The Formation of a Tourist Destination's Image via Information Sources: The Moderating Effect of Culture

International Journal of Tourism Research

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 437-450

  Frías, Dolores M ^a   Rodríguez, Miguel A ^a   Alberto Castaneda J ^a   Sabiote, Carmen M ^a   Buhalis, Dimitrios ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

^b BOURNEMOUTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Culture; Destination image; Internet; Travel agency; Uncertainty avoidance

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL INFLUENCE; HERITAGE TOURISM; INTERNET; MEDIA ROLE; MULTICULTURALISM; TOURISM MARKET; TOURIST DESTINATION;

EUROPE;

EID: 84865279589     PISSN: 10992340     EISSN: 15221970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jtr.870     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Ahmed Z. 1991. Influence of the components of a state's tourist image on product positioning strategy. Tourism Management 12: 331-340.
2. Alhemoud AM, Armstrong FOR EXAMPLE. 1996. Image of tourism attractions in Kuwait. Journal of Travel Research 34(4): 76-80.
3. Baloglu S, McCleary K. 1999a. A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research 26: 868-897.
4. Baloglu S, McCleary K. 1999b. U.S. international pleasure travellers' images of four Mediterranean destinations. A comparison of visitors and non-visitors. Journal of Travel Research 38: 114-129.
5. Baloglu S, Mangaloglu M. 2001. Tourism destination images of Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and Italy as perceived by US-based tour operators and travel agents. Tourism Management 22: 1-9.
6. Beerli A, Martín JD. 2004. Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research 26: 868-897.
7. Bennett MM 1993. Information technology and travel agency. A customer service perspective. Tourism Management 14(4): 259-266.
8. Bigñé JE, Sánchez MI, Sánchez J. 2001. Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour inter-relationship. Tourism Management 22: 607-616.
9. Bigñé JE, Sánchez MI, Sánz S 2009. The functional-psychological continuum in the cognitive image of a destination. A confirmatory analysis. Tourism Management 30(5): 715-723.
10. Bond M 1987. Chinese values and the search for culture free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology 18: 143-64.
11. Bonn MA, Furr HL, Susskind AM. 1998. Using the Internet as a pleasure travel planning tool. An examination of the sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics amongst internet users and nonusers. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research 22(3): 303-317.
12. Buhalis D. 1997. Information and Telecommunication Technology as a strategic tool for economic, social and environmental benefits enhancement of tourism at destination regions. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 3(1): 71-93.
13. Buhalis D 1998. Strategic use of information technologies in the tourism industry. Tourism Management 19(5): 409-421.
14. Buhalis D. 2000. Marketing the competitive destination of the future, Tourism Management 21(1): 97-116.
15. Buhalis D, Licata C. 2002. The future of eTourism intermediaries. Tourism Management 23(3): 207-220.
16. Buhalis D, Laws E. 2001. Tourism Distribution Channels: Patterns, Practices and Challenges, co-editor, Thomson: London; ISBN 0826454704.
17. Buhalis D, Law R. 2008. Progress in tourism management: Twenty years on and 10years after the internet: The state of eTourism research. Tourism Management 29(4): 609-623.
18. Buzzell R. 1968. Can you standardize multinational marketing?. Harvard Business Review 46: 102-13.
19. Calantone R, Di Benetton, C, Hakam A, Bojanic D. 1989. Multiple multinational tourism positioning using correspondence analysis. Journal of Travel Research 28(2): 25-32.
20. Cantor N, Mischel W. 1979. Prototypes in person perception. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 12: 3-52.
21. Chen P, Kerstetter D. 1999 International students' image of rural Pennsylvania as a travel destination. Journal of Travel Research 37: 256-266.
22. Chon KS. 1990. The role of destination image in tourism: A review and discussion. Revue du Tourisme 2: 2-9.
23. Clark T 1990. International Marketing and National Character. A Review and Proposal for an Integrative Theory. Journal of Marketing 54(4): 66-79.
24. Crotts J, Pizam A. 2003. The effect of national culture on consumer evaluation of travel services. Journal of Tourism, Culture and Communications 4(1): 17-28.
25. D'Agostino RB. 1998. Tutorial in biostatistics: Propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a nonrandomized control group. Statistics in Medicine 17: 2265-2281.
26. Dolnicar S. 2005. Understanding barriers to leisure travel. Tourist fears as a marketing basis. Journal of Vacation Marketing 11(3): 197-208.
27. Echtner C, Ritchie J. 1991. The meaning and measurement of destination image. The Journal of Tourism Studies 2(2): 2-12.
28. Echtner C, Ritchie J. 1993. The measurement of destinations image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research 31(4): 3-13.
29. e-Marketer. 2006. Happy 300 millionth, USA. Available at: http://www.emarketer.com.
30. Fakeye PC, Crompton JL. 1991. Image differences between prospective, first-time, and repeat visitors to the Lowe Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research 30(2): 10-16.
31. Gallarza M, Irene G, Calderón H. 2002. Destination image Towards a Conceptual Framework. Annals of Tourism Research 29(1): 56-78.
32. Gartner WC. 1989. Tourism image: Attribute measurement of state tourism products using multidimensional scaling techniques. Journal of Travel Research 28(2): 16-20.
33. Gartner WC. 1993. Image formation process. In M. Uysal and D. Fesenmaier. Edited by Communication and channel systems in tourism marketing. Haworth Press: New York; 191-215.
34. Gartner WC, Bachri T. 1994. Tour operators' role in the tourism distribution system: An Indonesian case study. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 6(3/4): 161-179.
35. Geng-Qing C, Qu H. 2008. Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management 29(1): 624-636.
36. Goodall B. 1990. How tourists choose their holidays: An analytical framework. In The promotion of destination regions, Goodall B, Ashworth G (eds). Marketing in the tourism industry: Routledge, London; 1-17.
37. Goodrich J. 1978. A new approach to image analysis through multidimensional scaling. Journal of Travel Research 16: 3-7.
38. Govers R, Go FM, Kumar K. 2007. Virtual destination image. A new measurement approach. Annals of Tourism Research 34(4): 977-997.
39. Gunn C. 1972. Vacationscape: Designing tourist regions. Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas: Austin.
40. Gursoy D, Chen J. 2000. Competitive analysis of cross cultural information search behaviour. Tourism Management 21(6): 583-590.
41. Gursoy D, Umbreit WT. 2004. Tourist information Search behaviour: cross-cultural comparison of European Union member states. The International Journal of Hospitality Management 23: 55-70.
42. Hastie R. 1981. Schematic principles in human memory. In Social cognition. The Ontario symposium on personality and social psychology. Tory Higgins E, Herman CA and Zanna MP (eds). Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ; 39-88.
43. Hofstede G. 1980. Culture consequences. International differences in work-related values. Sage: Beverly Hills.
44. Hofstede G. 1991. Culture and Organizations. Software on the Mind. McGraw Hill: London.
45. Hunt J. 1975. Image as a factor in tourism development. Journal of Travel Research 13(3): 1-17.
46. IET, Instituto de Estudios Turísticos. 2010. Movimientos Turísticos en Fronteras (FRONTUR) and Encueta de Gasto Turístico (EGATUR). Ministerio de Industria, Turismo and Comercio: Madrid.
47. nd edn, Lindzey G, Aronson E (eds). Vol. 4, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company: Reading Massachusetts; 418-99.
48. Junglas A, Watson T. 2004. National Culture and Electronic Commerce. E-service Journal 3(2): 3-35.
49. Kokosalakis C, Bagnall G, Selby M, Burns S. 2006. Place image and urban regeneration in Liverpool. International Journal of Consumer Studies 30(4): 389-397.
50. Kolman LK, Noorderhaven NG, Hoftstede G, Dienes E. 2003. Cross cultural differences in Central Europe. Journal of Managerial Psychology 18(1): 76-88.
51. Konecnik M 2004. Evaluating Slovenia's image as a tourism destination: A self-analysis process towards building a destination brand. Journal of Brand Management 11(4): 307-317.
52. Kozak M, Crotts JC, Law R. 2007. The Impact of the Perception of Risk on International Travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research 9: 233-242.
53. Law R, Leung K, Wong J. 2004. The impact of the internet on travel agencies. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 16(2): 100-107.
54. Lee C, Lee Y, Lee B. 2005. Korea's destination image formed by the 2002 world cup. Annals of Tourism Research 32(4): 839-858.
55. Lenartowicz T, Roth K. 2001. Does subculture within a country matter? A cross-cultural study of motivational domains and business performance in Brazil. Journal of International Business Studies 32(2): 305.
56. Lim KH, Kwok L, Choon LS, Matthew KL. 2004. Is e-Commerce boundary-less? Effects of individualism-collectivism and uncertainty-avoidance on Internet shopping. Journal of International Business Studies 35(6): 545-559.
57. Shaw-Ching LB, Furrer O, Sudharshan D 2001. The Relationships Between Culture and Behavioral Intentions Toward Services. Journal of Service Research 4(2): 118-129.
58. Lu L, Rose G, Blodgett J. 1999. The effects of cultural dimensions on ethical decision making in marketing: an exploratory study. Journal of Business Ethics 18: 91-105.
59. Lynch J, Schuler D. 1994. The matchup effect of spokesperson and product congruence. A schema theory interpretation. Psychology and Marketing 11(5): 417-445.
60. Mackay K, Fesenmaier D. 1997. Pictorial element of destination in image formation. Annals of Tourism Research 24: 537-565.
61. Manrai LA, Manrai AK. 1995. Effects of cultural-context, gender, and acculturation on perceptions of work versus social/leisure time usage. Journal of Business Research 32(2): 115-128.
62. Mansfeld Y. 1992. From motivation to actual travel. Annals of Tourism Research 19: 399-419.
63. Mattila Anna. 1999. The Role of Culture in the Service Evaluation Process. Journal of Service Research 1(3): 250-261.
64. Master H, Prideaux B. 2000. Culture and vacation satisfaction. A study of Taiwanese tourists in South East Queensland. Tourism Management 21: 445-449.
65. Mayo EJ. 1973. Regional images and regional travel behaviour. Research for changing travel patterns: Interpretation and utilization, in Proceedings of the travel research association, fourth annual conference 211-218.
66. McCort DJ, Malhotra NK. 1993. Culture and consumer behavior. Toward an understanding of cross-cultural consumer behavior in international marketing. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 6(2): 91-127.
67. Mercille J. 2005. Media effects on image. The case of Tibet. Annals of Tourism Research 32: 1039-1055.
68. Milman A, Pizam A. 1995. The role of awareness and familiarity with a destination. Journal of Travel Research 33(3): 21-28.
69. Mitchell Vassos 1997. Perceived Risk and Risk Reduction in Holiday Purchases. A Cross-cultural and Gender Analysis. Journal of Euro-Marketing 6(3): 47-79.
70. Money RB, Crotts JC. 2003. The effect of uncertainty-avoidance on information search, planning, and purchases of international travel vacations. Tourism Management (24): 191-202.
71. Montgomery DC. 1991. Design and analysis of experiments. Wiley & Sons Inc: New York.
72. Nasif EG, Al-Daeaj H, Ebrahimi B, Thibodeaux M. 1991. Methodological Problems in Cross-Cultural Research. An Updated Review. Management International Review 31(1): 79-91.
73. Nolan S. 1976. Tourists' use and evaluation of travel information sources. summary and conclusions. Journal of Travel Research 14(3): 6-8.
74. Pan B, Fesenmaier DR. 2006. Online information search. Vacation planning process. Annals of Tourism Research 33(3): 809-832.
75. Pappas C. 1997. Have modem, will travel. Home Office Computing 15 (7): 46-7.
76. Perdue BC, Summers, JO. 1986. Checking the success of manipulations in marketing experiments. Journal of Marketing Research 23: 317-326.
77. Pew Internet and American Life Project. 2005. How women and men use the Internet. Available at: www.pewinternet.org.
78. Pizam A, Sussmann R. 1995. Does nationality affect tourist behaviour? Annals of Tourism Research 22(4), 901-917.
79. Reimann M, Lünemann F, Chase R. 2008. Uncertainty-avoidance as a moderator of the relationship between perceived quality and customer satisfaction. Journal of Service Research 11: 63-73.
80. Reisinger Y, Mavondo F. 2005. Travel Anxiety and Intentions to travel internationally. Implications of Travel Risk Perception. Journal of Travel Research 43: 212-225.
81. Reisinger Y, Mavondo F. 2006. Cultural differences in travel risk perception. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 20(1): 13-31.
82. Reisinger Y, Turner L. 1998. Cultural differences between Mandarin-Speaking Tourist and Australian Hosts and Their Impact on Cross-Cultural Tourist-Host Interaction. Journal of Business Research 42: 175-187.
83. Reisinger Y and Turner L. 2002. Cultural Differences between Asian Tourist Markets and Australian Hosts, Part 1. Journal of Travel Research 40: 295-315.
84. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. 1984. Reducing bias in observational studies using subclassification on the propensity score. Journal of the American Statistical Association 79: 516-524.
85. San Martín H, Rodríguez del Bosque IA. 2008. Exploring the cognitive-affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation. Tourism Management 29(2): 263-277.
86. Schmidt JB, Spreng RA. 1996. A proposed model of external consumer information research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 24(3): 246-256.
87. Scott D, Schewe C, Frederick D. 1978. A multi-brand/multiattribute model of tourist state choice. Journal of Travel Research 17(3): 23-29.
88. Sekaran U. 1983. Methodological and Theoretical Issues and Advancements in Cross-Cultural Research. Journal of International Business Studies 14(2): 61-73.
89. Soares AM, Farhangmehr M, Shoham A. 2007. Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies. Journal of Business Research 60: 277-284.
90. Sondergaard M. 1994. Hofstede's consequences. A study of reviews, citation and replications. Organ Stud 15(3): 447-457.
91. Steenkamp JB 2001. The role of national culture in international marketing research. International Marketing Review 18(1): 30-44.
92. Stern, E, Krakover S. 1993. The formation a composite urban image. Geographical Analysis 25(2): 130-148.
93. Suárez L. Díaz AM, Vázquez R. 2007. Relationship marketing and information and communication technologies: Analysis of retail travel. Journal of Travel Research 45(4): 453-463.
94. Tasci A, Gartner W. 2007. Destination image and its functional relationships. Journal of Travel Research 45(4): 413-425.
95. Taylor SE, Crocker J. 1981. Schematic bases of social information processing. In Social cognition. the Ontario symposium on personality and social psychology. Tory Higgins E Herman CA and Zanna MP. Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ; 89-134.
96. Tsaur SH, Lin Y, Lin JH. 2006. Evaluating ecotourism sustainability from the integrated perspective of resource, community and tourism. Tourism Management 27(4): 640-653.
97. Um S, Crompton J. 1990. Attitude determinant in tourism destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research 17: 432-48.
98. Uysal M, McDonald CD, Reid LJ. 1990. Sources of information used by international visitors to US parks and natural areas. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 8(1): 51-59.
99. Vich-i-Martorell G. 2004. The Internet and tourism principals in the Balearic Island. Tourism and Hospitality Research 5(1): 25-44.
100. Wang S, Beatty SE, Mothersbaugh DL. 2009. Congruity's role in website attitude formation. Journal of Business Research 62(6): 579-672.
101. Wetzel CG. 1977. Manipulation checks: A reply to Kidd. Representative Research in Social Psychology 8(2): 88-93.
102. Weiermair K. 2000. Tourists perceptions towards and satisfaction with service quality in the cross cultural service encounter. implications for hospitality and tourism management. Managing Service Quality 10(6): 397-409.
103. White C. 2004. Destination image: To see or not to see. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 16: 309-314.
104. Woodside AG, Lysonski S. 1989. A general model of traveler destination choice. Journal of Travel Research 27(4): 8-14.
105. World Tourism Organization. 2008. Barómetro OMT del Turismo Mundial, Vol, 6 (3). http.//www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom08_3_sp_LR.pdf
106. World Tourism Organization. 2010. Barómetro OMT del turismo mundial, Vol, 8 (3). Octubre 2010. http://www.unwto.org/facts/pub.html, 09/06/2011.
107. Wu SI, PL Wei, Chen JH. 2008. Influential factors and relational structure of Internet banner advertising in the tourism industry. Tourism Management 29: 221-236.
108. Yanovistzky I, E Zanutto, R Hornik 2005. Estimating causal effects of public health education campaigns using propensity score methodology. Evaluation and Program Planning 28: 209-220.
109. You X, Leary JO, Morrison A, Hong G. 2001. A Cross Cultural Comparison of travel Push and Pull Factors. United Kingdom and Japan. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration 1(3): 1-26.
110. Zanutto EL, Lu B, Hornik R. 2005. Using propensity score subclassification for multiple treatment doses to evaluate a National Anti-Drug Media Campaign. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 30: 59-73.
111. Zikmund WG. 1998. Essentials of marketing research. Harcourt Brace College Publishers: Hinsdale, IL. USA.