Malaria Control and Elimination in Sri Lanka: Documenting Progress and Success Factors in a Conflict Setting

PLoS ONE

Volumn 7, Issue 8, 2012, Pages

  Abeyasinghe, Rabindra R ^a   Galappaththy, Gawrie N L ^b   Smith Gueye, Cara ^c   Kahn, James G ^c   Feachem, Richard G A ^c  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^b MINISTRY OF HEALTH   (Sri Lanka)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INSECTICIDE;

ARTICLE; CASE STUDY; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; HEALTH CARE COST; INCIDENCE; MALARIA; MALARIA CONTROL; NONHUMAN; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SRI LANKA; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMALS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE ERADICATION; GEOGRAPHY; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; INSECT VECTORS; INSECTICIDES; MALARIA; MIDDLE AGED; MOSQUITO CONTROL; MOSQUITO NETS; PROGRAM EVALUATION; PUBLIC HEALTH; SRI LANKA;

PLASMODIUM VIVAX;

EID: 84865588868     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043162     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Karunaratne WA, (1959) The Influence of Malaria Control on Vital Statistics in Ceylon. The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 62: 79-85.
2. Rajendram S, Jayewickreme SH, (1951) Malaria in Ceylon. Part I. The control and prevention of epidemic malaria by the residual spraying of houses with D.D.T. Indian Journal of Malariology 5: 1-73.
3. Gunaratna LF, (1956) Recent Antimalaria Work in Ceylon. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 15: 791-799.
4. The World Health Organization DoME (1961) Review of Quarterly Reports in Surveillance Operations in 1960. Geneva: World Health Organization WHO/Mal/289.
5. Pinikahana J, Dixon RA, (1993) Trends in Malaria Morbidity and Mortality in Sri Lanka. Indian Journal of Malariology 30: 51-55.
6. Sri Lanka Ministry of Health Anti-Malaria Campaign (2008) Strategic Plan for Phased Elimination of Malaria 2008-2012.
7. Wijesundera MdS, (1988) Malaria Outbreaks in New Foci in Sri Lanka. Parasitology Today 4: 147-150.
8. Feachem RGA, Phillips A, Hwang J, Cotter C, Wielgosz B, et al. (2010) Shrinking the Malaria Map: Progress and Prospects. The Lancet 367: 1566-1578.
9. Cohen JM, Smith DL, Cotter C, Ward A, Yamey G, et al. (2012) Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes. Malaria Journal 11: 122.
10. Roberts DR, Manguin S, Mouchet J, (2000) DDT house spraying and re-emerging malaria. Lancet 356: 330-332.
11. Ruberu PS (1977) Economic justification of intensive malaria control programme in Sri Lanka. Unpublished manuscript.
12. Akhtar R, Dutt AK, Wadhwa V, editors. Resurgence of Malaria in Sri Lanka in the 1970s. Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research: Malaria in South Asia 1: 29-41.
13. van der Hoek WFK, Perera D, Amerasinghe PH, Amerasinghe FP, (1997) Correlation between rainfall and malaria in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 91: 945-949.
14. Najera J, Kouznetsov RL, Delacollette C (2010) Malaria Epidemics Detection and Control Forecasting and Prevention. Roll Back Malaria website. Available: http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/docs/najera_epidemics/naj1.htm. Accessed 2010 Nov 29.
15. Dunn CL, (1936) Malaria in Ceylon. An enquiry into its causes. Postgrad Med J 12: 483.
16. Tatem JT, Smith DL, Gething PW, Kabaria CW, Snow RW, et al. (2010) Ranking of elimination feasibility between malaria-endemic countries. The Lancet 376: 1579-1591.
17. Feachem RGA, Phillips AA, Targett GA, editors (2009) Shrinking the Malaria Map: A Prospectus on Malaria Elimination. San Francisco: The Global Health Group, Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco. 40 p.
18. Mattys B, Sherkanov T, Karimov SS, (2008) History of malaria control in Tajikistan and rapid malaria appraisal in an agro-ecological setting. Malaria Journal 7: 217.
19. Rojas W, Penaranda F, Echavarria M, (1992) Strategies for Malaria Control in Colombia. Parasitology Today 8: 141-144.
20. WHO (2010) World Malaria Report, 2010. Geneva: The World Health Organization Global Malaria Programme.
21. Cohen J, Moonen B, Snow R, Smith D, (2010) How absolute is zero? An evaluation of historical and current definitions of malaria elimination. Malaria Journal 9: 213.
22. Green CA, Miles SJ, (1980) Chromosomal evidence for sibling species of the malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies Giles. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83: 75-78.
23. Barik TK, Sahu B, Swain V, (2009) A review on Anopheles culicifacies: From bionomics to control with special reference to the Indian subcontinent. Acta Tropica 109: 87-97.
24. Amerasinghe PH, Amerasinghe FP, (1999) Multiple host feeding in populations of Anopheles culicifacies and An. subpictus. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 13: 124-131.
25. The World Bank website. The World Databank. Available: http://data.worldbank.org/. Accessed 2010 Sep 14.
26. Gill CA, (1936) Some points in the malaria of Ceylon. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 91: 428-480.
27. WHOLIS website. Geneva: The World Health Organization Library Database. Available: http://www.who.int/library/databases/en/. Accessed 2010 May 15.
28. WHO website. Office of the South-East Asia Region. Available: http://www.searo.who.int/. Accessed 2010 May 20.
29. Seo SN, Mendelsohn R, Munasinghe M, (2005) Climate Change and Agriculture in Sri Lanka: A Ricardian valuation. Enviro and Dev Econ 10: 581-596.
30. Sri Lanka Ministry of Defense website. The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Terrorist Activities and Government Humanitarian Efforts 1981-2009. Available: http://www.defence.lk/gis/Final_Final61.swf. Accessed 2010 Sep 8.
31. Rutherford GW, McFarland W, Spindler H, White K, Patel SV, et al. (2010) Public health triangulation: approach and application to synthesizing data to understand national and local HIV epidemics. BMC Public Health 10: 447-457.
32. IMF website. World Economic Outlook database. Available: http://wwwimforg/external/np/fin/data/rms_mthaspx?SelectDate=2009-06-. Accessed 2010 Aug 16.
33. IMF website. IMF Representative Exchange Rates for Selected Currencies, June 2009. Available: http://wwwimforg/external/np/fin/data/rms_mthaspx?SelectDate=2009-06-. Accessed 2010 Aug 16.
34. Bouffard S, Carment D, (2006) The Sri Lanka Peace Process. Journal of South Asian Development 1: 151-177.
35. International Crisis Group website. Sri Lanka: The Failure of the Peace Process. Asia Report Number 124. Available: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/124_sri_lanka___the_failure_of_the_peace_process.pdf. Accessed 2011 Nov 15.
36. World Bank (2002) Implementation Completion Report (IDA-29280) on a Credit in the Amount of SDR 13.0 Million (U.S. $18.8 Million equivalent) to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka for a Health Services Project. The World Bank.
37. Briët OJT, Vounatsou P, Gunawardena D, Galappaththy G, Amerasinghe P, (2008) Temporal correlation between malaria and rainfall in Sri Lanka. Malaria Journal 7: 77.
38. Briet OJT, Galappaththy GNL, Konradsen F, Amerasinghe PH, Amerasinghe FP, (2005) Maps of Sri Lanka malaria situation preceding the tsunami and key aspects to be considered in the emergency phase and beyond. Malaria Journal 4: 1-11.
39. Briët O, Galappaththy GNL, Amerasinghe PH, Konradsen F, (2006) Malaria in Sri Lanka: one year post-tsunami. Malaria Journal 5: 42.
40. WHO (2007) Malaria elimination: A field manual for low and moderate endemic countries. Geneva: The World Health Organization.
41. Fernando SD, Abeyasinghe RR, Galappaththy GNL, Rajapaksa LC, (2009) Absence of Asymptomatic Malaria Infections in Previously High Endemic Areas of Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 763-767.
42. Rajakaruna RS, Alifrangis M, Amerasinghe PH, Konradsen F, (2010) Pre-elimination stage of malaria in Sri Lanka: assessing the level of hidden parasites in the population. Malaria Journal 9: 1-6.
43. Hoek W, Konradsen F, Amerasinghe PH, Perera D, Piyaratne MK, et al. (2003) Towards a risk map of malaria for Sri Lanka: the importance of house location relative to vector breeding sites. Int J Epidemiol 32: 280-285.
44. The Global Health Group and the Malaria Atlas Project (2011) Atlas of the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network, 2011. San Francisco: The Global Health Group, Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco.
45. Mendis C, Gamage-Mendis AC, De Zoysa APK, Abhayawardena TA, Carter R, et al. (1990) Characteristics of malaria transmission in Kataragama, Sri Lanka: A focus for immuno-epidemiological studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42: 298-308.
46. Amerasinghe PH, Amerasinghe FP, Wirtz RA, Indrajith NG, Somapala W, et al. (1992) Malaria Transmission by Anopheles subpictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a New Irrigation Project in Sri Lanka. Journal of Medical Entomology 29: 577-581.
47. RBM-MERG (2009) Guidelines for core population-based indicators. RBM Technical Paper Series No. 1. Geneva: Roll Back Malaria Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group.
48. Abeyasinghe RR, Galappaththy GNL, Lengeler C (2010) Monitoring and Evaluation Plan, 2010-2014 Draft. Colombo: National Malaria Control Programme of Sri Lanka website. Available: http://www.malariacampaign.gov.lk/Downloads/MnE%20Book%2023032011.pdf. Accessed 2012 Jun 10.
49. WHO (2004) Global Strategic Framework for Integrated Vector Management. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2004/WHO_CDS_CPE_PVC_2004_10.pdf. Accessed 2012 Jun 5.
50. Beier J, Keating J, Githure J, Macdonald M, Impoinvil D, et al. (2008) Integrated vector management for vector control. Malaria Journal 7: Suppl 1, S4.
51. van den Bergh H, Knowls BG (2006) Evaluation of the Integrated Pest Management and Vector Management (IPVM) project in Sri Lanka. New Delhi: World Health Organization South East Regional Office.
52. van den Berg H, von Hildebrand A, Ragunathan V, Das PK, (2007) Reducing vector-borne disease by empowering farmers in integrated vector management. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85: 561-566.
53. WHO (1993) A global strategy for malaria control. Geneva: World Health Organization.
54. Sri Lanka Ministry of Health Anti-Malaria Campaign (2002) Administration Report of the Anti-Malaria Campaign, 2002. Colombo: Sri Lanka Anti-Malaria Campaign.
55. Konradsen F, van der Hoek W, Amerasinghe PH, Amerasinghe FP, Fonseka KT, (1997) Household responses to malaria and their costs: a study from rural Sri Lanka. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91: 127-130.
56. Konradsen F, Steele P, Perera D, van der Hoek W, Amerasinghe PH, et al. (1999) Cost of Malaria Control in Sri Lanka. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 77: 301-309.
57. Fernando S, Abeyasinghe R, Galappaththy GNL, Gunawardena N, Rajapakse L, (2008) Community factors affecting long-lasting impregnated mosquito net use for malaria control in Sri Lanka. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102: 1081-1088.
58. Office of the Director General of Health Services (2008) General Circular No. 01-14/2008: Guidelines for Malaria Chemotherapy and the management of patients with malaria. General Circular.
59. Fernando WP, Ratnapala PR, (1988) Report on Research Project Funded by the International Science and Technology Institute, A survey to ascertain the prevalence of G-6-PD enzyme deficiency in Sri Lanka, and its geographical and ethnical distribution. International Science and Technological Institute.
60. Reilley B, Abeyasinghe R, Pakianathar MV, (2002) Barriers to prompt and effective treatment of malaria in northern Sri Lanka. Tropical Medicine and International Health 7: 744-749.
61. Galappaththy GNL, (1999) Elimination of P. falciparum malaria from Sri Lanka: an epidemiological possibility. Journal of the College of Community Physicians Sri Lanka 4.
62. McCombie SC, (1996) Treatment seeking for malaria: A review of recent research. Soc Sci Med 43: 933-945.
63. Amarasiri de Silva MW, Wijekoon A, Hornik R, Martines J, (2001) Care seeking in Sri Lanka: one possible explanation for low childhood mortality. Social Science & Medicine 53: 1363-1372.
64. Ministry of Health Anti-Malaria Campaign (1998-2009) Central Bank Annual Report.
65. Feachem RGA, Phillips AA, Targett GA, editors (2009) Shrinking the malaria map: A prospectus on malaria elimination. San Francisco: The Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco. 187 p.
66. Carrara VI, Sirilak S, Thonglairuam J, Rojanawatsirivet C, Proux S, et al. (2006) Deployment of early diagnosis and mefloquine-artesunate treatment of falciparum malaria in Thailand: the Tak Malaria Initiative. Plos Med 3: e183.
67. Wells TNC, Burrows JN, Baird JK, (2010) Targeting the hypnozoite reservoir of Plasmodium vivax: the hidden obstacle to malaria elimination. Trends in Parasitology 26: 145-151.
68. Ramos WM, Sardinha JFJ, Cost MRF, Santana MS, Alecrim MGC, et al. (2010) Clinical aspects of hemolysis in patients with P. vivax malaria treated with primaquine, in the Brazilian Amazon. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 14: 410-2.
69. WHO (2010) Guidelines for the treatment of malaria, Second edition. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241547925_eng.pdf. Accessed 2010 Oct 7.
70. Sabot O, Cohen JM, Hsiang MS, Kahn JG, Basu S, et al. (2010) Costs and Financial Feasiblity of Malaria Elimination. The Lancet 376: 1604-1615.
71. Cohn S, (1973) Assessing the costs and benefits of anti-malaria programs: The Indian Experience. American Journal of Public Health 63: 1086-1096.
72. Yangzom T, Smith Gueye C, Namgay R, Galappaththy GNL, Thimasarn K, et al. (2012) Malaria control in Bhutan: case study of a country embarking on elimination. Malaria Journal 11: 1-11.
73. Barat LM, (2006) Four malaria success stories: How malaria burden was successfully reduced in Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 12-16.
74. Tatarsky A, Aboobaker S, Cohen JM, Gopee N, Bheecarry A, et al. (2011) Preventing the reintroduction of Malaria in Mauritius: A Programmatic and Financial Assessment. PLoS ONE 6: e23832.
75. WHO (2009) World Malaria Report, 2009. Geneva: World Health Organization.
76. Martins JS, Zwi AB, Martins N, Kelly PM, (2009) Malaria control in Timor-Leste during a period of political instability: what lessons can be learned? Conflict and Health 3: 1-10.
77. Feachem RGA, Phillips AA, Targett GA, Snow RW, (2010) Call to action: priorities for malaria elimination. Lancet 376: 1517-1521.
78. Irin website. Sri Lanka: Open for tourism business. Available: http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89729/SRI-LANKA-Open-for-tourism-business. Accessed 2010 Jul 5.
79. Colombo Page News Desk archive website. Ferry service interconnecting Sri Lanka, India and Maldives considered. Available: http://www.colombopage.com/archive_11B/Nov20_1321806471KA.php. Accessed 2011 Jan 15.
80. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation US Global Health Policy News website. Global Fund Cancels Round 11 Grants, Approves New Strategy and Organization Plan. Available: http://globalhealth.kff.org/Daily-Reports/2011/November/29/GH-112911-Global-Fund-Round-11.aspx. Accessed 2011 Jan 15.
81. Mills A, Lubell Y, Hanson K, (2008) Malaria eradication: the economic, financial and institutional challenge. Malaria Journal 7: S11.