Submarine Groundwater Discharge-Derived Nutrient Loads to San Francisco Bay: Implications to Future Ecosystem Changes

Estuaries and Coasts

Volumn 35, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 1299-1315

  Null, Kimberly A ^a   Dimova, Natasha T ^a,b   Knee, Karen L ^c   Esser, Bradley K ^d   Swarzenski, Peter W ^e   Singleton, Michael J ^d   Stacey, Mark ^f   Paytan, Adina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA   (United States)

^c SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^d LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^e U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^f Berkeley   (United States)

Author keywords

Estuaries; Nutrient loading; Radium; Radon; San Francisco Bay; Submarine groundwater discharge

Indexed keywords

AMMONIUM; BAY; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DISCHARGE; DISSOLVED INORGANIC NITROGEN; ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT; GROUNDWATER FLOW; GROUNDWATER-SEAWATER INTERACTION; NITRATE; NUMERICAL MODEL; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; NUTRIENT CYCLING; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; NUTRIENT UPTAKE; PHYTOPLANKTON; RADIUM ISOTOPE; RADON ISOTOPE; STABLE ISOTOPE; SURFACE WATER; UNDERWATER ENVIRONMENT;

CALIFORNIA; SAN FRANCISCO BAY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84865565771     PISSN: 15592723     EISSN: 15592731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12237-012-9526-7     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Alpine, A. E., and J. E. Cloern. 1992. Trophic interactions and direct physical effects control phytoplankton biomass and production in an estuary. Limnology and Oceanography 37: 946-955.
2. Baylosis, J. I., J. L Edmunds, B. E. Cole, and J. E. Cloern. 1997. Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California estuarine ecosystem: pilot regional monitoring results, 1996. U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report: 97-598, 203 p.
3. Bokuniewicz, H., R. Buddemeier, B. Maxwell, and C. Smith. 2003. The typological approach to submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Biogeochemistry 66: 145-158.
4. Boyton, W. R., and W. M. Kemp. 1985. Nutrient regeneration and oxygen consumption by sediments along an estuarine salinity gradient. Marine Ecology Progress Series 23: 45-55.
5. Breier, J. A., N. Nidzieko, S. Monismith, W. Moore, and A. Paytan. 2009. Tidally regulated chemical fluxes across the sediment-water interface in Elkhorn Slough, California: evidence from a coupled geochemical and hydrodynamic approach. Limnology and Oceanography 54: 1964-1980.
6. Burnett, W. C., and H. Dulaiova. 2003. Estimating the dynamics of groundwater input into the coastal zone via continuous radon-222 measurements. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. doi: 10. 1016/S0265-931X(03)00084-5.
7. Burnett, W. C., H. Bokuniewicz, M. Huettel, W. S. Moore, and M. Taniguchi. 2003. Groundwater and pore water inputs to the coastal zone. Biogeochemistry 66: 3-33.
8. Burnett, W. C., P. K. Aggarwal, A. Aureli, H. Bokuniewicz, J. E. Cable, M. A. Charette, E. Kontar, S. Krupa, K. M. Kulkarni, A. Loveless, W. S. Moore, J. A. Oberdorfer, J. Oliveira, N. Ozyurt, P. Povinec, A. M. G. Privitera, R. Rajar, R. T. Ramessur, J. Scholten, T. Stieglitz, M. Taniguchi, and J. V. Turner. 2006. Quantifying submarine groundwater discharge in the coastal zone via multiple methods. Science of the Total Environment 367: 498-543.
9. Cable, J. E., and J. B. Martin. 2008. In situ evaluation of nearshore marine and fresh porewater transport into Flamengo Bay, Brazil. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 76: 473-483.
10. Caffrey, J. 1995. Spatial and seasonal patterns in sediment nitrogen remineralization and ammonium concentrations in San Francisco Bay, California. Estuaries and Coasts 18: 219-233.
11. Charette, M. A., K. O. Buesseler, and J. E. Andrews. 2001. Utility of radium isotopes for evaluating the input and transport of groundwater-derived nitrogen to a Cape Cod Estuary. Limnology and Oceanography 46: 465-470.
12. Chin, J. L., D. L. Woodrow, M. McGann, F. L. Wong, T. Fregoso, and B. E. Jaffe. 2010. Estuarine sedimentation, sediment character, and foraminiferal distribution in central San Francisco Bay, California: U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1130: 58 p.
13. Cloern, J. E. 1979. Phytoplankton ecology of the San Francisco bay system: The status of our current understanding. In San Francisco Bay: the urbanized estuary, ed. T. J. Conomos, 247-264. San Francisco: Pacific Division, AAAS.
14. Cloern, J. E. 2001. Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 211: 223-253.
15. Cloern, J. E., and R. Dufford. 2005. Phytoplankton community ecology: principles applied in San Francisco Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 285: 11-28.
16. Cloern, J. E. and R. Dugdale. 2010. San Francisco Bay. In Nutrients in estuaries: A summary report of the National Estuarine Experts Workgroup 2005-2007, ed. P. M. Glibert et al., 117-126. Washington, DC: USEPA.
17. Cloern, J. E., B. E. Cole, R. L. J. Wong, and A. E. Alpine. 1985. Temporal dynamics of estuarine phytoplankton: A case study of San Francisco Bay. Hydrobiologia 129: 153-176.
18. Cloern, J. E., B. E. Cole, J. L. Edmunds, T. S. Schraga, and A. Arnsberg. 2000. Patterns of water-quality variability in San Francisco Bay during the first six years of the regional monitoring program, 1993-1998, in 1998 Annual Report, San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances: San Francisco Estuary Institute: 20 p.
19. Cloern, J. E., A. D. Jassby, J. K. Thompson, and K. A. Hieb. 2007. A cold phase of the East Pacific triggers new phytoplankton blooms in San Francisco Bay. Proceedings of the National Academies of Science. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0706151104.
20. Conomos, T. J., and D. H. Peterson. 1977. Suspended-particle transport and circulation in San Francisco Bay: An overview. Estuarine processes vol. 2; circulation, sediments, and transfer of material in the estuary, 82-97. New York: Academic.
21. Conomos, T. J., R. E. Smith, and J. W. Gartner. 1985. Environmental setting of San Francisco Bay. Hydrobiologia 129: 1-12.
22. Corbett, D. R., J. Chanton, W. Burnett, K. Dillon, C. Rutkowski, and J. W. Fourqurean. 1999. Patterns of groundwater discharge into Florida Bay. Limnology and Oceanography 44: 1045-1055.
23. de Sieyes, N. R., K. M. Yamahara, B. A. Layton, E. H. Joyce, and A. B. Boehm. 2008. Submarine discharge of nutrient-enriched fresh groundwater at Stinson Beach, California is enhanced during neap tides. Limnology and Oceanography 53: 1434-1445.
24. Dugdale, R. C., F. P. Wilkerson, A. Marchi, and V. Hogue. 2006. Nutrient controls on new production in the Bodega Bay, California, coastal upwelling plume. Deep-Sea Research II 53: 3049-3062.
25. Dugdale, R. C., F. P. Wilkerson, V. E. Hogue, and A. Marchi. 2007. The role of ammonium and nitrate in spring bloom development in San Francisco Bay. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 73: 17-29.
26. Garcia-Solsona, E., J. Garcia-Orellana, P. Masque, and H. Dulaiova. 2008. Uncertainties associated with 223Ra and 224Ra measurements in water via a delayed coincidence counter (RaDeCC). Marine Chemistry. doi: org/10. 1016/j. marchem. 2007. 11. 006.
27. Garrison, G. H., C. R. Glenn, and G. M. McMurtry. 2003. Measurement of submarine groundwater discharge in Kahana Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Limnology and Oceanography 48: 920-928.
28. Grenz, C., J. E. Cloern, S. W. Hager, and B. E. Cole. 2000. Dynamics of nutrient cycling and related benthic nutrient and oxygen fluxes during a spring phytoplankton bloom in South San Francisco Bay (USA). Marine Ecology Progress Series 197: 67-80.
29. Hammond, D. E., and C. Fuller. 1979. The use of radon-222 to estimate benthic exchange and atmospheric exchange rates. In San Francisco Bay, the urbanized estuary, ed. T. J. Conomos, 213-230. Washington, D. C.: Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
30. Hammond, D. E., C. Fuller, D. Harmon, B. Hartman, M. Korosec, L. G. Miller, R. Rea, S. Warren, W. Berelson, and S. W. Hager. 1985. Benthic fluxes in San Francisco Bay. Hydrobiologia 129: 69-90.
31. Hartman, B., and D. E. Hammond. 1984. Gas exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces in south San Francisco Bay. Journal of Geophysical Research 89: 3593-3603.
32. Hodgkiss, I. J., and K. C. Ho. 1997. Are changes in N: P ratios in coastal waters the key to increased red tide blooms? Hydrobiologia. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1003046516964.
33. Hsu, K., and M. Stacey. 2011. Exchange between an estuary and an intertidal marsh and slough. Daytona Beach: Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation.
34. Hwang, D., G. Kim, Y. Lee, and H. Yang. 2005. Estimating submarine inputs of groundwater and nutrients to a coastal bay using radium isotopes. Marine Chemistry 96: 61-71.
35. Jaffe, B. and A. Foxgrover. 2006. A history of intertidal flat area in South San Francisco Bay, California: 1858 to 2005. USGS Open-File Report 2006-1262.
36. Jassby, A. D., J. E. Cloern, and B. E. Cole. 2002. Annual primary production: patterns and mechanisms of change in a nutrient-rich tidal ecosystem. Limnology and Oceanography 47: 698-712.
37. Kennish, M. J. 2001. Coastal salt marsh systems in the U. S.: A review of anthropogenic impacts. Journal of Coastal Research 17: 731-748.
38. Knee, K. L., B. A. Layton, J. H. Street, A. B. Boehm, and A. Paytan. 2008. Sources of nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria to nearshore waters on the North Shore of Kaua'i (Hawai'i, USA). Estuaries and Coasts. doi: 10. 1007/s12237-008-9055-6.
39. Knee, K. L., J. H. Street, E. E. Grossman, A. B. Boehm, and A. Paytan. 2010. Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean from submarine groundwater discharge in a groundwater-dominated system: relation to land use (Kona coast, Hawaii, U. S. A.). Limnology and Oceanography. doi: 10. 4319/lo. 2010. 55. 3. 1105.
40. Knowles, N., and D. R. Cayan. 2002. Potential effects of global warming on Sacramento/San Joaquin watershed and the San Francisco estuary. Geophysical Research Letters. doi: 10. 1029/2001GL014339.
41. Krest, J. M., and J. W. Harvey. 2003. Using natural distributions of short-lived radium isotopes to quantify groundwater discharge and recharge. Limnology and Oceanography 48: 290-298.
42. Krest, J. M., W. S. Moore, L. R. Gardner, and J. T. Morris. 2000. Marsh nutrient export supplied by groundwater discharge: evidence from radium measurements. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14: 167-176.
43. Mao, X., P. Enot, D. A. Barry, L. Li, A. Binley, and D. S. Jeng. 2006. Tidal influence on behavior of a coastal aquifer adjacent to a low-relief estuary. Journal of Hydrology. doi: 10. 1016/j. jhydrol. 2005. 11. 030.
44. Michael, H. A., A. E. Mulligan, and C. F. Harvey. 2005. Seasonal oscillations in water exchange between aquifers and the coastal ocean. Nature. doi: 10. 1038/nature03935.
45. 228Ra in the deep ocean. Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts 23: 647-651.
46. 226Ra enrichments. Nature 380: 612-614.
47. Moore, W. S. 1999. The subterranean estuary: A reaction zone of ground water and seawater. Marine Chemistry 65: 111-125.
48. 224Ra. Journal of Geophysical Research 105: 22, 117-22, 122.
49. Moore, W. S. 2003. Sources and fluxes of submarine groundwater discharge delineated by radium isotopes. Biogeochemistry 66: 75-93.
50. Moore, W. S. 2010. The effect of submarine groundwater discharge on the ocean. Annual Review of Marine Science. doi: 10. 1146/annurev-marine-120308-081019.
51. Moore, W. S., and R. Arnold. 1996. Measurement of 223Ra and 224Ra in coastal waters using a delayed coincidence counter. Journal of Geophysical Research 101: 1321-1329.
52. Moore, W. S., and J. de Oliveira. 2008. Determination of residence time and mixing processes of the Ubatuba, Brazil, inner shelf waters using natural Ra isotopes. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 76: 512-521.
53. Nakada, S., J. Yasumoto, M. Taniguchi, and T. Ishitobi. 2011. Submarine groundwater discharge and seawater circulation in a subterranean estuary beneath a tidal flat. Hydrologic Processes. doi: 10. 1002/hyp. 8016.
54. Nichols, F. H., J. E. Cloern, S. N. Luoma, and D. H. Peterson. 1986. The modification of an estuary. Science. doi: 10. 1126/science. 231. 4738. 567.
55. Nielsen, P. 1990. Tidal dynamics of the water table in beaches. Water Resources Research 26: 2127-2134.
56. Null, K. A., D. R. Corbett, D. J. DeMaster, J. M. Burkholder, C. J. Thomas, and R. E. Reed. 2011. Porewater advection of ammonium into the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science. doi: 10. 1016/j. ecss. 2011. 09. 016.
57. Okubo, A. 1971. Oceanic diffusion diagrams. Deep-Sea Research 18: 789-802.
58. Paerl, H. W. 2009. Controlling eutrophication along the freshwater-marine continuum: dual nutrient (N and P) reductions are essential. Estuaries and Coasts. doi: 10. 1007/s12237-009-9158-8.
59. Paytan, A., G. G. Shellenbarger, J. H. Street, M. E. Gonneea, K. Davis, M. B. Young, and W. S. Moore. 2006. Submarine groundwater discharge: an important source of new inorganic nitrogen to coral reef ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 343-348.
60. Pennock, J. R. 1987. Temporal and spatial variability in phytoplankton ammonium and nitrate uptake in the Delaware Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 24: 841-857.
61. Porterfield, G. N., L. Hawley and C. A. Dunnam. 1961. Fluvial sediments transported by streams tributary to the San Francisco Bay area. U. S. Geol. Survey Open-File Rep., 70 pp.
62. Rama, and W. S. Moore. 1996. Using the radium quartet for evaluating groundwater input and water exchange in salt marshes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60: 4645-4652.
63. Redfield, A. C. 1934. On the proportions of organic derivatives in seawater and their relation to the composition of plankton. In James Johnson memorial volume, ed. R. J. Daniel, 177-192. Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Press.
64. Robinson, C., B. Gibbes, and L. Li. 2006. Driving mechanisms for groundwater flow and salt transport in a subterranean estuary. Geophysical Research Letters. doi: 03410. 01029/02005GL025247.
65. Robinson, C., L. Li, and D. A. Barry. 2007. Effect of tidal forcing on a subterranean estuary. Advances in Water Resources 30: 851-865.
66. Schoellhamer, D. H. 2011. Sudden clearing of estuarine waters upon crossing the threshold from transport to supply regulation of sediment transport as an erodible sediment pool is depleted: San Francisco Bay, 1999. Estuaries and Coasts. doi: 10. 1007/s12237-011-9382-x.
67. Shellenbarger, G. G., S. Monismith, A. Genin, and A. Paytan. 2006. The importance of submarine groundwater discharge to the nearshore nutrient supply in the Gulf of Aqaba (Israel). Limnology and Oceanography 51: 1876-1886.
68. Sigman, D. M., K. L. Casciotti, M. Andreani, C. Barford, M. Galanter, and J. K. Bohlke. 2001. A bacterial method for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of nitrate in seawater and freshwater. Analytical Chemistry. doi: 10. 1021/ac010088e.
69. Singleton, M. J., K. N. Woods, M. E. Conrad, D. J. Depaolo, and P. E. Dresel. 2005. Tracking sources of unsaturated zone and groundwater nitrate contamination using nitrogen and oxygen stable isotopes at the Hanford Site, Washington. Environmental Science Technology. doi: 10. 1021/es0481070.
70. Slomp, C. P., and P. van Cappellen. 2004. Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean through submarine groundwater discharge: controls and potential impact. Journal of Hydrology 295: 64-86.
71. Smith, S. V., and J. T. Hollibaugh. 2006. Water, salt, and nutrient exchanges in San Francisco Bay. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 504-517.
72. Spinelli, G. A., A. T. Fisher, C. G. Wheat, M. D. Tryon, K. M. Brown, and A. R. Flegal. 2002. Groundwater seepage into northern San Francisco Bay: implications for dissolved metals budgets. Water Resources Research. doi: 10. 1029/2001WR000827.
73. Spiteri, C., C. P. Slomp, M. A. Charette, K. Tuncay, and C. Meile. 2008. Flow and nutrient dynamics in a subterranean estuary (Waquoit Bay, MA, USA): field data and reactive transport modeling. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72: 3398-3412.
74. Swarzenski, P. W., and J. A. Izbicki. 2009. Coastal groundwater dynamics off Santa Barbara, California: combining geochemical tracers, electromagnetic seepmeters, and electrical resistivity. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science. doi: 10. 1016/j. ecss. 2009. 03. 027.
75. Swarzenski, P. W., C. Reich, K. Kroeger, and M. Baskaran. 2007. Ra and Rn istotopes as natural tracers of submarine groundwater discharge in Tampa Bay, Florida. Marine Chemistry. doi: 10. 1016/j. marchem. 2006. 08. 001.
76. Taniguchi, M., W. C. Burnett, J. E. Cable, and J. V. Turner. 2002. Investigation of submarine groundwater discharge. Hydrologic Processes 16: 2115-2129.
77. Taniguchi, M., T. Ishitobi, W. Burnett, and G. Wattayakorn. 2007. Evaluating ground water-sea water via resistivity and seepage meters. Ground water. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1745-6584. 2007. 00343. x.
78. Taniguchi, M., T. Ishitobi, and J. Shimada. 2006. Dynamics of submarine groundwater discharge and freshwater-seawater interface. Journal of Geophysical Research. doi: 10. 1029/2005JC002924.
79. Valiela, I., J. Costa, K. Foreman, J. Teal, B. Howes, and D. Aubrey. 1990. Transport of groundwater-borne nutrients from watersheds and their effects on coastal waters. Biogeochemistry. doi: 10. 1007/BF00003143.
80. Valiela, I., K. Foreman, M. Lamontagne, D. Hersh, J. Costa, P. Peckol, B. DeMeo-Anderson, C. D'Avanzo, M. Babione, and C. C. Sham. 1992. Couplings of watersheds and coastal waters: sources and consequences of nutrient enrichment in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Estuaries and Coasts. doi: 10. 2307/1352389.
81. Vrede, T., A. Ballantyne, C. Mille-Lindblom, G. Algesten, C. Gudasz, S. Lindahl, and A. K. Brunberg. 2009. Effects of N: P loading ratios on phytoplankton community composition, primary production and N fixation in a eutrophic lake. Freshwater Biology 54: 331-344.
82. Walters, R. A., R. T. Cheng, and J. T. Conomos. 1985. Time scales of circulation and mixing processes of San Francisco Bay waters. Hydrobiologia 129: 13-36.
83. Wankel, S. D., C. Kendall, C. A. Francis, and A. Paytan. 2006. Nitrogen sources and cycling in the San Francisco Bay estuary: A nitrate dual isotopic composition approach. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 1654-1664.
84. Wilkerson, F., R. Dugdale, V. Hogue, and A. Marchi. 2006. Phytoplankton blooms and nitrogen productivity in San Francisco Bay. Estuaries and Coasts 29: 401-416.