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2
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84922734809
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Even the brightest SNe associated with cosmological gamma-ray bursts (e.g., the nickel-rich SN 1998bw) fall well below our SLSN threshold.
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The study of the peculiar SN 1997cy (72) was perhaps the first modern study of a supernova that was substantially more luminous than the norm. The absolute peak magnitude of this event (-20.1 mag), as well as that of similar objects detected since [e.g., SN 2002ic (73)], falls below our fiducial limit defined above, and thus we do not discuss them here.
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⊙) explode as pair-instability SNe at SMC- or LMC-like metallicities, although they may have to be tweaked to explain the lack of hydrogen in observed SLSN-R spectra.
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This effective edge does not necessarily coincide with the physical edge of the star, which we define as the radius inside which material is gravitationally bound to the star.
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There is no conflict between this process (converting kinetic energy to radiation) and the previous one (converting shock energy stored as internal heat energy into radiation) and both can contribute in any given object, although there is debate about which one is dominant for particular cases.
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A similar relation has been established in the case of a lower-luminosity SN IIn [SN 2005 gl (75, 76)].
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See text S3 for additional details.
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