Camel herders, middlewomen, and urban milk bars: The commodification of camel milk in Kenya

Journal of Eastern African Studies

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 383-404

  Anderson, David M ^a   Elliott, Hannah ^b   Kochore, Hassan Hussein ^c   Lochery, Emma ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI   (Kenya)

Author keywords

camel milk; gender; northern Kenya; pastoralists; sedentarisation; urbanisation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865391215     PISSN: 17531055     EISSN: 17531063     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17531055.2012.696886     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Africa Watch [now Africa Division of Human Rights Watch]. Kenya: Taking Liberties. New York: Human Rights Watch, July 1991.
2. Al Ain Dairy. " All Things Camel." http://sites.google.com/site/allthingscamel/camel-milk-dairies/al-ain-dairy-farm-united-arab-emirates-or-u-a-e- (last accessed February 5, 2011).
3. Anderson, D.M. " Rehabilitation, Resettlement, and Restocking: Ideology and Practice in Pastoralist Development ". In The Poor Are Not Us: Poverty and Pastoralism in Eastern Africa, David M. Anderson and Vigdis Broch-Due, 240-56. Oxford: James Currey, 1999.
4. Behnke, R.H., C.K. Kerven, and P.M. Sikana. " From Subsistence to Specialised Commodity Production: Commercialism and Pastoral Dairying in Africa ". Overseas Development Institute, Working Paper, 1997. http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/papers/34d.pdf (last accessed January 26, 2011.
5. Campbell, E.H. " Formalizing the Informal Economy: Somali Refugee and Migrant Trade Networks in Nairobi ". Global Migration Perspectives, no. 47 2005.
6. Campbell, E.H. 2006. Urban Refugees in Nairobi: Problems of Protection, Mechanisms of Survival, and Possibilities for Integration. Journal of Refugee Studies, 19(3): 396-413.
7. CARE Kenya. " A Report on the Camel Milk Marketing Clusters in Garissa." Nairobi: CARE Report, 2009. http://www.elmt-relpa.org/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/elmt/201003/Report%20on%20Camel%20Milk%20Hygiene%20and%20Business%20Skills%20Training_CARE%20Kenya.pdf (last accessed January 26, 2011).
8. Cashmore, T.H.R. " Studies in District Administration in the East African Protectorate ". PhD thesis, Cambridge University, 1966.
9. Castagno, A.A. 1964. The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future. Journal of Modern African Studies, 2(2): 165-88.
10. Dahl, G. 1990. "Mats and Milk Pots: The Domain of Borana Women". In The Creative Communion: African Folk Models of Fertility and the Regeneration of Life, Edited by: Jacobson-Widder, A. and Van Beek, W. 129-36. Uppsala: Ata Universitatis Upsalinensis.
11. Dalleo, P.T. " The Somali Role in Organized Poaching in Northeastern Kenya, C. 1909-1939." International Journal of African Historical Studies 12, no. 3 1979: 472-82.
12. Dalleo, P.T. " Trade and Pastoralism: Economic Factors in the History of the Somali of Northeastern Kenya, 1890-1948." PhD thesis, Syracuse University, 1975.
13. de Waal, A. 1997. Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
14. Degen, A.A., A. Nunow, A.F.M. Zaal, D.A. Otieno, and J.C. Hoorweg. " Market Dependence for Pastoralists in Kenya and Israel ". NIRP Research for Policy Series, 8 2008. http://www.dprn.nl/drupal/sites/dprn.nl/files/file/publications/nirp/nirp08.pdf (last accessed January 26, 2011).
15. Dietz, T. and F. Zaal. " Of Markets, Meat, Maize and Milk ". In The Poor Are Not Us: Poverty & Pastoralism in Eastern Africa, David M. Anderson and Vigdis Broch-Due, 163-98. Oxford: James Currey, 1997.
16. Dolan, C. " The Good 'Wife': Struggles over Resources in the Kenyan Horticulture Sector." Journal of Development Studies 37, no. 3 2001: 39-70.
17. Eaton, D. " Violence, Revenge and the History of Cattle Raiding along the Kenya-Uganda Border, c.1830-2008." PhD thesis, Dalhousie University, 2008.
18. Elliott, H. " Drinking Culture: Looking at Somali Responses to Displacement through the Lens of the Camel Milk Market in Nairobi's Eastleigh Estate ". MA thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, 2011
19. FAO. " The Next Thing: Camel Milk." Posted April 18, 2006. http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000275/index.html (last laccessed January 27, 2011.
20. Farah, M.I. 1993. From Ethnic Response to Clan Identity: A Study of State Penetration among Somali Nomadic Pastoral Society of the Northeast Kenya, Stockholm: University of Uppsala.
21. Fletcher, A. " Camel Milk: The Dairy Product of the Future." Bederwanaag News Online. http://www.bederwanaag.com/English_News/Camel%20milk.html (last accessed January 26, 2011.
22. Fratkin, E. and Roth, E.A. 2005. As Pastoralists Settle, New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
23. Fratkin, E., Roth, E.A. and Nathan, M.A. 2004. Pastoral Sedentarization and Its Effects on Children's Diet, Health and Growth Among Rendille of Northern Kenya. Human Ecology, 32(5): 531-59.
24. Goldsmith, P. " Cattle, Khat and Guns: Trade, Conflict and Security on Northern Kenya's Highland-Lowland Interface ". Nairobi: APPEAL-KENYA, 1997.
25. Goldsmith, P. " The Somali Impact on Kenya, 1990-1993: The View From Outside the Camps." In Mending Rips in the Sky: Options for Somali Communities in the 21st Century, Hussein Adam and R. Ford. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1997.
26. Herren, U.J. " The Commercial Sale of Camel Milk from Pastoral Herds in the Mogadishu Hinterland, Somalia ". Overseas Development Institute, Working Paper, 1990. http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/papers/30a.pdf (last accessed January 26, 2011).
27. Hjort, A. 1990. "Town-based Pastoralism in Eastern Africa". In Small Town Africa: Studies in Rural-Urban Interaction, Edited by: Baker, J. 143-160. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
28. Hogg, R. 1986. The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya. Africa, 56(3): 319-33.
29. Horst, C. 2006. Transnational Nomads: How Somalis Cope with Refugee Life in the Dadaab Camps of Kenya, Oxford: Berghahn.
30. Hussein, A.A. " Town Camels and Milk Villages: The Growth of Camel Milk marketing in the Somali Region of Ethiopia." Future Agricultures Consortium, Research Update 3, November 2010. http://www.future-agricultures.org/index.php?option = com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1076&Itemid=510 (last accessed August 11, 2011).
31. Hussein, A.A., A.M. Ali, and A.E. Tahir. " Town Camels: Pastoral Innovation in a Fast Changing World: Case Study from Gode Town, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia." Future Agricultures. Feinstein International Center, December 2010. http://www.futureagricultures.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1151&Itemid=510 (last accessed August 13, 2011).
32. Jaramogi, P. " Uganda: Kisenyi-a Haven for Somali Tranquility Or Scams? " New Vision (Kampala), September 27, 2007 (last accessed January 26, 2011).
33. Kenya National Archives. 1953 Marsabit Annual Report, PC/NFD1/2/5.
34. Lewis, I.M. Modern History of the Somali. Rev./4th ed. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2003.
35. Lindley, A. 2010. The Early Morning Phone Call: Somali Refugees' Remittances, New York: Berghahn.
36. Little, P.D. 1992. The Elusive Granary: Herder, Farmer, and State in Northern Kenya, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37. Little, P.D. 1994. "Maidens and Milk Markets: The Sociology of Dairy Marketing in Southern Somalia". In African Pastoralist Systems: An Integrated Approach, Edited by: Fratkin, E., Galvin, K.A. and Roth, E.A. 165-84. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.
38. Lochery, E. " When Citizens are Rendered Stateless: The Kenyan State's Somali Screening Exercise." MSc diss. in African Studies, University of Oxford, 2008.
39. Mahmoud, H.A. " Breaking Barriers: The Construction of a New Burji Identity through Livestock Trade in Northern Kenya." Working Paper 113. Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, 2009.
40. Mahmoud, H.A. " Camel Marketing in the Northern Kenya/Southern Ethiopia Borderlands." Future Agricultures Consortium, Research Update 5, November 2010. http://www.future-agricultures.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1077&Itemid=510 (last accessed August 11, 2011).
41. Mahmoud, H.A. " Innovations in Pastoral Livestock Marketing: The Emergence and the Role of 'Somali Cattle Traders-Cum-Ranchers' in Kenya." In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa: Research and Policy Challenges, John G. McPeak and Peter D. Little, 129-44. Warwickshire, UK: ITDG Publications, 2006.
42. Mburu, N. 2005. Bandits on the Border: The Last Frontier in the Search for Somali Unity, Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press.
43. Musinga, M., D. Kimenye, and P. Kivolonzi. " The Camel Milk Industry in Kenya." SNV Report, 2006. http://www.ebpdn.org/download/download.php?table = resources&id = 2337 (last accessed January 26, 2011).
44. Muthengi, A. " Kenya's Little Mogadishu Celebrates ". BBC News, August 29, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/901424.stm (last accessed August 11, 2011).
45. Nori, M., Kenyanjui, M.B., Yusuf, M.A. and Mohamed, F.H. 2006. Milking Drylands: The Marketing of Camel Milk in North-East Somalia. Nomadic Peoples, 10(1): 9-28.
46. Nori, M., J.D. Van de Ploeg, and L. Omodei Zorini. " Ungoverned Markets: The Emergence of Camel Milk Markets in Stateless Somali Areas ". Posted 2004. http://milkingdrylands.ominiverdi.org/docs/MD_article_x_EEA.pdf (last accessed January 26, 2011).
47. Oba, G. " Changing Property Rights among Settling Pastoralists: An Adaptive Strategy to Declining Pastoral Resources." In Property, Poverty and People: Changing Rights in Property and Problems of Pastoral Development, Paul Baxter and Richard Hogg, 38-44. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1990.
48. Oba, G. The Importance of Pastoralists' Indigenous Coping Strategies for Planning Drought Management. Nomadic Peoples 5, no. 1 2001: 89-119.
49. Oduor, A. " Plans Underway to Install Camel Milk Dispensers in Towns." Standard Online, January 13, 2011. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/archives/InsidePage.php?id=2000026649&cid=4 (last accessed January 26, 2011).
50. Roba, A.W. and Witsenburg, K.M. 2004. Surviving Pastoral Decline: Pastoral Sedentarization, Natural Resource Management and Livelihood Diversification in Marsabit District, Northern Kenya, Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.
51. Schlee, G. 1985. Interethnic Clan Identities among Cushitic-Speaking Pastoralists. Africa, 55(1): 17-38.
52. Schlee, G. 1989. Identities on the Move: Clanship and Pastoralism in Northern Kenya, Nairobi: Gideon S. Were Press.
53. Simons, A. 1995. Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone, Oxford: Westview Press.
54. Sobania, N. " Pastoralist Migration and Colonial Policy: A Case Study from Northern Kenya." In The Ecology of Survival: Case Studies from Northeastern African History, Douglas H. Johnson and David M. Anderson, 219-39. London: Crook Greene, 1988.
55. Vital Camel Milk Ltd. " Products." http://www.vitalcamelmilk.com/products.html (last accessed January 30, 2011).
56. Wahome, M. " Focus Shifts to the Camel as Next Cash Cow." Daily Nation, January 17, 2011.
57. Warsame, A.M. " Crisis or Opportunity? Somali Women Traders and the War." In Somalia-the Untold Story: The War Through the Eyes of Somali Women, Judith Gardner and Judy El Bushra, 116-38. London: Pluto Press, 2004.
58. Whittaker. H. " Pursuing Pastoralists: The Stigma of Shifta during the 'Shifta War' in Kenya, 1963-8." Eras 10 2008. http://arts.monash.edu.au/publications/eras/edition-10/whittaker-article.pdf.
59. Zaal, F. 1999. Pastoralism in a Global Age: Livestock Marketing and Pastoral Commercial Activities in Kenya and Burkina Faso, Amsterdam: Thela Thesis.