Assessment of retrofitting measures and solar systems' potential in urban areas using Geographical Information Systems: Application to a Mediterranean city

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 16, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 6239-6261

  Theodoridou, Ifigeneia ^a   Karteris, Marinos ^b   Mallinis, Georgios ^b,c   Papadopoulos, Agis M ^b   Hegger, Manfred ^a  

^a DARMSTADT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^b ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^c DEMOCRITUS UNIVERSITY OF THRACE   (Greece)

Author keywords

Energy conservation in cities; GIS; Residential building stock; Sustainable cities

Indexed keywords

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION; BUILT ENVIRONMENT; CURRENT ENERGY; ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES; ENERGY EFFICIENT; ENERGY USE; ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS; GEO-INFORMATICS; GEOGRAPHICAL AREA; GEOGRAPHICAL DATA; GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM; GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS; INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT; MULTI-CRITERIA; NORTHERN GREECE; RESIDENTIAL BUILDING; SPATIAL LEVELS; SUSTAINABLE CITIES; THESSALONIKI; URBAN AREAS; URBAN BUILDINGS; URBAN ENVIRONMENTS; URBAN MOBILITY;

BUILDINGS; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; ENERGY POLICY; RESEARCH; RETROFITTING; URBAN PLANNING;

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS;

EID: 84865491018     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.075     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. S. Owens Potential energy planning conflicts in the UK Energy Policy 13 6 1985 546 558
2. EUROPA - Gateway to the European Union. Energy in an Emergency, 〈http://europa.eu/pol/ener/index-en.htm〉; [retrieved 23-06-2011].
3. European Commission - Directorate General for Energy. Energy 2020 - A strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy. Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg; 2011.
4. A. Mihajlov Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy policy in SE Europe: SE European Energy Community Treaty Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 2 2010 872 875
5. Memorandum of Understanding on the Regional Energy Market in South East Europe and its Integration into the European Community Internal Energy Market: The Athens Memorandum. Athens, 〈http://www.stabilitypact.org/energy/031208- mou.pdf〉 2003; [retrieved: 20-05-2011].
6. Energy Community Treaty: 〈www.energy-community.org〉.
7. J Crawford, and W. French A low-carbon future: spatial planning's role in enhancing technological innovation in the built environment Energy Policy 36 12 2008 4575 4579
8. United Nations-Centre for Human Settlements. The State of the World's Cities. Nairobi: UN-Habitat; 2001.
9. European Environment Agency. Urban Sprawl in Europe - The Ignored Challenge. Copenhagen: EEA; 2006.
10. S. Egger Determining a sustainable city model Environmental Modelling & Software 21 9 2006 1235 1246
11. RW Amstalden, M Kost, C Nathani, and DM. Imboden Economic potential of energy-efficient retrofitting in the Swiss residential building sector: the effects of policy instruments and energy price expectations Energy Policy 35 3 2007 1819 1829
12. CA Roulet, F Flourentzou, HH Labben, M Santamouris, I Koronaki, and E Dascalaki ORME: a multicriteria rating methodology for buildings Building and Environment 37 6 2002 579 586
13. B Milorad, M Despotović, J Malešević, and D. Soković Evaluation of the impact of internal partitions on energy conservation for residential buildings in Serbia Building and Environment 42 4 2007 1644 1653
14. JL Míguez, J Porteiro, LM López-González, JE Vicuña, S Murillo, and JC Morán Review of the energy rating of dwellings in the European Union as a mechanism for sustainable energy Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 10 1 2006 24 45
15. AM. Papadopoulos, TG Theodosiou, and KD. Karatzas Feasibility of energy saving renovation measures in urban buildings - the impact of energy prices and the acceptable pay back criterion Energy and Buildings 34 5 2002 455 466
16. JP Clinch, JD Healy, and C. King Modelling improvements in domestic energy efficiency 16 1 2001 87 106
17. 2 storage infrastructure using a GIS based linear optimization energy model Environmental Modelling & Software 25 12 2010 1754 1768
18. O Yiftachel, and D. Hedgcock Urban social sustainability: the planning of an Australian city Cities 10 2 1993 139 157
19. SE Spielman, and JC. Thill Social area analysis, data mining, and GIS Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 32 2 2008 110 122
20. SZ. Tsani Energy consumption and economic growth: a causality analysis for Greece Energy Economics 32 3 2010 582 590
21. VT Rapanos, and ML. Polemis Energy demand and environmental taxes: the case of Greece Energy Policy 33 14 2005 1781 1788
22. E. Papathanasopoulou Household consumption, associated fossil fuel demand and carbon dioxide emissions: the case of Greece between 1990 and 2006 Energy Policy 33 14 2010 4152 4162
23. D Agoris, K Tigas, G Giannakidis, F Siakkis, S Vassos, and N Vassilakos An analysis of the Greek energy system in view of the Kyoto commitments Energy Policy 32 18 2004 2019 2033
24. G. Hondroyiannis Estimating residential demand for electricity in Greece Energy Economics 26 3 2004 319 334
25. GS Donatos, and GJ. Mergos Residential demand for electricity: the case of Greece Energy Economics 13 1 1991 41 47
26. VT Rapanos, and ML. Polemis The structure of residential energy demand in Greece Energy Policy 34 17 2006 3137 3143
27. V Assimakopoulos, and HG. Domenikos Consumption preferences structure of Greek households Energy Economics 13 3 1991 163 167
28. M Santamouris, K Kapsis, D Korres, I Livada, C Pavlou, and MN. Assimakopoulos On the relation between the energy and social characteristics of the residential sector Energy and Buildings 39 8 2007 893 905
29. H Doukas, W Mannsbart, KD Patlitzianas, J Psarras, M Ragwitz, and B. Schlomann A methodology for validating the renewable energy data in EU Renewable Energy 32 12 2007 1981 1998
30. H Doukas, AG Papadopoulou, C Nychtis, J Psarras, and N. van Beeck Energy research and technology development data colletion strategies: the case of Greece Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 3 2009 682 688
31. H Doukas, AG Papadopoulou, J Psarras, M Ragwitz, and B. Schlomann Sustainable reference methodology for energy end-use efficiency data in the EU Renewable and Sustainable Reviews 12 8 2008 2159 2176
32. V. Assimakopoulos Residential energy demand modelling in developing regions - the use of multivariate statistical techniques Energy Economics 14 1 1992 57 63
33. E. Sardianou Estimating space heating determinants: an analysis of Greek households Energy and Buildings 40 6 2008 1084 1093
34. E. Sardianou Estimating energy conservation patterns of Greek households Energy Policy 35 7 2007 3778 3791
35. M Santamouris, G Mihalakakou, P Patargias, N Gaitani, K Sfakianaki, and M Papaglastra Using intelligent clustering techniques to classify the energy performance of school buildings Energy and Buildings 39 1 2007 45 51
36. CA Balaras, AG Gaglia, E Georgopoulou, S Mirasgedis, Y Sarafidis, and DP. Lalas European residential buildings and empirical assessment of the Hellenic building stock, energy consumption, emissions and potential energy savings Building and Environment 42 3 2005 1298 1314
37. CA Balaras, K Droutsa, AA Argiriou, and DN. Asimakopoulos Potential for energy conservation in apartment buildings Energy and Buildings 31 2 2000 143 154
38. S Gadsden, M Rylatt, and K. Lomas Putting solar energy on the urban map: a new GIS-based approach for dwellings Solar Energy 74 5 2003 397 407
39. JM Armstrong, and AM. Khanb Modelling urban transportation emissions: role of GIS Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 28 4 2004 421 433
40. LO Marquez, and NC. Smith A framework for linking urban form and air quality Environmental Modelling & Software 14 6 1999 541 548
41. I. Theodoridou, A.M. Papadopoulos, and M. Hegger A feasibility evaluation tool for sustainable cities - A case study for Greece Energy Policy 44 2012 207 216
42. I Theodoridou, AM Papadopoulos, and M. Hegger A typological classification of the Greek residential building stock Energy and Buildings 43 10 2011 2779 2787
43. DQ Nghi, and HD. Kammeier Balancing data integration needs in urban planning Cities 18 2 2001 61 75
44. LG Swan, and IV Ugursal Modeling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: a review of modeling techniques Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 8 2009 1819 1835
45. German Federal Statistic Authority, 〈http://www.destatis.de〉.
46. U. Hassler Long-term building stock survival and intergenerational management: the role of institutional regimes 2009 Routledge Zurich
47. English Housing Survey - Department for Communities and Local Government. Headline Report 2008-09. London: Crown; 2010.
48. I Ballarini, and V. Corrado Application of energy rating methods to the existing building stock: analysis of some residential buildings in Turin Energy and Buildings 41 7 2009 790 800
49. National Building Research Institute, Department of Energy and Environment. Energy Consumption and Savings: Aalborg University; 2007 [in Danish].
50. Danish Energy Agency. Energy in Danemark 2007. Copenhagen; 2008.
51. H Tommerup, and S Svendsen Energy savings in Danish residential building stock Energy and Buildings 38 6 2006 618 626
52. JO. Jaber Prospects of energy savings in residential space heating Energy and Buildings 34 4 2010 311 319
53. L Barelli, G Bidini, and EM. Pinchi Evaluation of the corrected seasonal energy demand, for buildings classification to be compared with a standard performance scale Energy and Buildings 41 9 2009 958 965
54. S. Gadsden, M. Rylatt, K. Lomas, and D. Robinson Predicting the urban solar fraction: a methodology for energy advisers and planners based on GIS Energy and Buildings 35 1 2003 37 48
55. V Cheng, and K. Steemers Modelling domestic energy consumption at district scale: a tool to support national and local energy policies Environmental Modelling & Software 26 10 2011 1186 1198
56. L Pérez-Lombard, J Ortiz, R González, and IR. Maestre A review of benchmarking, rating and labelling concepts within the framework of building energy certification schemes Energy and Buildings 41 3 2009 272 278
57. C Filippín, LS Flores, and V. Mercado Winter energy behaviour in multi-family block buildings in a temperate-cold climate in Argentina Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 1 2011 203 219
58. A Al-Ghandoor, JO Jaber, I Al-Hinti, and IM. Mansour Residential past and future energy consumption: potential savings and environmental impact Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 6-7 2009 1262 1274
59. JJ Wang, YY Jing, CF Zhang, and JH. Zhao Review on multi-criteria decision analysis aid in sustainable energy decision-making Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 9 2009 2263 2278
60. X Yangang, N Hewitt, and P. Griffiths Zero carbon buildings refurbishment - a hierarchical pathway Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 6 2011 3229 3236
61. P Hernandez, and P. Kenny Development of a methodology for life cycle building energy ratings Energy Policy 39 6 2011 3779 3788
62. D. Sivaraman An integrated life cycle assessment model: energy and greenhouse gas performance of residential heritage buildings, and the influence of retrofit strategies in the state of Victoria in Australia Energy and Buildings 2011 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.05.006
63. K. Fedra Urban environmental management: monitoring, GIS, and modeling Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 23 6 1999 443 457
64. PA. Burrough GIS and geostatistics: essential partners for spatial analysis Environmental and Ecological Statistics 8 4 2001 361 377
65. A Angelis-Dimakis, M Biberacher, J Dominguez, G Fiorese, S Gadocha, and E Gnansounou Methods and tools to evaluate the availability of renewable energy sources Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 2 2011 1182 1200
66. M La Gennusa, G Lascari, G Rizzo, G Scaccianoce, and G. Sorrentino A model for predicting the potential diffusion of solar energy systems in complex urban environments Energy Policy 39 9 2011 5335 5343
67. TV Ramachandra, and BV. Shruthi Spatial mapping of renewable energy potential Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11 7 2007 1460 1480
68. DE. Massimo Valuation of urban sustainability and building energy efficiency: a case study International Journal of Sustainable Development 2-4 12 2009 223 247
69. S Herrmann, and E. Osinski Planning sustainable land use in rural areas at different spatial levels using GIS and modelling tools Landscape and Urban Planning 46 1-3 1999 93 101
70. Q Zhang, Y Wei, W Tian, and K. Yang GIS-based emission inventories of urban scale: a case study of Hangzhou, China Atmospheric Environment 42 20 2008 5150 5165
71. TV Ramachandra, and BV. Shruthi Wind energy potential mapping in Karnataka, India, using GIS Energy Conversion and Management 46 9-10 2005 1561 1578
72. RB Hiremath, S Shikha, and NH. Ravindranath Decentralized energy planning; modeling and application - a review Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11 5 2007 729 752
73. R Gerrard, P Stine, R Church, and M. Gilpin Habitat evaluation using GIS: a case study applied to the San Joaquin Kit Fox Landscape and Urban Planning 52 4 2001 239 255
74. Y Etzion, BA Portnov, E Erell, I Meir, and D. Pearlmutter An open GIS framework for recording and analysing post-occupancy changes in residential buildings - a climate-related case study Building and Environment 36 10 2001 1075 1090
75. TC Carter, and R. Jackson Vegetated roofs for stormwater management at multiple spatial scales Landscape and Urban Planning 80 1-2 2007 84 94
76. D Grenier, BC Kaae, ML Miller, and RW. Mobley Ecotourism, landscape architecture and urban planning Landscape and Urban Planning 25 1-2 1993 1 16
77. Y Charabi, and A. Gastli GIS assessment of large CSP plant in Duqum, Oman Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 2 2010 835 841
78. C Curtis, and J. Scheurer Planning for sustainable accessibility: developing tools to aid discussion and decision-making Progress in Planning 74 2 2010 53 106
79. Z Defne, KA Haas, and HM. Fritz GIS based multi-criteria assessment of tidal stream power potential: a case study for Georgia, USA Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 5 2011 2310 2321
80. MJ Alcoforado, H Andrade, A Lopes, and J. Vasconcelos Application of climatic guidelines to urban planning: the example of Lisbon (Portugal) Landscape and Urban Planning 90 1-2 2009 56 65
81. N Kántor, and J. Unger Benefits and opportunities of adopting GIS in thermal comfort studies in resting places: an urban park as an example Landscape and Urban Planning 98 1 2010 36 46
82. NY Aydin, E Kentel, and S. Duzgun GIS-based environmental assessment of wind energy systems for spatial planning: a case study from Western Turkey Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 1 2010 364 373
83. B Sliz-Szkliniarz, and J. Vogt GIS-based approach for the evaluation of wind energy potential: a case study for the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 3 2011 1696 1707
84. GÓ Dalton, and BP. Gallachóir Building a wave energy policy focusing on innovation, manufacturing and deployment Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 8 2010 2339 2358
85. J Marulli, and JM Mallarach A GIS methodology for assessing ecological connectivity: application to the Barcelona Metropolitan Area Landscape and Urban Planning 71 2-4 2005 243 262
86. X Li, and AGO. Yeh Analyzing spatial restructuring of land use patterns in a fast growing region using remote sensing and GIS Landscape and Urban Planning 69 4 2004 335 354
87. R Store, and J Jokimäki A GIS-based multi-scale approach to habitat suitability modeling Landscape and Urban Planning 169 1 2003 1 15
88. O. Kyushik LandScape Information System: a GIS approach to managing urban development Landscape and Urban Planning 54 1-4 2001 81 91
89. Stevens D, Dragicevic S, Rothley K. iCity: A GIS-CA Modelling Tool for Urban Planning and Decision Making 2007;22(6):761-73.
90. LK Wiginton, HT Nguyen, and JM. Pearce Quantifying rooftop solar photovoltaic potential for regional renewable Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 4 34 2010 345 357
91. IR Pillai, and R. Banerjee Methodology for estimation of potential for solar water heating in a target area Solar Energy 81 2 2007 162 172
92. H Lehmann, and P. Stefan Assessment of roof & façade potentials for solar use in Europe 2003 Institute for Sustainable Solutions and Innovations Aachen, Germany
93. CD Yue, and SS. Wang GIS-based evaluation of multifarious local renewable energy sources: a case study of the Chigu area of southwestern Taiwan Energy Policy 34 6 2006 730 742
94. M Castro, A Delgado, FJ Argul, A Colmenar, F Yeves, and J. Peire Grid-connected PV buildings: analysis of future scenarios with an example of Southern Spain Solar Energy 79 1 2005 86 95
95. International Energy Agency. Potential for Building Integrated Photovoltaics: IEA; 2002.
96. M Šúri, TA Huld, ED Dunlop, and T. Cebecauer Geographic aspects of photovoltaics in Europe: contribution of the PVGIS website IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 1 2008 34 41
97. M Šúri, TA Huld, ED Dunlop, and HA Ossenbrink Potential of solar electricity generation in the European Union member states and candidate countries Solar Energy 81 10 2007 1295 1305
98. K Golić, V Kosorić, and AK. Krstić Furundžić General model of solar water heating system integration in residential buildingrefurbishment - potential energy savings and environmental impact Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 3 2011 1533 1544
99. S Izquierdo, M Rodrigues, and N. Fueyo A method for estimating the geographical distribution of the available roof surface area for large-scale photovoltaic energy-potential evaluations Solar Energy 10 2008 929 939
100. J Ordóñez, E Jadraque, J Alegre, and G. Martínez Analysis of the photovoltaic solar energy capacity of residential rooftops in Andalusia (Spain) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 7 2011 2122 2130
101. M Arboit, A Diblasi, JC Fernández Llano, and C. de Rosa Assessing the solar potential of low-density urban environmentsin Andean cities with desert climates: the case of the city of Mendoza, in Argentina Renewable Energy 33 8 2008 1733 1748
102. J Hofierka, and J. Kaňuk Assessment of photovoltaic potential in urban areas using open-source solar radiation tools Renewable Energy 34 10 2009 2206 2214
103. R. Compagnon Solar and daylight availability in the urban fabric Energy and Buildings 36 4 2004 321 328
104. D. Robinson Urban morphology and indicators of radiation availability Solar Energy 80 12 2006 1643 1648
105. B Sorensen GIS management of solar resource data Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 1-4 2001 503 509
106. M Rylatt, S Gadsden, and K Lomas GIS-based decision support for solar energy planning in urban environments Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 6 25 2001 579 603
107. Karteris M, Papadopoulos AM, Malapanis D, Sponti E. Urban solar energy potentials in Greece. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on renewable energy sources & energy efficiency. Nicosia: Cyprus; 2011.
108. C Hachem, A Athienitis, and P. Fazio Investigation of solar potential of housing units in different neighborhood designs Energy and Buildings 43 9 2011 2262 2273
109. Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS). European Solar Test Installation (ESTI) Laboratory, 〈http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps4/ pvest.php〉; [retrieved 02.02.2011].
110. WA Beckman, SA Klein, and JA. Duffie Solar heating design, by the f-Chart method 1977 John Wiley & Sons New York
111. Jun Yang, Qian Yu, and Gong Peng Quantifying air pollution removal by green roofs in Chicago Atmospheric Environment 42 31 2008 7266 7273
112. 2 concentration Building and Environment 45 12 2010 2644 2651
113. DB. Rowe Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement Environmental Pollution 159 8-9 2011 2100 2110
114. RA Francis, and J. Lorimer Urban reconciliation ecology: the potential of living roofs and walls Journal of Environmental Management 92 6 2011 1429 1437
115. T Van Renterghem, and D. Botteldooren In-situ measurements of sound propagating over extensive green roofs Building and Environment 46 3 2011 729 738
116. T Van Renterghem, and D. Botteldooren Reducing the acoustical façade load from road traffic with green roofs Building and Environment 5 44 2009 1081 1087
117. M Santamouris, C Pavlou, P Doukas, G Mihalakakou, A Synnefa, and A Hatzibiros Investigating and analysing the energy and environmental performance of an experimental green roof system installed in a nursery school building in Athens, Greece Energy 32 9 2007 1781 1788
118. S Parizotto, and R Lamberts Investigation of green roof thermal performance in temperate climate: a case study of an experimental building in Florianópolis city, Southern Brazil Energy and Buildings 43 7 2011 1712 1722
119. TG. Theodosiou Summer period analysis of the performance of a planted roof as a passive cooling technique Energy and Buildings 35 9 2003 909 917
120. HF Castleton, V Stovin, SBM Beck, and JB. Davison Green roofs; building energy savings and the potential for retrofit Energy and Buildings 42 10 2010 1582 1591
121. A Niachou, K Papakonstantinou, M Santamouris, A Tsangrassoulis, and G. Mihalakakou Analysis of the green roof thermal properties and investigation of its energy performance Energy and Buildings 33 7 2001 719 729
122. BG Gregoire, and JC. Clausen Effect of a modular extensive green roof on stormwater runoff and water quality Ecological Engineering 37 6 2011 963 969
123. R Fioretti, A Palla, LG Lanza, and P. Principi Green roof energy and water related performance in the Mediterranean climate Building and Environment 45 8 2010 1890 1904
124. J Mentens, D Raes, and M. Hermy Green roofs as a tool for solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century? Landscape and Urban Planning 77 3 2006 217 226
125. L Kosareo, and R. Ries Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of green roofs Building and Environment 42 7 2007 2606 2613
126. PJWN. Bird The economics of energy conservation through top-up loft insulation Energy Policy 13 2 1985 179 187
127. Dombayc ÖA. The Environmental Impact of Optimum Insulation Thickness for External Walls of Buildings. 2007;42(11):3855-9.
128. D Anastaselos, S Oxizidis, and AM. Papadopoulos Energy, environmental and economic optimization of thermal insulation solutions by means of an integrated decision support system Energy and Buildings 43 2-3 2011 686 694
129. X. Shi Design optimization of insulation usage and space conditioning load using energy simulation and genetic algorithm Energy 36 3 2011 1659 1667
130. Santamouris M, Synnefa A, Karlessi T. Using advanced cool materials in the urban built environment to mitigate heat islands and improve thermal comfort conditions. Solar Energy 2011;10.1016/j.solener.2010.12.023.
131. T Karlessi, M Santamouris, A Synnefa, D Assimakopoulos, P Didaskalopoulos, and K. Apostolakis Development and testing of PCM doped cool colored coatings to mitigate urban heat island and cool buildings Building and Environment 46 3 2011 570 576
132. GK Oral, and Z. Yilmaz The limit U values for building envelope related to building form in temperate and cold climatic zones Building and Environment 37 11 2002 1173 1180
133. A. Wright What is the relationship between built form and energy use in dwellings? Energy Policy 36 12 2008 4544 4547
134. C Ratti, N Baker, and K. Steemers Energy consumption and urban texture Energy and Buildings 37 7 2005 762 776
135. Technical Chamber of Greece. Energy Performance of Builings Directive - Technical Guidelines - T.O.T.E.E. 20701-1/2010. Guidelines on the Evaluation of the Energy Performance of Buildings. Athens: Technical Chamber of Greece; 2010 [in Greek].
136. M Isaac, and DP. van Vuurena Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air conditioning in the context of climate change Energy Policy 37 2 2009 507 521
137. M Kasanko, JI Barredo, C Lavalle, N McCormick, L Demicheli, and V Sagris Are European cities becoming dispersed? A comperative analysis of 15 European urban areas Landscape and Urban Planning 77 1-2 2006 111 130
138. B Tonn, and J. Eisenberg The aging US population and residential energy demand Energy Policy 35 1 2007 743 745
139. Z Dilaver, and LC. Hunt Modelling and forecasting Turkish residential electricity demand Energy Policy 39 6 2011 3117 3127
140. PK Narayan, and R. Smyth The residential demand for electricity in Australia: an application of the bounds testing approach to cointegration Energy Policy 33 4 2005 467 474
141. ND. Uri The regional demand for energy by the residential sector in the United States Applied Energy 13 1 1983 23 44
142. R Kannan, and N. Strachan Modelling the UK residential energy sector under long-term decarbonisation scenarios: comparison between energy systems and sectoral modelling approaches Applied Energy 86 4 2009 416 428
143. F Unander, I Ettestol, M Ting, and L. Schipper Residential energy use: an international perspective on long-term trends in Denmark, Norway and Sweden Energy Policy 32 12 2004 1395 1404
144. GC. Ruggeri Trends in household energy consumption in Canada, 1961-1980 Energy Policy 11 3 1983 250 258
145. W Biesiot, and KJ. Noorman Energy requirements of household consumption: a case study of The Netherlands Ecological Economics 28 3 1999 367 383
146. GP Panayiotou, SA Kalogirou, GA Florides, CN Maxoulis, AM Papadopoulos, and M Neophytou The characteristics and the energy behaviour of the residential building stock of Cyprus in view of Directive 2002/91/EC Energy and Buildings 40 4 2008 654 665
147. Wikipedia, 〈http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki〉; [retrieved: 01.03.2011].
148. Savvaidis P. Highlighting Thessaloniki - The History with Maps. Thessaloniki: EKEPP - EKECHAK - National Map Library; 2008:19-50.
149. Municipality of Kalamaria. Department of Town Planning Applications. GIS Map of Municipality of Kalamaria.
150. Web Mapping Service (WMS) - 〈www.ktimanet.gr〉, 〈http://gis.ktimanet.gr/wms/wmsopen/wmsserver.aspx〉.
151. Hay GJ, Castilla G. Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA): A New Name for a New Discipline. Object-Based Image Analysis - Spatial Concepts for Knowledge-Driven Remote Sensing Applications 2008:75-89.
152. P Aplin, and GM. Smith Introduction to object-based landscape analysis International Journal of Geographical Information Science 25 2010 869 875
153. G Mallinis, N Koutsias, M Tsakiri-Strati, and M. Karteris Object-based classification using Quickbird imagery for delineating forest vegetation polygons in a Mediterranean test site ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 63 2 2008 237 250
154. LA. Zadeh Fuzzy sets Information and Control 8 3 1965 338 353
155. UC Benz, P Hofmann, G Willhauck, I Lingenfelder, and M. Heynen Multi-resolution object-oriented fuzzy analysis of remote sensing data for GIS-ready information ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 58 3-4 2004 239 258
156. Technical Chamber of Greece, Energy Performance of Builings Directive - Technical Guidelines - T.O.T.E.E. 20701-3/2010. Guidelines on the Greek Climatic Data. Athens: Technical Chamber of Greece; 2010 [in Greek].
157. I Theodoridou, AM Papadopoulos, and M Hegger Statistical analysis of the Greek residential building stock Energy and Buildings 43 9 2011 2422 2428
158. Geotechnical Chamber of Greece, Guidelines for the Design and Implementation of Green Roofs. Thessaloniki: Department of Management Services and Professional Affairs; 2011.
159. Ministry of Environment Energy and Climate Change. National Program for Energy Efficiency in the Existing Building Stock-Dwellings, 〈http://www. ypeka.gr/Default.aspx?tabid=526〉; [retrieved 27.12.2010, in Greek].