from velocity analysis of surface ground-penetrating radar surveys. J. Environ. Eng. Geophys., 12(1), 87-99 (doi: 10.2113/JEEG12.1.87) (Pubitemid 47528274)
21. Nolan M and Echelmeyer K (1999a) Seismic detection of transient changes beneath Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.: I. Techniques and observations. J. Glaciol., 45(149), 119-131 (Pubitemid 29377610)
22. Nolan M and Echelmeyer K (1999b) Seismic detection of transient changes beneath Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.: II. Basal morphology and processes. J. Glaciol., 45(149), 132-146 (Pubitemid 29377611)
23. Post AS (1960) The exceptional advances of the Muldrow, Black Rapids, and Susitna Glaciers. J. Geophys. Res., 65(11), 3703-3712
24. Raymond CF, Benedict RJ, Harrison WD, Echelmeyer KA and Sturm M (1995) Hydrological discharges and motion of Fels and Black Rapids Glaciers, Alaska, U.S.A.: implications for the structure of their drainage systems. J. Glaciol., 41(138), 290-304 (Pubitemid 26438708)
25. Truffer M and Harrison WD (2006) In situ measurements of till deformation and water pressure. J. Glaciol., 52(177), 175-182 (doi: 10.3189/ 172756506781828700) (Pubitemid 44256212)
26. Truffer M, Motyka RJ, Harrison WD, Echelmeyer KA, Fisk B and Tulaczyk S (1999) Subglacial drilling at Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.: drilling method and sample descriptions. J. Glaciol., 45(151), 495-505 (Pubitemid 30192294)
27. Truffer M, Harrison WD and Echelmeyer KA (2000) Glacier motion dominated by processes deep in underlying till. J. Glaciol., 46(153), 213-221 (doi: 10.3189/172756500781832909)
28. Truffer M, Echelmeyer KA and Harrison WD (2001) Implications of till deformation on glacier dynamics. J. Glaciol., 47(156), 123- 134 (doi: 10.3189/172756501781832449) (Pubitemid 32787367)
29. Truffer M, Harrison WD and March RS (2005) Correspondence. Record negative glacier balances and low velocities during the 2004 heatwave in Alaska, USA: implications for the interpretation of observations by Zwally and others in Greenland. J. Glaciol., 51(175), 663-664 (doi: 10.3189/172756505781829016)
30. Walford MER and Kennett MI (1989) A synthetic-aperture radioecho experiment at Storglaciären, Sweden. J. Glaciol., 35(119), 43-47
31. Weertman BR (1993) Interpretation of ice sheet stratigraphy: a radio-echo sounding study of the Dyer Plateau, Antarctica. (PhD thesis, University of Washington)