Response of soybean insects to an autumn-seeded rye cover crop

Environmental Entomology

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 750-760

  Koch, R L ^a   Porter, P M ^b   Harbur, M M ^b   Abrahamson, M D ^a   Wyckhuys, K A G ^c   Ragsdale, D W ^d   Buckman, K ^e   Sezen, Z ^b   Heimpel, G E ^b  

^a MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^c INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE CIAT   (Colombia)

^d TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e U S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aphis glycines; Cerotoma trifurcata; Empoasca fabae; soybean; winter rye

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL LAND; BEETLE; COVER CROP; CROP PRODUCTION; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; NATURAL ENEMY; PEST DAMAGE; POPULATION DENSITY; SOYBEAN;

MINNESOTA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84865443515     PISSN: 0046225X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1603/EN11168     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Altieri, M. A., J. W. Todd, E. W. Hauser, M. Patterson, G. A. Buchanan, and R. H. Walker. 1981. Some effects of weed management and row spacing on insect abundance in soybean fields. Prot. Ecol. 3: 339-343.
2. Andow, D. A. 1991a. Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36: 561-586. (Pubitemid 21903690)
3. Andow, D. A. 1991b. Yield loss to arthropods in vegetationally diverse agroecosystems. Environ. Entomol. 20: 1228-1235.
4. Andow, D. A. 1992. Population density of Empoasca fabae (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) in weedy beans. J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 379-383.
5. Andow, D. A., A. G. Nicholson, H. C. Wien, and H. R. Willson. 1986. Insect populations on cabbage grown with living mulches. Environ. Entomol. 15: 293-299.
6. Ateh, C. M., and J. D. Doll. 1996. Spring-planted winter rye (Secale cereale) as a living mulch to control weeds in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol. 10: 347-353. (Pubitemid 26262888)
7. Bach, C. E. 1981. Host plant growth, form and diversity: Effects on abundance and feeding preferences of a specialist herbivore, Acalymma vittatum (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Oecologia 50: 370-375.
8. Bollero, G. A., and D. G. Bullock. 1994. Cover cropping systems for the central corn belt. J. Prod. Agric. 7: 55-58. (Pubitemid 2076172)
9. Bottenberg, H., J. Masiunas, C. Eastman, and D. M. Eastburn. 1997. The impact of rye cover crops on weeds, insects, and diseases in snap bean cropping systems. J. Sust. Agric. 9: 131-155.
10. Bradshaw, J. D., M. E. Rice, and J. H. Hill. 2008. Evaluation of management strategies for bean leaf beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) and bean pod mottle virus (Comoviridae) in soybeans. J. Econ. Entomol. 101: 1211-1227.
11. Buckelew, L. D., L. P. Pedigo, H. M. Mero, M.D.K. Owen, and G. L. Tylka. 2000. Effects of weed management systems on canopy insects in herbicide-resistant soybeans. J. Econ. Entomol. 93: 1437-1443.
12. Bukovinszky, T., H. Tre'fa's, J. C. van Lenteren, L.E.M. Vet, and J. Fremont. 2004. Plant competition in pest-suppressive intercropping systems complicates evaluation of herbivore responses. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 102: 185-196. (Pubitemid 38308002)
13. Buntin, G. D., W. L. Hargrove, and D. V. McCracken. 1995. Populations of foliage-inhabiting arthropods on soybean with reduced tillage and herbicide use. Agron. J. 87: 789-794. (Pubitemid 3003289)
14. Burgos, N. R., and R. E. Talbert. 1996a. Weed control by spring cover crops and imazethapyr in no-Till southern pea (Vigna unguiculata). Weed Technol. 10: 893-899.
15. Burgos, N. R., and R. E. Talbert. 1996b. Weed control and sweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa) response in a no-Till system with cover crops. Weed Sci. 44: 355-361. (Pubitemid 26267301)
16. Carrillo, M. A., R. L. Koch, E. C. Burkness, K. Bennett, D. W. Ragsdale, and W. D. Hutchison. 2005. Supercooling point of bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) in Minnesota and a revised predictive model for survival at low temperatures. Environ. Entomol. 34: 1395-1401. (Pubitemid 43015911)
17. Clark, A. J., and K. L. Perry. 2002. Transmissibility of field isolates of soybean viruses by Aphis glycines. Plant Dis. 86: 1219-1222. (Pubitemid 35241439)
18. Costamagna, A. C., and D. A. Landis. 2006. Predators exert top-down control of soybean aphid across a gradient of agricultural management systems. Ecol. Appl. 16: 1619-1628. (Pubitemid 44223231)
19. Costamagna, A. C., and D. A. Landis. 2007. Quantifying predation on soybean aphid through direct field observations. Biol. Control 42: 16-24. (Pubitemid 46843580)
20. Costamagna, A. C., D. A. Landis, and C. D. DiFonzo. 2007. Suppression of soybean aphid by generalist predators results in a trophic cascade in soybeans. Ecol. Appl. 17: 441-451. (Pubitemid 46607405)
21. Costamagna, A. C., D. A. Landis, and M. J. Brewer. 2008. The role of natural enemy guilds in Aphis glycines suppression. Biol. Control 45: 368-379.
22. Costello, M. J., and K. M. Daane. 2003. Spider and leafhopper (Erythroneura spp.) response to vineyard ground cover. Environ. Entomol. 32: 1085-1098. (Pubitemid 37387991)
23. Cullen, R., K. D. Warner, M. Jonsson, and S. D. Wratten. 2008. Economics and adoption of conservation biological control. Biol. Control 45: 272-280.
24. Davis, A. S. 2010. Cover-crop roller-crimper contributes to weed management in no-Till soybean. Weed Sci. 58: 300-309.
25. Davis, J. A., E. B. Radcliffe, and D. W. Ragsdale. 2005. Am. J. Potato Res. 82: 197-201.
26. De Bruin, J. L., P. M. Porter, and N. R. Jordan. 2005. Use of a rye cover crop following corn in rotation with soybean in the upper Midwest. Agron. J. 97: 587-589.
27. Delate, K., J. DeWitt, A. McKern, D. Rosmann, D. L. Karlen, and R. Turnbull. 2008. Bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) response to soybean variety and organiccompliant treatments in Iowa. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 25: 145-163.
28. Desneux, N., R. J. O'Neil, and H.J.S. Yoo. 2006. Suppression of population growth of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, by predators: The identification of a key predator and the effects of prey dispersion, predator abundance, and temperature. Environ. Entomol. 35: 1342-1349. (Pubitemid 44862992)
29. Fox, T. B., D. A. Landis, F. F. Cardoso, and C. D. DiFonzo. 2004. Predators suppress A. glycines Matsumura population growth in soybean. Environ. Entomol. 33: 608-618. (Pubitemid 39651160)
30. Frewin, A. J., Y. E. Xue, J. A. Welsman, A. B. Broadbent, A.W. Schaafsma, and R. H. Hallett. 2010. Development and parasitism by Aphelinus certus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Environ. Entomol. 39: 1570-1578.
31. Galvan, T. L., R. L. Koch, and W. D. Hutchison. 2005. Toxicity of commonly used insecticides in sweet corn and soybean to the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 780-789. (Pubitemid 40841458)
32. Gardiner, M. M., D. A. Landis, C. Gratton, C. D. DiFonzo, M. E. O'Neal, J. M. Chacon, M. T. Wayo, N. P. Schmidt, E. E. Mueller, and G. E. Heimpel. 2009a. Landscape diversity enhances biological control of an introduced crop pest in the north-central USA. Ecol. Appl. 19: 143-154.
33. Gardiner, M. M., D. A. Landis, C. Gratton, N. Schmidt, M. O'Neal, E. Mueller, J. Chacon, G. E. Heimpel, and C. D. DiFonzo. 2009b. Landscape composition mediates coccinellid community structure. Divers. Distrib. 15: 554-564.
34. Gardiner, M., D. A. Landis, C. Gratton, N. Schmidt, M. O'Neal, E. Mueller, J. Chacon, and G. E. Heimpel. 2010. Landscape composition inuences the activity density of Carabidae and Arachnida in soybean fields. Biol. Control 55: 11-19.
35. Hammack, L., J. L. Pikul, and M. S. West. 2010. Phenology and abundance of bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in eastern South Dakota on alfalfa and soybean relative to tillage, fertilization, and yield. Environ. Entomol. 39: 727-737.
36. Hammond, R. B., and D. L. Jeffers. 1990. Potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) populations on soybean relay intercropped into winter wheat. Environ. Entomol. 19: 1810-1819.
37. Hammond, R. B., and B. R. Stinner. 1987. Soybean foliage insects in conservation tillage systems: Effects of tillage, previous cropping history and soil insecticide application. Environ. Entomol. 16: 524-531.
38. Heimpel, G. E., P. M. Porter, D. W. Ragsdale, R. L. Koch, and B. D. Potter. 2005. The potential role of insect suppression in increasing the adoption of cover crops, pp. 185-191. In M. S. Hoddle (ed.), Second International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Davos, Switzerland.
39. Heimpel, G. E., L. E. Frelich, D. A. Landis, K. R. Hopper, K. A. Hoelmer, Z. Sezen, M. K. Asplen, and K. Wu. 2010. European buckthorn and Asian soybean aphid as components of an extensive invasional meltdown in North America. Biol. Invasions 12: 2913-2931.
40. Higley, L. G., and D. J. Boethel (eds.). 1994. Handbook of soybean insect pests. The Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD.
41. House, G. J., and B. R. Stinner. 1983. Arthropods in notillage soybean agroecosystems: Community composition and ecosystem interactions. Environ. Manag. 7: 23-28.
42. Hunt, T. E., L. G. Higley, and L. P. Pedigo. 2000. A reexamination of economic injury levels for potato leafhopper (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) on soybean. J. Entomol. Sci. 35: 97-104. (Pubitemid 30301950)
43. Jackson, R. E., and H. N. Pitre. 2004. Inuence of Roundup Ready (R) soybean production systems and glyphosate application on pest and beneficial insects in wide-row soybean. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 21: 61-70. (Pubitemid 41415196)
44. Johnson, D. 2010. Bean leaf beetle in Kentucky soybeans. (http://www.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef131.asp).
45. Jonsson, M., S. D. Wratten, D. A. Landis, J. L. Tompkins, and R. Cullen. 2010. Habitat manipulation to mitigate the impacts of invasive arthropod pests. Biol. Invasions 12: 2933-2945.
46. Kaiser, M. E., T. Noma, M. J. Brewer, K. S. Pike, J. R. Vockeroth, and S. D. Gaimari. 2007. Hymenopteran parasitoids and dipteran predators found using soybean aphid after its midwestern United States invasion. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 100: 196-205. (Pubitemid 46523040)
47. Kingsley, P. C., J. M. Scriber, and R. G. Harvey. 1986. Relationship of weed density with leafhopper populations in alfalfa, Wisconsin. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 17: 281-286.
48. Kraiss, H., and E. M. Cullen. 2008a. Efficacy and nontarget effects of reduced-risk insecticides on Aphis glycines (Hemiptera : Aphididae) and its biological control agent Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 101: 391-398. (Pubitemid 351570721)
49. Kraiss, H., and E. M. Cullen. 2008b. Insect growth regulator effects of azadirachtin and neem oil on survivorship, development and fecundity of Aphis glycines (Homoptera : Aphididae) and its predator, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae). Pest Manag. Sci. 64: 660-668. (Pubitemid 351810105)
50. Kretzschmar, G. P. 1948. Soybean insects in Minnesota with special reference to sampling techniques. J. Econ. Entomol. 41: 586-591.
51. Lam, W.K.F., and L. P. Pedigo. 1998. Response of soybean insect communities to row width under crop-residue management systems. Environ. Entomol. 27: 1069-1079. (Pubitemid 128482903)
52. Lam, W.K.F., and L. P. Pedigo. 2004. Ecology and management of the bean leaf beetle Cerotoma trifurcata, pp. 579-589. In P. Jolivet, J. A. Santiago-Blay, and M. Schmitt (eds.), New developments in the biology of chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hauge, The Netherlands.
53. Lamp, W. O., R. J. Barney, E. J. Armbrust, and G. Kapusta. 1984a. Selective weed control in spring-planted alfalfa: Effect on leafhoppers and planthoppers (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha), with emphasis on potato leafhopper. Environ. Entomol. 13: 207-213.
54. Lamp, W. O., M. J. Morris, and E. J. Armbrust. 1984b. Suitability of common weed species as host plants for the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 36: 125-131.
55. Landis, D. A., S. D. Wratten, and G. M. Gurr. 2000. Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 45: 175-201. (Pubitemid 30187859)
56. Leavitt, M. J., C. C. Sheaffer, D. L. Wyse, and D. L. Allan. 2011. Rolled winter rye and hairy vetch cover crops lower weed density but reduce vegetable yields in notillage organic production. HortScience 46: 387-395.
57. Letourneau, D. K., I. Armbrecht, B. S. Rivera, J. M. Lerma, E. J. Carmona, M. C. Daza, S. Escobar, V. Galindo, C. Gutie'rrez, S. D. Lo'pez, et al. 2011. Does plant diversity benefit agroecosystems? A synthetic review. Ecol. Appl. 21: 9-21.
58. Lundgren, J. G., and W. E. Riedell. 2008. Soybean nitrogen relations and root characteristics after Cerotoma trifurcata (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) larval feeding injury. J. Entomol. Sci. 43: 107-116. (Pubitemid 351329143)
59. Macedo, T. B., C. S. Bastos, L. G. Higley, K. R. Ostlie, and S. Madhavan. 2003. Photosynthetic response of soybean to soybean aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) injury. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 188-193. (Pubitemid 37399406)
60. Marrone, P. G., and R. E. Stinner. 1983. Effects of soil moisture and texture on ovipositional preferences of the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environ. Entomol. 12: 426-428.
61. Miklasiewicz, T. J., and R. B. Hammond. 2001. Density of potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in response to soybean-wheat cropping systems. Environ. Entomol. 30: 204-214. (Pubitemid 33017069)
62. Myers, S., and C. Gratton. 2006. Inuence of potassium fertility on soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera : Aphididae), population dynamics at a field and regional scale. Environ. Entomol. 35: 219-227. (Pubitemid 44606012)
63. Myers, S. W., C. Gratton, R. P. Wolkowski, D. B. Hogg, and J. L. Wedberg. 2005. Effect of soil potassium availability on soybean aphid (Hemiptera : Aphididae) population dynamics and soybean yield. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 113-120. (Pubitemid 40328471)
64. Nielsen, C., and A. E. Hajek. 2005. Control of invasive soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), populations by existing natural enemies in New York state, with emphasis on entomopathogenic fungi. Environ. Entomol. 34: 1036-1047. (Pubitemid 41434302)
65. Noma, T., and M. J. Brewer. 2008. Seasonal abundance of resident parasitoids and predatory ies and corresponding soybean aphid densities, with comments on classical biological control of soybean aphid in the Midwest. J. Econ. Entomol. 101: 278-287. (Pubitemid 351570707)
66. Noma, T., C. Gratton, M. Colunca-Garcia, M. J. Brewer, E. E. Mueller, K. G. Wyckhuys, G. E. Heimpel, and M. E. O'Neal. 2010. Relationship of soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to soybean plant nutrients, landscape structure, and natural enemies. Environ. Entomol. 39: 31-41.
67. Ogunlana, M. O., and L. P. Pedigo. 1974. Economic injury levels of the potato leafhopper on soybeans in Iowa. J. Econ. Entomol. 67: 29-32.
68. Oloumi-Sadeghi, H., L. R. Zavaleta, W. O. Lamp, E. J. Armbrust, and G. Kapusta. 1987. Interactions of the potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with weeds in an alfalfa ecosystem. Environ. Entomol. 16: 1175-1180.
69. Oloumi-Sadeghi, H., L. R. Zavaleta, G. Kapusta, W. O. Lamp, and E. J. Armbrust. 1989. Effects of potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and weed control on alfalfa yield and quality. J. Econ. Entomol. 82: 923-931.
70. Pike, K. S., P. Stary, M. J. Brewer, T. Noma, S. Langley, and M. Kaiser. 2007. A new species of Binodoxys (Hymenoptera : Braconidae : Aphidiinae), parasitoid of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, with comments on biocontrol. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 109: 359-365. (Pubitemid 46674295)
71. Pimentel, D. 1961. Species diversity and insect population outbreaks. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 54: 76-86.
72. Ragsdale, D. W., B. P. McCornack, R. C. Venette, B. D. Potter, L. V. Macrae, E.W.Hodgson,M.E. O'Neal, K. D. Johnson, R. J. O'Neil, C. D. DiFonzo, et al. 2007. Economic threshold for soybean aphid (Hemiptera : Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 100: 1258-1267. (Pubitemid 47311079)
73. Ragsdale, D. W., D. A. Landis, J. Brodeur, G. E. Heimpel, and N. Desneux. 2011. Ecology and management of the soybean aphid in North America. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56: 375-399.
74. Reddy, K. N., R. M. Zablotowicz, M. A. Locke, and C. H. Koger. 2003. Cover crop, tillage, and herbicide effects on weeds, soil properties, microbial populations, and soybean yield. Weed Sci. 51: 987-994. (Pubitemid 43666297)
75. Rice, M., and R. Pope. 1998. Bean leaf beetle damages soybean pods. Iowa State University Extension, Integrat. Crop Manag. Newsl. IC-. 480: 157-159.
76. Rodenhouse, N. L., G. W. Barrett, D. M. Zimmerman, and J. C. Kemp. 1992. Effects of uncultivated corridors on arthropod abundances and crop yields in soybean agroecosystems. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 38: 179-191. (Pubitemid 23397106)
77. Root, R. B. 1973. Organization of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: The fauna of collards (Brassica oleracae). Ecol. Monogr. 43: 95-124.
78. Ruano-Rossil, J. M. 2001. Suppression of entomopathogenic fungi of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), by late blight fungicides. Doctoral Thesis, University of Minnesota, St. Paul. 98 p.
79. Ruffo, M. L., D. G. Bullock, and G. A. Bollero. 2004. Soybean yield as affected by biomass and nitrogen uptake of cereal rye in Winter cover crop rotations. Agron. J. 96: 800-805. (Pubitemid 38708736)
80. Samson, R. A., H. C. Evans, and J. Latgé. 1988. Atlas of entomopathogenic fungi. Springer, New York.
81. SAS Institute. 2000. SAS onlinedoc, version 8. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
82. Schellhorn, N. A. 2003. Diagnostic guide to coccinellids in agricultural fields in southeastern Minnesota. Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (http://www.entomology.umn.edu/ladybird/index/html).
83. Schmidt, N. P., M. E. O'Neal, and J. W. Singer. 2007. Alfalfa living mulch advances biological control of soybean aphid. Environ. Entomol. 36: 416-424. (Pubitemid 46798133)
84. Schmidt, N. P., M. E. O'Neal, and P. M. Dixon. 2008. Aphidophagous predators in Iowa soybean: A community comparison across multiple years and sampling methods. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 101: 341-350. (Pubitemid 351411512)
85. Schmidt, N. P., M. E. O'Neal, and L. A. Schulte Moore. 2011. Effects of grassland habitat and plant nutrients on soybean aphid and natural enemy populations. Environ. Entomol. 40: 260-272.
86. Singer, J. W., K. A. Kohler, and P. B. McDonald. 2007a. Self-seeding winter cereal cover crops in soybean. Agron. J. 99: 73-79. (Pubitemid 46105351)
87. Singer, J. W., S. M. Nusser, and C. J. Alf. 2007b. Are cover crops being used in the US corn belt? J. Soil Water Conserv. 62: 353-358. (Pubitemid 47509757)
88. Smith, J. 1976. Inuence of crop background on aphids and other phytophagous insects on Brussels sprouts. Ann. Appl. Biol. 83: 1-13.
89. Smith, H. A., and R. McSorley. 2000. Intercropping and pest management: A review of major concepts. Am. Entomol. 46: 154-161.
90. Smith, A. W., R. B. Hammond, and B. R. Stinner. 1988. Inuence of rye-cover crop management on soybean foliage arthropods. Environ. Entomol. 17: 109-114. (Pubitemid 19325474)
91. Smith, A. N., C. Reberg-Horton, G. T. Place, A. D. Meijer, C. Arellano, and J. P. Mueller. 2011. Rolled rye mulch for weed suppression in organic no-Tillage soybeans. Weed Sci. 59: 224-231.
92. Stoskopf, N. C. 1985. Rye, pp. 403-414. In Cereal grain crops. Reston Publishing Company, Inc., Reston, VA.
93. Strock, J. S., P. M. Porter, and M. P. Russel. 2004. Cover cropping to reduce nitrate loss through subsurface drainage in the northern U. S. corn belt. J. Environ. Qual. 33: 1010-1016. (Pubitemid 38661592)
94. Tillman, G., H. Schomberg, S. Phatak, B. Mullinix, S. Lachnicht, P. Timper, and D. Olson. 2004. Inuence of cover crops on insect pests and predators in conservation tillage cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 97: 1217-1232. (Pubitemid 39174976)
95. Tonhasca, A. 1994. Response of soybean herbivores to 2 agronomic practices increasing agroecosystem diversity. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 48: 57-65.
96. Troxclair, N. N., and D. J. Boethel. 1984. Inuence of tillage practices and row spacing on soybean insect populations in Louisiana. J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 1571-1579.
97. van Lenteren, J. C. 1998. Sustainable and safe crop protection: A reality? pp. 409-413. In Proceedings of the 50th International Symposium on Crop Protection, Gent, Belgium.
98. Venette, R. C., and D. W. Ragsdale. 2004. Assessing the invasion by soybean aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae): Where will it end? Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 97: 219-226. (Pubitemid 38546777)
99. Wagner-Riddle, C., T. J. Gillespie, L. A. Hunt, and C. J. Swanton. 1997. Modeling a rye cover crop and subsequent soybean yield. Agron. J. 89: 208-218. (Pubitemid 27213623)
100. Walter, A. J., and C. D. DiFonzo. 2007. Soil potassium deficiency affects soybean phloem nitrogen and soybean aphid populations. Environ. Entomol. 36: 26-33. (Pubitemid 46513712)
101. Ward, M. J., M. J. Ryan,W.S. Curran, M. E. Barbercheck, and D. A. Mortensen. 2011. Cover crops and disturbance inuence activity-density of weed seed predators Amara aenea and Harpalus pennsylvanicus (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Weed Sci. 59: 76-81.
102. Westgate, L. R., J. W. Singer, and K. A. Kohler. 2005. Method and timing of rye control affects soybean development and resource utilization. Agron. J. 97: 806-816.
103. Williams, M. M., D. A. Mortensen, and J. W. Doran. 2000. No-Tillage soybean performance in cover crops for weed management in the western Corn Belt. J. Soil Water Conserv. 55: 79-84. (Pubitemid 30097745)
104. Wu, Z., D. Schenk-Hamlin, W. Zhan, D. W. Ragsdale, and G. E. Heimpel. 2004. The soybean aphid in China: A historical review. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 97: 209-218. (Pubitemid 38546776)
105. Zehnder, G., G. M. Gurr, S. Kühne, M. R. Wade, S. D. Wratten, and E. Wyss. 2007. Arthropod pest management in organic crops. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52: 57-80. (Pubitemid 46137772)