The prescription drug abuse epidemic

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 361-377

  Yu, Hoi Ying Elsie ^a  

^a GEISINGER HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

Benzodiazepines; Drug diversion; Opioids; Stimulants

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CENTRAL DEPRESSANT AGENT; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; DEXAMPHETAMINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

AGGRESSIVENESS; AGITATION; ANXIETY DISORDER; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; BRADYCARDIA; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMA; CONFUSION; CONVULSION; DEPRESSION; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG MISUSE; DRUG SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; DRUG TOLERANCE; HALLUCINATION; HEADACHE; HEART ARREST; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART PALPITATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; INAPPROPRIATE PRESCRIBING; INSOMNIA; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MUSCLE TONE; OPIATE ADDICTION; PAIN; PANIC; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SEIZURE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SPASTICITY; STUPOR;

EPIDEMICS; HUMANS; PRESCRIPTION DRUGS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84865596877     PISSN: 02722712     EISSN: 15579832     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2012.06.006     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: summary of national findings, NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4658 2011, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville (MD).
2. Warner M., Chen L.H., Makuc D.M., et al. Drug poisoning deaths in the United States, 1980-2008. NCHS Data Brief, 2011 http://www.cdc.gov.
3. U.S. Department of Justice National Drug Intelligence Center: National Drug Treat Assessment 2011 Product No. 2011-Q0317-001, Accessed August 7, 2012. http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs44/44849/44849p.pdf.
4. Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2009: National estimates of drug-related emergency department visits 2011, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4659, DAWN Series D-35, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville (MD).
5. Bissell M.G., Peat M.A. Opioids 1: opiates. Clinical toxicology testing: a guide for laboratory professionals 2012, 140-148. CAP Press, Northfield (IL). B. Magnani, M.G. Bissell, T.C. Kwong (Eds.).
6. Yu H.E. Opioids 2: synthetic opioids. Clinical toxicology testing: a guide for laboratory professionals 2012, 149-156. CAP Press, Northfield (IL). B. Magnani, M.G. Bissell, T.C. Kwong (Eds.).
7. Ingall G.B., Vennapusa B. Opioids 3: synthetic opioids continued (methadone and buprenorphine). Clinical toxicology testing: a guide for laboratory professionals 2012, 157-163. CAP Press, Northfield (IL). B. Magnani, M.G. Bissell, T.C. Kwong (Eds.).
8. Manchikanti L., Fellows B., Ailinani H., et al. Therapeutic use, abuse, and nonmedical use of opioids: a ten-year perspective. Pain Physician 2010, 13(5):401-435.
9. Research Report Series. Prescription drugs: abuse and addiction 2011, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH Publication No. 11-4881.
10. CDC Vital Signs Issue: Prescription Painkiller Overdoses in the US Accessed March 6, 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns.
11. Webster L.R., Cochella S., Dasgupta N., et al. An analysis of the root causes for opioid-related overdose deaths in the United States. Pain Med 2011, 12(Suppl 2):S26-S35.
12. Paulozzi L.J., Kilbourne E.M., Shah N.G., et al. A history of being prescribed controlled substances and risk of drug overdose death. Pain Med 2012, 13(1):87-95.
13. Inciardi J.A., Surratt H.L., Cicero T.J., et al. Prescription opioid abuse and diversion in an urban community: the results of an ultrarapid assessment. Pain Med 2009, 10(3):537-548.
14. "Crime Inc" by CNBC Episode name: "Deadly Prescriptions" Accessed August 7, 2012. http://www.cnbc.com/id/42763325/.
15. Alam A., Gomes T., Zheng H., et al. Long-term analgesic use after low-risk surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2012, 172(5):425-430.
16. Strain E.C. Assessment and treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders in opioid-dependent patients. Clin J Pain 2002, 18(4 Suppl):S14-S27.
17. Joranson D.E., Gilson A.M. Drug crime is a source of abused pain medications in the United States. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005, 30(4):299-301.
18. Greene D. Total necrosis of the intranasal structures and soft palate as a result of nasal inhalation of crushed OxyContin. Ear Nose Throat J 2005, 84(8):512. 514, 516.
19. Rosenbaum C.D., Boyle K.L., Boyer E.W. Nasopharyngeal necrosis after chronic opioid (oxycodone/acetaminophen) insufflation. J Med Toxicol 2012, 8(2):240-241.
20. Jamison R.N., Serraillier J., Michna D. Assessment and treatment of abuse risk in opioid prescribing for chronic pain. Pain Res Treat 2011, 2011:941808.
21. Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone - United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012, 61:101-105.
22. Prescription Monitoring Programs Status Accessed June 20, 2012. http://www.pmpalliance.org.
23. CDC grand rounds: prescription drug overdoses-a U.S. epidemic. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012, 61(1):10-13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
24. Epidemic: responding to America's prescription drug abuse crisis Accessed March 23, 2012. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/issues-content/prescription-drugs/rx_abuse_plan.pdf.
25. "Massachusetts Blue Cross Blue Shield Initiates Pre-authorization for Painkillers to Control Drug Abuse.". DARK Daily Accessed August 7, 2012. http://www.darkdaily.com/massachusetts-blue-cross-blue-shield-initiates-pre-authorization-for-painkillers-to-control-drug-abuse-7-9-12#axzz22rczAULl.
26. Snyder M.L., Melanson S.E. Barbiturates. Clinical toxicology testing: a guide for laboratory professionals 2012, 126-131. CAP Press, Northfiled (IL). B. Magnani, M.G. Bissell, T.C. Kwong (Eds.).
27. Belouin S.J., Reuter N., Borders-Hemphill V., et al. Prescribing trends for opioids, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, and barbiturates from 1998-2007 Accessed March 29, 2012. http://nac.samhsa.gov/DTAB/Presentations/Aug08/SeanBelouinDTAB0808_508.pdf.
28. Snyder M.L., Melanson S.E. Benzodiazepines. Clinical toxicology testing: a guide for laboratory professionals 2012, 132-139. CAP Press, Northfield (IL). B. Magnani, M.G. Bissell, T.C. Kwong (Eds.).
29. Nutt D.J., Stahl S.M. Searching for perfect sleep: the continuing evolution of GABAA receptor modulators as hypnotics. J Psychopharmacol 2010, 24(11):1601-1612.
30. Prescription sleep aid use in young adults Accessed April 2, 2012. http://thomsonreuters.com/content/news_ideas/white_papers/healthcare/markupfielditems/Thomson_Reuters_Research_Br3.pdf.
31. Longo L.P., Johnson B. Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines-side effects, abuse risk and alternatives. Am Fam Physician 2000, 61(7):2121-2128.
32. Kalapatapu R.K., Sullivan M.A. Prescription use disorders in older adults. Am J Addict 2010, 19(6):515-522.
33. Lader M. Benzodiazepines revisited-will we ever learn?. Addiction 2011, 106(12):2086-2109.
34. Lalive A.L., Rudolph U., Luscher C., et al. Is there a way to curb benzodiazepine addiction?. Swiss Med Wkly 2011, 141:w13277.
35. Accessed April 20, 2012. http://www.justice.gov/dea.
36. Bronstein A.C., Spyker D.A., Cantilena L.R., et al. 2010 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 28th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011, 49(10):910-941.
37. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998, 155(5 Suppl):1-34. Work Group on Panic Disorder. American Psychiatric Association.
38. el-Guebaly N., Sareen J., Stein M.B. Are there guidelines for the responsible prescription of benzodiazepines?. Can J Psychiatry 2010, 55(11):709-714.
39. Morgenthaler T., Kramer M., Alessi C., et al. Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: an update. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep 2006, 29(11):1415-1419.
40. Sim M.G., Khong E., Wain T.D. The prescribing dilemma of benzodiazepines. Aust Fam Physician 2007, 36(11):923-926.
41. Snyder M.L., Melanson S.E. Amphetamines. Clinical toxicology testing: a guide for laboratory professionals 2012, 119-125. CAP Press, Northfield (IL). B. Magnani, M.G. Bissell, T.C. Kwong (Eds.).
42. Bogle K.E., Smith B.H. Illicit methylphenidate use: a review of prevalence, availability, pharmacology, and consequences. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 2009, 2(2):157-176.
43. Wilens T.E., Adler L.A., Adams J., et al. Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008, 47(1):21-31.
44. Herman L., Shtayermman O., Aksnes B., et al. The use of prescription stimulants to enhance academic performance among college students in health care programs. J Physician Assist Educ 2011, 22(4):15-22.
45. McNiel A.D., Muzzin K.B., DeWald J.P., et al. The nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among dental and dental hygiene students. J Dent Educ 2011, 75(3):365-376.
46. Rabiner D.L., Anastopoulos A.D., Costello E.J., et al. The misuse and diversion of prescribed ADHD medications by college students. J Atten Disord 2009, 13(2):144-153.
47. The Monitoring the Future study: 2011 National results on adolescent drug use Accessed March 5, 2012. http://monitoringthefuture.org/.
48. Teter C.J., McCabe S.E., LaGrange K., et al. Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: prevalence, motives, and routes of administration. Pharmacotherapy 2006, 26(10):1501-1510.
49. Rabiner D.L., Anastopoulos A.D., Costello E.J., et al. Predictors of nonmedical ADHD medication use by college students. J Atten Disord 2010, 13(6):640-648.
50. Arria A.M., Wish E.D. Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among students. Pediatr Ann 2006, 35(8):565-571.
51. Garnier-Dykstra L.M., Caldeira K.M., Vincent K.B., et al. Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants during college: four-year trends in exposure opportunity, use, motives, and sources. J Am Coll Health 2012, 60(3):226-234.
52. Rosenfield D., Hébert P.C., Stanbrook M.B., et al. Time to address stimulant abuse on our campuses. CMAJ 2011, 183(12):1345.
53. Gould M.S., Walsh B.T., Munfakh J.L., et al. Sudden death and use of stimulant medications in youths. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166(9):992-1001.
54. Cooper W.O., Habel L.A., Sox C.M., et al. ADHD drugs and serious cardiovascular events in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 2011, 365(20):1896-1904.
55. Habel L.A., Cooper W.O., Sox C.M., et al. ADHD medications and risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults. JAMA 2011, 306(24):2673-2683.
56. Monheit B. Prescription drug misuse. Aust Fam Physician 2010, 39(8):540-546.
57. Shield K.D., Ialomiteanu A., Fischer B., et al. Non-medical use of prescription opioids among Ontario adults: data from the 2008/2009 CAMH Monitor. Can J Public Health 2011, 102(5):330-335.
58. Bell J. The global diversion of pharmaceutical drugs: opiate treatment and the diversion of pharmaceutical opiates: a clinician's perspective. Addiction 2010, 105(9):1531-1537.
59. Zacny J.P., Lichtor S.A. Nonmedical use of prescription opioids: motive and ubiquity issues. J Pain 2008, 9(6):473-486.
60. Fisher J., Sanyal C., Frail D., et al. The intended and unintended consequences of benzodiazepine monitoring programmes: a review of the literature. J Clin Pharm Ther 2012, 37(1):7-21.
61. "Adderall Drug Shortage Will Continue in 2012, Government Officials Say". ABC News, January 3, 2012 Accessed June 21, 2012. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/health/2012/01/03/adderall-drug-shortage-will-continue-in-2012-government-officials-say/.
62. Accessed April 21, 2012. http://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/.