Long-term urbanization effects on tree canopy cover along an urban-rural gradient

Urban Ecosystems

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 721-738

  Berland, Adam ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerial photography; Minnesota; Tree canopy cover; Urban forest; Urban rural gradient

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865544768     PISSN: 10838155     EISSN: 15731642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11252-012-0224-9     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. 2 emissions from power plants. Environ Pollut 116: S119-S126.
2. Alberti M (2005) The effects of urban patterns on ecosystem function. Int Reg Sci Rev 28: 168-192.
3. Alberti M, Susskind L (1996) Managing urban sustainability: an introduction to the special issue. Environ Impact Assess Rev 16: 213-221.
4. Alvey AA (2006) Promoting and preserving biodiversity in the urban forest. Urban For Urban Green 5: 195-201.
5. Alig RJ, Kline JD, Lichtenstein M (2004) Urbanization on the US landscape: looking ahead in the 21st century. Landsc Urban Plan 69: 219-234.
6. Arnberger A (2006) Recreation use of urban forest: at inter-area comparison. Urban For Urban Green 4: 135-144.
7. Bauer M, Heinert N, Doyle J, Yuan F (2004) Impervious surface mapping and change monitoring using satellite remote sensing. Proceedings of the American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Annual Conference, May 24-28, 2004. 10pp.
8. Boone CG, Cadenasso ML, Grove JM, Schwarz K, Buckley GL (2010) Landscape, vegetation characteristics, and group identity in an urban and suburban watershed: why the 60 s matter. Urban Ecosyst 13: 255-271.
9. Congalton RG, Mead RA (1983) A quantitative method to test for consistency and correctness in photointerpretation. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 49: 69-74.
10. Conway TM, Urbani L (2007) Variations in municipal urban forest policies: a case study of Toronto, Canada. Urban For Urban Green 6: 181-192.
11. Dwyer JF, McPherson EG, Schroeder HW, Rowntree RA (1992) Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest. J Arboric 18: 227-234.
12. Grove JM, Troy AR, O'Neil-Dunne JP, Burch WR, Cadenasso ML, Pickett STA (2006) Characterization of households and its implications for the vegetation of urban ecosystems. Ecosyst 9: 578-597.
13. Hardin PJ, Jensen RR (2007) The effect of urban leaf area on summertime urban surface kinetic temperatures: a Terre Haute case study. Urban For Urban Green 6: 63-72.
14. Hutyra LR, Yoon B, Alberti M (2011) Terrestrial carbon stocks across a gradient of urbanization: a study of the Seattle, WA region. Glob Chang Biol 17: 783-797.
15. Luck M, Wu J (2002) A gradient analysis of urban landscape pattern: a case study from the Phoenix metropolitan region, Arizona, USA. Landsc Ecol 17: 327-339.
16. Marschner FJ (1974) The original vegetation of Minnesota (map). US Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Saint Paul, MN.
17. McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA (1990) Ecosystem structure and function along urban-rural gradients: an unexploited opportunity for ecology. Ecol 71: 1232-1237.
18. McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA, Groffman P, Bohlen P, Pouyat RV, Zipperer WC, Parmelee RW, Carreiro MM, Medley K (1997) Ecosystem processes along an urban-to-rural gradient. Urban Ecosyst 1: 21-36.
19. McDonnell MJ, Hahs AK (2008) The use of gradient analysis studies in advancing our understanding of the ecology of urbanizing landscapes: current status and future directions. Landsc Ecol 23: 1143-1155.
20. McPherson EG, Nowak D, Heisler G, Grimmond S, Souch C, Grant R, Rowntree R (1997) Quantifying urban forest structure, function, and value: the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Urban Ecosyst 1: 49-61.
21. McPherson EG, Simpson JR (2002) A comparison of municipal forest benefits and costs in Modesto and Santa Monica, California, USA. Urban For Urban Green 1: 61-74.
22. McPherson G, Simpson JR, Peper PJ, Maco SE, Xiao Q (2005) Municipal forest benefits and costs in five US cities. J For 103: 411-416.
23. McPherson EG, Simpson JR, Xiao Q, Wu C (2011) Million trees Los Angeles canopy cover and benefit assessment. Landsc Urban Plan 99: 40-50.
24. Medley KE, McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA (1995) Forest-landscape structure along an urban-to-rural gradient. Prof Geogr 47: 159-168.
25. Nowak DJ (1993) Historical vegetation change in Oakland and its implications for urban forest management. J Arboric 19: 313-319.
26. Nowak DJ, Rowntree RA, McPherson EG, Sisinni SM, Kerkmann ER, Stevens JC (1996) Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover. Landsc Urban Plan 36: 49-57.
27. Nowak DJ, Noble MH, Sisinni SM, Dwyer JF (2001) People & trees: assessing the US urban forest resource. J For 99: 37-42.
28. Nowak DJ, Crane DE, Dwyer JF (2002) Compensatory value of urban trees in the United States. J Arboric 28: 194-199.
29. Nowak DJ, Crane DE, Stevens JC (2006) Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban For Urban Green 4: 115-123.
30. Rowntree RA (1984a) Ecology of the urban forest-introduction to part 1. Urban Ecol 8: 1-11.
31. Rowntree RA (1984b) Forest canopy cover and land use in four eastern United States cities. Urban Ecol 8: 55-67.
32. Tratalos J, Fuller RA, Warren PH, Davies RG, Gaston KJ (2007) Urban form, biodiversity potential and ecosystem services. Landsc Urban Plan 83: 308-317.
33. Tyrväinen L, Miettinen A (2000) Property prices and urban forest amenities. J Environ Econ Manag 39: 205-223.
34. UN Population Fund (2007) State of world population 2007: unleashing the potential of urban growth. UNFPA, New York.
35. US Mayors (2008) Protecting and developing the urban tree canopy: a 135-city survey. The United States Conference of Mayors, Washington, D. C.
36. Walton JT, Nowak DJ, Greenfield EJ (2008) Assessing urban forest canopy cover using airborne or satellite imagery. Arboric Urban For 34: 334-340.
37. Wu J (2008) Making the case for landscape ecology: an effective approach to urban sustainability. Landsc J 27: 41-50.