메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 163-180

A review of the ecology and management of temporarily open/closed estuaries in South Africa, with particular emphasis on river flow and mouth state as primary drivers of these systems

Author keywords

birds; estuarine ecology; fish; hyperbenthos; macrophytes; microalgae; sediments; zoobenthos; zooplankton

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM; HYDRODYNAMICS; LITERATURE REVIEW; MACROPHYTE; MICROALGA; RIVER FLOW; WETLAND MANAGEMENT; ZOOBENTHOS; ZOOPLANKTON;

EID: 84865264737     PISSN: 1814232X     EISSN: 18142338     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2989/1814232X.2012.675041     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (60)

References (157)
  • 1
    • 0028163543 scopus 로고
    • The effect of salinity and inundation on the estuarine macrophyte Sarcocornia perennis (Mill.)
    • Adams, JB and Bate, GC. 1994. The effect of salinity and inundation on the estuarine macrophyte Sarcocornia perennis (Mill.) A.J. Scott. Aquatic Botany, 47: 341-348.
    • (1994) A.J. Scott. Aquatic Botany , vol.47 , pp. 341-348
    • Adams, J.B.1    Bate, G.C.2
  • 2
    • 0029478479 scopus 로고
    • The ecological implications of salinity and inundation tolerance in the estuarine halophyte, Spartina martima (Curtis) Fernald
    • Adams, JB and Bate, GC. 1995. The ecological implications of salinity and inundation tolerance in the estuarine halophyte, Spartina martima (Curtis) Fernald. Aquatic Botany, 52: 183-191.
    • (1995) Aquatic Botany , vol.52 , pp. 183-191
    • Adams, J.B.1    Bate, G.C.2
  • 3
    • 84865216061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the freshwater requirements of estuarine plants
    • Salman AHPM, Langeveld MJ, Bonazountas M, editors Leiden: EUCC
    • Adams, JB and Bate, GC. 1996. "Understanding the freshwater requirements of estuarine plants". In Coastal management and habitat conservation, Edited by: Salman, AHPM, Langeveld, MJ and Bonazountas, M. 181-192. Leiden: EUCC.
    • (1996) Coastal management and habitat conservation , pp. 181-192
    • Adams, J.B.1    Bate, G.C.2
  • 4
    • 0002816786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary producers
    • Allanson BR, Baird D, editors Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Adams, JB, Bate, GC and O'Callaghan, M. 1999. "Primary producers". In Estuaries of South Africa, Edited by: Allanson, BR and Baird, D. 91-117. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1999) Estuaries of South Africa , pp. 91-117
    • Adams, J.B.1    Bate, G.C.2    O'Callaghan, M.3
  • 5
    • 0027075742 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of estuarine macrophytes in relation to freshwater
    • Adams, JB, Knoop, WT and Bate, GC. 1992. The distribution of estuarine macrophytes in relation to freshwater. Botanica Marina, 35: 215-226.
    • (1992) Botanica Marina , vol.35 , pp. 215-226
    • Adams, J.B.1    Knoop, W.T.2    Bate, G.C.3
  • 6
    • 53049090066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic interactions amongst the plankton in the temporarily open/closed East Kleinemonde Estuary South Africa
    • Allan, EL and Froneman, PW. 2008. Trophic interactions amongst the plankton in the temporarily open/closed East Kleinemonde Estuary South Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 33: 167-174.
    • (2008) African Journal of Aquatic Science , vol.33 , pp. 167-174
    • Allan, E.L.1    Froneman, P.W.2
  • 7
    • 0034898504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some factors governing the water quality of microtidal estuaries in South Africa
    • Allanson, BR. 2001. Some factors governing the water quality of microtidal estuaries in South Africa. Water SA, 27: 373-386.
    • (2001) Water SA , vol.27 , pp. 373-386
    • Allanson, B.R.1
  • 8
    • 34249326601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of microalgal production in a marine versus a river-dominated temporarily open/closed estuary, South Africa
    • Anandraj, A, Perissinotto, R and Nozias, C. 2007. A comparative study of microalgal production in a marine versus a river-dominated temporarily open/closed estuary, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73: 768-780.
    • (2007) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.73 , pp. 768-780
    • Anandraj, A.1    Perissinotto, R.2    Nozias, C.3
  • 9
    • 50449092135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The recovery of microalgal production and biomass in a South African temporarily open/closed estuary, following mouth breaching
    • Anandraj, A, Perissinotto, R, Nozias, C and Stretch, D. 2008. The recovery of microalgal production and biomass in a South African temporarily open/closed estuary, following mouth breaching. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 79: 599-606.
    • (2008) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.79 , pp. 599-606
    • Anandraj, A.1    Perissinotto, R.2    Nozias, C.3    Stretch, D.4
  • 10
    • 84865246549 scopus 로고
    • Hydrodynamics and sedimentation of the Bushmans River estuary, Eastern Cape
    • Baird, D, Reddering, JSV and Winter, PED. 1983. Hydrodynamics and sedimentation of the Bushmans River estuary, Eastern Cape. South African Journal of Science, 79: 154-155.
    • (1983) South African Journal of Science , vol.79 , pp. 154-155
    • Baird, D.1    Reddering, J.S.V.2    Winter, P.E.D.3
  • 14
    • 80052360968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of the size structure, distribution and behaviour of fish populations within a temporarily closed South African estuary using dual frequency identification sonar (DIDSON)
    • Becker, A, Whitfield, AK, Cowley, PD, Järnegren, J and Næsje, TF. 2011b. An assessment of the size structure, distribution and behaviour of fish populations within a temporarily closed South African estuary using dual frequency identification sonar (DIDSON). Journal of Fish Biology, 79: 761-775.
    • (2011) Journal of Fish Biology , vol.79 , pp. 761-775
    • Becker, A.1    Whitfield, A.K.2    Cowley, P.D.3    Järnegren, J.4    Næsje, T.F.5
  • 15
    • 0004263413 scopus 로고
    • The estuaries of Natal
    • Pietermaritzburg: Natal Town and Regional Planning Report 41
    • Begg GW 1978. The estuaries of Natal. Pietermaritzburg: Natal Town and Regional Planning Report 41.
    • (1978)
    • Begg, G.W.1
  • 17
    • 14644399210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of the caridean shrimp, Palaemon peringueyi, in a temperate temporarily open/closed South African estuary
    • Bernard, ATF and Froneman, PW. 2005. Population dynamics of the caridean shrimp, Palaemon peringueyi, in a temperate temporarily open/closed South African estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 63: 73-81.
    • (2005) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.63 , pp. 73-81
    • Bernard, A.T.F.1    Froneman, P.W.2
  • 18
    • 0020930764 scopus 로고
    • The biomass, energy consumption and breeding of waterbirds relative to hydrological conditions at Lake St Lucia
    • Berruti, A. 1983. The biomass, energy consumption and breeding of waterbirds relative to hydrological conditions at Lake St Lucia. Ostrich, 54: 65-82.
    • (1983) Ostrich , vol.54 , pp. 65-82
    • Berruti, A.1
  • 19
    • 84865213125 scopus 로고
    • Effects of a causeway on the Seekoei Estuary and possible remedial measures
    • Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR Report T/SEA 8710
    • Bickerton IB, Badenhorst P 1987. Effects of a causeway on the Seekoei Estuary and possible remedial measures. CSIR Report T/SEA 8710. Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
    • (1987)
    • Bickerton, I.B.1    Badenhorst, P.2
  • 20
    • 84865248062 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the effects of the construction of a viaduct across the tidal flats in the vicinity of the White Bridge, Knysna
    • Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR Report EMA/C 8899
    • Burns ML, Heydorn AEF 1988. An evaluation of the effects of the construction of a viaduct across the tidal flats in the vicinity of the White Bridge, Knysna. CSIR Report EMA/C 8899. Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
    • (1988)
    • Burns, M.L.1    Heydorn, A.E.F.2
  • 21
    • 84865259968 scopus 로고
    • A quantitative assessment of the effect of factory effluent upon littoral and estuarine faunas at Umkomaas, Natal
    • Burton, AJ. 1960. A quantitative assessment of the effect of factory effluent upon littoral and estuarine faunas at Umkomaas, Natal. South African Journal of Science, 56: 163-166.
    • (1960) South African Journal of Science , vol.56 , pp. 163-166
    • Burton, A.J.1
  • 22
    • 58149316019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the characteristics of the fish faunas in offshore, deeper waters of permanently-open, seasonally-open and normally-closed estuaries
    • Chuwen, BM, Steeg, DH and Potter, IC. 2009. Factors influencing the characteristics of the fish faunas in offshore, deeper waters of permanently-open, seasonally-open and normally-closed estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 81: 279-295.
    • (2009) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.81 , pp. 279-295
    • Chuwen, B.M.1    Steeg, D.H.2    Potter, I.C.3
  • 23
    • 0034062320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of a botanical importance rating to assess changes in the flora of the Swartkops Estuary over time
    • Colloty, BM, Adams, JB and Bate, GC. 2000. The use of a botanical importance rating to assess changes in the flora of the Swartkops Estuary over time. Water SA, 26: 171-180.
    • (2000) Water SA , vol.26 , pp. 171-180
    • Colloty, B.M.1    Adams, J.B.2    Bate, G.C.3
  • 24
    • 0024800522 scopus 로고
    • Fairweather versus flood sedimentation in Mhlanga lagoon, Natal: implications for environmental manage ment
    • Cooper, JAG. 1989. Fairweather versus flood sedimentation in Mhlanga lagoon, Natal: implications for environmental manage ment. South African Journal of Geology, 92: 279-294.
    • (1989) South African Journal of Geology , vol.92 , pp. 279-294
    • Cooper, J.A.G.1
  • 25
    • 0003890523 scopus 로고
    • Sedimentary models and geomorphological classification of river-mouths on a subtropical, wave-dominated coast, South Africa
    • Durban: University of Natal PhD thesis
    • Cooper JAG 1991. Sedimentary models and geomorphological classification of river-mouths on a subtropical, wave-dominated coast, South Africa. PhD thesis, University of Natal, Durban.
    • (1991)
    • Cooper, J.A.G.1
  • 26
    • 0028666085 scopus 로고
    • Sedimentary processes in the river-dominated Mvoti estuary, South Africa
    • Cooper, JAG. 1993. Sedimentary processes in the river-dominated Mvoti estuary, South Africa. Geomorphology, 9: 271-300.
    • (1993) Geomorphology , vol.9 , pp. 271-300
    • Cooper, J.A.G.1
  • 27
    • 0034874796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geomorphological variability among microtidal estuaries from the wave-dominated South African coast
    • Cooper, JAG. 2001. Geomorphological variability among microtidal estuaries from the wave-dominated South African coast. Geomorphology, 40: 99-122.
    • (2001) Geomorphology , vol.40 , pp. 99-122
    • Cooper, J.A.G.1
  • 28
    • 0034974011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The surf zone ichthyoplankton adjacent to an intermittently open estuary, with evidence of recruitment during marine overwash events
    • Cowley, PD, Whitfield, AK and Bell, KNI. 2001. The surf zone ichthyoplankton adjacent to an intermittently open estuary, with evidence of recruitment during marine overwash events. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 52: 339-348.
    • (2001) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.52 , pp. 339-348
    • Cowley, P.D.1    Whitfield, A.K.2    Bell, K.N.I.3
  • 29
    • 0343940948 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the zoobenthos of some southern Cape coastal lakes. Spatial and temporal changes in the benthos of Swartvlei, South Africa, in relation to changes in the submerged littoral macrophyte community
    • Davies, BR. 1982. Studies on the zoobenthos of some southern Cape coastal lakes. Spatial and temporal changes in the benthos of Swartvlei, South Africa, in relation to changes in the submerged littoral macrophyte community. Journal of the Limnological Society of Southern Africa, 8: 33-45.
    • (1982) Journal of the Limnological Society of Southern Africa , vol.8 , pp. 33-45
    • Davies, B.R.1
  • 30
    • 0019678722 scopus 로고
    • Coastal hydrodynamics, sediment transport and inlet stability
    • Day JH, editors Cape Town: AA Balkema
    • Day, JH. 1981a. "Coastal hydrodynamics, sediment transport and inlet stability". In Estuarine ecology with particular reference to southern Africa, Edited by: Day, JH. 7-26. Cape Town: AA Balkema.
    • (1981) Estuarine ecology with particular reference to southern Africa , pp. 7-26
    • Day, J.H.1
  • 33
    • 0001280397 scopus 로고
    • The benthic macrofauna of the Bot River Estuary, South Africa, with a note on its meiofauna
    • De Decker, HP and Bally, R. 1985. The benthic macrofauna of the Bot River Estuary, South Africa, with a note on its meiofauna. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 45: 379-396.
    • (1985) Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa , vol.45 , pp. 379-396
    • de Decker, H.P.1    Bally, R.2
  • 34
    • 84865205929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water resource protection policy implementation. Resource directed measures for protection of water resources: estuarine ecosystems. Version 1.0
    • Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Available at [accessed 23 April 2012].DWAF (Department of Water Affairs Forestry
    • DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry). 1999. Water resource protection policy implementation. Resource directed measures for protection of water resources: estuarine ecosystems. Version 1.0. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Available at www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Policies/WRPP/default.htm [accessed 23 April 2012].
    • (1999)
  • 36
    • 58149469135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Juvenile population dynamics of Oreochromis mossambicus in an intermittently open estuary at the limit of its natural distributional range
    • Ellender, BR, Weyl, OLF, Shanyengange, MK and Cowley, PD. 2008. Juvenile population dynamics of Oreochromis mossambicus in an intermittently open estuary at the limit of its natural distributional range. African Zoology, 43: 277-283.
    • (2008) African Zoology , vol.43 , pp. 277-283
    • Ellender, B.R.1    Weyl, O.L.F.2    Shanyengange, M.K.3    Cowley, P.D.4
  • 37
    • 0024713944 scopus 로고
    • The nutrient status of the Sundays River estuary, South Africa
    • Emmerson, WD. 1989. The nutrient status of the Sundays River estuary, South Africa. Water Research, 23: 1059-1067.
    • (1989) Water Research , vol.23 , pp. 1059-1067
    • Emmerson, W.D.1
  • 38
    • 79957630127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ungulate community richness, grazer extinctions, and human subsistence behaviour in southern Africa's Cape Floral Region
    • Faith, JT. 2011. Ungulate community richness, grazer extinctions, and human subsistence behaviour in southern Africa's Cape Floral Region. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology, 306: 219-227.
    • (2011) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology , vol.306 , pp. 219-227
    • Faith, J.T.1
  • 41
    • 0036803895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of the plankton to three different hydrological phases of the temporarily open/closed Kasouga Estuary, South Africa
    • Froneman, PW. 2002. Response of the plankton to three different hydrological phases of the temporarily open/closed Kasouga Estuary, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 55: 535-546.
    • (2002) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.55 , pp. 535-546
    • Froneman, P.W.1
  • 42
    • 0346505469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food web dynamics in a temperate temporarily open/closed estuary (South Africa)
    • Froneman, PW. 2004a. Food web dynamics in a temperate temporarily open/closed estuary (South Africa). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 59: 87-95.
    • (2004) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.59 , pp. 87-95
    • Froneman, P.W.1
  • 43
    • 2342639019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zooplankton community structure and biomass in a southern Africa temporarily open/closed estuary
    • Froneman, PW. 2004b. Zooplankton community structure and biomass in a southern Africa temporarily open/closed estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 60: 125-132.
    • (2004) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.60 , pp. 125-132
    • Froneman, P.W.1
  • 44
    • 33846222896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population demographics of Palaemon peringueyi (Macpherson 1990) (Decapoda:Palaemonidae) in a small intermittently open Eastern Cape estuary
    • Froneman, PW. 2006. Population demographics of Palaemon peringueyi (Macpherson 1990) (Decapoda:Palaemonidae) in a small intermittently open Eastern Cape estuary. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 31: 197-203.
    • (2006) African Journal of Aquatic Science , vol.31 , pp. 197-203
    • Froneman, P.W.1
  • 45
    • 84865253457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Appendix I. Specialist report: zooplankton and hyperbenthos
    • In:, In:, In: van Niekerk L, editorsBate GC, editorsWhitfield AK, editors Pretoria: Water Research Commission WRC Report No. 1581/2/08
    • Froneman PW 2008. Appendix I. Specialist report: zooplankton and hyperbenthos. van Niekerk L, Bate GC, Whitfield AK, An intermediate ecological reserve determination study of the East Kleinemonde Estuary. WRC Report No. 1581/2/08. Pretoria: Water Research Commission.
    • (2008) An intermediate ecological reserve determination study of the East Kleinemonde Estuary
    • Froneman, P.W.1
  • 46
    • 79956209340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspects of the biology and population dynamics of piscivorous birds in the intermittently open Riet River estuary, Eastern Cape, South Africa
    • Froneman, PW, Blake, J and Hulley, P. 2011. Aspects of the biology and population dynamics of piscivorous birds in the intermittently open Riet River estuary, Eastern Cape, South Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 36: 101-107.
    • (2011) African Journal of Aquatic Science , vol.36 , pp. 101-107
    • Froneman, P.W.1    Blake, J.2    Hulley, P.3
  • 48
    • 84865212972 scopus 로고
    • The effects of bridge building on the bloodworm population in the Uilkraal River estuary
    • Gaigher, CM. 1984. The effects of bridge building on the bloodworm population in the Uilkraal River estuary. The Naturalist, 28: 16-18.
    • (1984) The Naturalist , vol.28 , pp. 16-18
    • Gaigher, C.M.1
  • 49
    • 84865254292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Appendix F. Specialist Report: Microalgae
    • In:, In:, In: van Niekerk L, editorsBate GC, editorsWhitfield AK, editors Pretoria: Water Research Commission WRC Report No. 1581/2/08
    • Gama PT 2008. Appendix F. Specialist Report: Microalgae. van Niekerk L, Bate GC, Whitfield AK, An intermediate ecological reserve determination study of the East Kleinemonde Estuary. WRC Report No. 1581/2/08. Pretoria: Water Research Commission.
    • (2008) An intermediate ecological reserve determination study of the East Kleinemonde Estuary
    • Gama, P.T.1
  • 51
    • 32444437222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphometric assessment of intermittently open/closed coastal lagoons in New South Wales, Australia
    • Haines, PE, Tomlinson, RB and Thom, BG. 2006. Morphometric assessment of intermittently open/closed coastal lagoons in New South Wales, Australia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 67: 321-332.
    • (2006) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.67 , pp. 321-332
    • Haines, P.E.1    Tomlinson, R.B.2    Thom, B.G.3
  • 52
    • 0345523156 scopus 로고
    • Active migration of juvenile grey mullet (Teleostei: Mugilidae) into a small lagoonal system on the Natal coast
    • Harrison, TD and Cooper, JAG. 1991. Active migration of juvenile grey mullet (Teleostei: Mugilidae) into a small lagoonal system on the Natal coast. South African Journal of Science, 87: 395-396.
    • (1991) South African Journal of Science , vol.87 , pp. 395-396
    • Harrison, T.D.1    Cooper, J.A.G.2
  • 54
    • 33646469754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estuarine typology and the structuring of fish communities in South Africa
    • Harrison, TD and Whitfield, AK. 2006. Estuarine typology and the structuring of fish communities in South Africa. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 75: 269-293.
    • (2006) Environmental Biology of Fishes , vol.75 , pp. 269-293
    • Harrison, T.D.1    Whitfield, A.K.2
  • 57
    • 84864244802 scopus 로고
    • A summary of studies of the pollution input by rivers and estuaries entering False Bay
    • Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR Report T/SEA 8301
    • Heinecken TJE, Bickerton IB, Heydorn AEF 1983. A summary of studies of the pollution input by rivers and estuaries entering False Bay. CSIR Report T/SEA 8301. Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
    • (1983)
    • Heinecken, T.J.E.1    Bickerton, I.B.2    Heydorn, A.E.F.3
  • 58
    • 61549118467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of submerged macrophytes as a refuge and food source for the estuarine isopod, Exosphaeroma hylocoetes
    • Henninger, T, Froneman, PW, Richoux, N and Hodgson, AN. 2009. Role of submerged macrophytes as a refuge and food source for the estuarine isopod, Exosphaeroma hylocoetes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 82: 285-293.
    • (2009) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.82 , pp. 285-293
    • Henninger, T.1    Froneman, P.W.2    Richoux, N.3    Hodgson, A.N.4
  • 59
    • 0018715236 scopus 로고
    • Overview of present knowledge on South African estuaries and requirements for their management
    • Heydorn, AEF. 1979. Overview of present knowledge on South African estuaries and requirements for their management. South African Journal of Science, 75: 544-546.
    • (1979) South African Journal of Science , vol.75 , pp. 544-546
    • Heydorn, A.E.F.1
  • 60
    • 0003726076 scopus 로고
    • Estuaries of the Cape. Part 1. Synopsis of the Cape coast - natural features, dynamics and utilization
    • Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR Report No. 380
    • Heydorn AEF, Tinley KL 1980. Estuaries of the Cape. Part 1. Synopsis of the Cape coast-natural features, dynamics and utilization. CSIR Report No. 380. Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
    • (1980)
    • Heydorn, A.E.F.1    Tinley, K.L.2
  • 62
    • 16544391099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estuarine birds in South Africa
    • Allanson BR, Baird D, editors Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Hockey, PAR and Turpie, JK. 1999. "Estuarine birds in South Africa". In Estuaries of South Africa, Edited by: Allanson, BR and Baird, D. 235-268. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1999) Estuaries of South Africa , pp. 235-268
    • Hockey, P.A.R.1    Turpie, J.K.2
  • 63
    • 0012988522 scopus 로고
    • Submerged macrophyte communities in a brackish South African estuarine-lake system
    • Howard-Williams, C and Liptrot, MR. 1980. Submerged macrophyte communities in a brackish South African estuarine-lake system. Aquatic Botany, 9: 101-116.
    • (1980) Aquatic Botany , vol.9 , pp. 101-116
    • Howard-Williams, C.1    Liptrot, M.R.2
  • 65
    • 84865232997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Klein River estuary: the effects of high water levels during mouth breaching in 1996
    • Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR Report ENV/S 97016
    • Huizinga P, van Niekerk L, Withers A 1997. Klein River estuary: the effects of high water levels during mouth breaching in 1996. CSIR Report ENV/S 97016. Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
    • (1997)
    • Huizinga, P.1    van Niekerk, L.2    Withers, A.3
  • 66
    • 79960587970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reeds as indicators of nutrient enrichment in a small temporarily open/closed South African estuary
    • Human, L and Adams, JB. 2011. Reeds as indicators of nutrient enrichment in a small temporarily open/closed South African estuary. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 36: 167-179.
    • (2011) African Journal of Aquatic Science , vol.36 , pp. 167-179
    • Human, L.1    Adams, J.B.2
  • 67
    • 0142038854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between human communities and estuaries in the Pacific northwest: trends and implications for management
    • Huppert, DD, Johnson, RL, Leahy, J and Bell, K. 2003. Interactions between human communities and estuaries in the Pacific northwest: trends and implications for management. Estuaries, 26: 994-1009.
    • (2003) Estuaries , vol.26 , pp. 994-1009
    • Huppert, D.D.1    Johnson, R.L.2    Leahy, J.3    Bell, K.4
  • 68
    • 39749163084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abundance, recruitment and residency of two sparids in an intermittently open estuary in South Africa
    • James, NC, Cowley, PD and Whitfield, AK. 2007. Abundance, recruitment and residency of two sparids in an intermittently open estuary in South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science, 29: 527-538.
    • (2007) African Journal of Marine Science , vol.29 , pp. 527-538
    • James, N.C.1    Cowley, P.D.2    Whitfield, A.K.3
  • 69
    • 39449112503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choice chamber experiments to test the attraction of postflexion Rhabdosargus holubi larvae to water of estuarine and riverine origin
    • James, NC, Cowley, PD, Whitfield, AK and Kaiser, H. 2008a. Choice chamber experiments to test the attraction of postflexion Rhabdosargus holubi larvae to water of estuarine and riverine origin. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 77: 143-149.
    • (2008) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.77 , pp. 143-149
    • James, N.C.1    Cowley, P.D.2    Whitfield, A.K.3    Kaiser, H.4
  • 70
    • 47649091716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status of the estuarine-dependent riverbream Acanthopagrus berda (Sparidae) harvested by the multi-sectoral fishery in Kosi Bay, South Africa
    • James, NC, Hall, NG, Beckley, LE, Mann, BQ and Robertson, WD. 2008b. Status of the estuarine-dependent riverbream Acanthopagrus berda (Sparidae) harvested by the multi-sectoral fishery in Kosi Bay, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science, 30: 45-53.
    • (2008) African Journal of Marine Science , vol.30 , pp. 45-53
    • James, N.C.1    Hall, N.G.2    Beckley, L.E.3    Mann, B.Q.4    Robertson, W.D.5
  • 71
    • 0346895213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The zooplankton community of the Mpenjati Estuary, a South African temporarily open/closed system
    • Kibirige, I and Perissinotto, R. 2003. The zooplankton community of the Mpenjati Estuary, a South African temporarily open/closed system. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58: 727-741.
    • (2003) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.58 , pp. 727-741
    • Kibirige, I.1    Perissinotto, R.2
  • 72
    • 33645331571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of zooplankton dynamics in two subtropical temporarily-open/closed estuaries, South Africa
    • Kibirige, I, Perissinotto, R and Thwala, XC. 2006. A comparative study of zooplankton dynamics in two subtropical temporarily-open/closed estuaries, South Africa. Marine Biology, 148: 1307-1324.
    • (2006) Marine Biology , vol.148 , pp. 1307-1324
    • Kibirige, I.1    Perissinotto, R.2    Thwala, X.C.3
  • 73
    • 69949158149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of altered freshwater inflows on catch rates of non-estuarine-dependent fish in a multispecies nearshore linefishery
    • Lamberth, SJ, Drapeau, L and Branch, GM. 2009. The effects of altered freshwater inflows on catch rates of non-estuarine-dependent fish in a multispecies nearshore linefishery. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 84: 527-538.
    • (2009) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.84 , pp. 527-538
    • Lamberth, S.J.1    Drapeau, L.2    Branch, G.M.3
  • 74
    • 0346895209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of estuaries in South African fisheries: economic importance and management implications
    • Lamberth, SJ and Turpie, JK. 2003. The role of estuaries in South African fisheries: economic importance and management implications. African Journal of Marine Science, 25: 131-157.
    • (2003) African Journal of Marine Science , vol.25 , pp. 131-157
    • Lamberth, S.J.1    Turpie, J.K.2
  • 75
    • 77649237342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of wastewater discharges on the functioning of a small temporarily open/closed estuary
    • Lawrie, RA, Stretch, DD and Perissinotto, R. 2010. The effects of wastewater discharges on the functioning of a small temporarily open/closed estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 87: 237-245.
    • (2010) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.87 , pp. 237-245
    • Lawrie, R.A.1    Stretch, D.D.2    Perissinotto, R.3
  • 76
    • 84865240232 scopus 로고
    • Estuarine plants
    • Lubke RA, Gess FW, Bruton MN, editors Grahamstown: Grahamstown Centre of the Wildlife Society of Southern Africa
    • Lubke, RA and van Wijk, Y. 1988. "Estuarine plants". In A field guide to the Eastern Cape coast, Edited by: Lubke, RA, Gess, FW and Bruton, MN. 133-151. Grahamstown: Grahamstown Centre of the Wildlife Society of Southern Africa.
    • (1988) A field guide to the Eastern Cape coast , pp. 133-151
    • Lubke, R.A.1    van Wijk, Y.2
  • 78
    • 32444434323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fish population size and movement patterns in a small intermittently open South African estuary
    • Lukey, JR, Booth, AJ and Froneman, PW. 2006. Fish population size and movement patterns in a small intermittently open South African estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 67: 10-20.
    • (2006) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.67 , pp. 10-20
    • Lukey, J.R.1    Booth, A.J.2    Froneman, P.W.3
  • 79
    • 0032500009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in food web structure under the influence of increased anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to estuaries
    • MacClelland, JW and Valiela, I. 1998. Changes in food web structure under the influence of increased anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to estuaries. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 168: 259-271.
    • (1998) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.168 , pp. 259-271
    • MacClelland, J.W.1    Valiela, I.2
  • 80
    • 0023529243 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal abundance of birds on the Swartkops Estuary, Port Elizabeth
    • Martin, AP and Baird, D. 1987. Seasonal abundance of birds on the Swartkops Estuary, Port Elizabeth. Ostrich, 58: 122-134.
    • (1987) Ostrich , vol.58 , pp. 122-134
    • Martin, A.P.1    Baird, D.2
  • 82
    • 14844294754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The primary carbon sources utilised by fishes in the Mngazi and Mngazana estuaries, South Africa: a preliminary assessment
    • Mbande, S, Froneman, W and Whitfield, AK. 2004. The primary carbon sources utilised by fishes in the Mngazi and Mngazana estuaries, South Africa: a preliminary assessment. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 29: 195-204.
    • (2004) African Journal of Aquatic Science , vol.29 , pp. 195-204
    • Mbande, S.1    Froneman, W.2    Whitfield, A.K.3
  • 83
  • 84
    • 0001934481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of man and management of South African estuaries
    • Allanson BR, Baird D, editors Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Morant, P and Quinn, N. 1999. "Influence of man and management of South African estuaries". In Estuaries of South Africa, Edited by: Allanson, BR and Baird, D. 289-321. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1999) Estuaries of South Africa , pp. 289-321
    • Morant, P.1    Quinn, N.2
  • 85
    • 0043073168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variations in the vertical distribution of benthic microalgae in the upper sediment of the Mdloti Estuary, South Africa
    • Mundree, S, Perissinotto, R and Nozias, C. 2003. Seasonal variations in the vertical distribution of benthic microalgae in the upper sediment of the Mdloti Estuary, South Africa. Botanica Marina, 46: 323-331.
    • (2003) Botanica Marina , vol.46 , pp. 323-331
    • Mundree, S.1    Perissinotto, R.2    Nozias, C.3
  • 86
    • 0035965863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annual cycle of microalgal biomass in a South African temporarily-open estuary: nutrient versus light limitation
    • Nozais, C, Perissonotto, R and Mundree, S. 2001. Annual cycle of microalgal biomass in a South African temporarily-open estuary: nutrient versus light limitation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 223: 39-48.
    • (2001) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.223 , pp. 39-48
    • Nozais, C.1    Perissonotto, R.2    Mundree, S.3
  • 89
    • 0037511781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatio-temporal dynamics of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos in a South African temporarily-open estuary
    • Perissinotto, R, Nozias, C and Kibirige, I. 2002. Spatio-temporal dynamics of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos in a South African temporarily-open estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54: 363-374.
    • (2002) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.54 , pp. 363-374
    • Perissinotto, R.1    Nozias, C.2    Kibirige, I.3
  • 90
    • 0037663858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Planktonic food webs and benthic-pelagic coupling in South African temporarily-open estuaries
    • Perissinotto, R, Nozias, C, Kibirige, I and Anandraj, A. 2003. Planktonic food webs and benthic-pelagic coupling in South African temporarily-open estuaries. Acta Oecologia, 24: 307-316.
    • (2003) Acta Oecologia , vol.24 , pp. 307-316
    • Perissinotto, R.1    Nozias, C.2    Kibirige, I.3    Anandraj, A.4
  • 93
  • 94
    • 0005872901 scopus 로고
    • The impact of the September 1987 floods on the estuaries of Natal/Kwazulu; a hydro-photographic perspective
    • Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR Report No. 640
    • Perry JE 1989. The impact of the September 1987 floods on the estuaries of Natal/Kwazulu; a hydro-photographic perspective. CSIR Report No. 640. Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
    • (1989)
    • Perry, J.E.1
  • 95
    • 0036355716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the recreational line- fishery in selected Eastern Cape estuaries: trends in catches and effort
    • Pradervand, P and Baird, D. 2002. Assessment of the recreational line- fishery in selected Eastern Cape estuaries: trends in catches and effort. South African Journal of Marine Science, 24: 87-101.
    • (2002) South African Journal of Marine Science , vol.24 , pp. 87-101
    • Pradervand, P.1    Baird, D.2
  • 96
    • 82955192605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine connectivity and fish length frequencies of selected species in two adjacent temporarily open/closed estuaries in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
    • Reddy, P, James, NC, Cowley, PD and Whitfield, AK. 2011. Marine connectivity and fish length frequencies of selected species in two adjacent temporarily open/closed estuaries in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. African Zoology, 46: 239-245.
    • (2011) African Zoology , vol.46 , pp. 239-245
    • Reddy, P.1    James, N.C.2    Cowley, P.D.3    Whitfield, A.K.4
  • 97
    • 45049086864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of mouth status and water level on the macrophytes in a small temporarily open/ closed estuary
    • Riddin, T and Adams, JB. 2008. Influence of mouth status and water level on the macrophytes in a small temporarily open/ closed estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 79: 86-92.
    • (2008) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.79 , pp. 86-92
    • Riddin, T.1    Adams, J.B.2
  • 98
    • 61849163368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The seed banks of two temporarily open/ closed estuaries in South Africa
    • Riddin, T and Adams, JB. 2009. The seed banks of two temporarily open/ closed estuaries in South Africa. Aquatic Botany, 90: 328-332.
    • (2009) Aquatic Botany , vol.90 , pp. 328-332
    • Riddin, T.1    Adams, J.B.2
  • 99
    • 77954658757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of a storm surge event on the macrophytes of a temporarily open/closed estuary, South Africa
    • Riddin, T and Adams, JB. 2010. The effect of a storm surge event on the macrophytes of a temporarily open/closed estuary, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 89: 119-123.
    • (2010) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.89 , pp. 119-123
    • Riddin, T.1    Adams, J.B.2
  • 101
    • 84865221487 scopus 로고
    • National Sea-shore Act (Act No. 21 of 1935). Available at [accessed April 2012]., RSA (Republic of South Africa)
    • RSA (Republic of South Africa). 1935. National Sea-shore Act (Act No. 21 of 1935). Available at http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/SportRecreation/Documents/Sea_shore_Act_1935.pdf [accessed April 2012].
    • (1935)
  • 102
    • 85054313082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Water Act (Act No.36 of 1998)
    • 398(19182), RSA (Republic of South Africa)
    • RSA (Republic of South Africa). 1998a. National Water Act (Act No.36 of 1998). Government Gazette, South Africa 398(19182).
    • (1998) Government Gazette, South Africa
  • 103
    • 84865240471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Environmental Management Act (Act No. 107 of 1998)
    • RSA (Republic of South Africa)
    • RSA (Republic of South Africa). 1998b. National Environmental Management Act (Act No. 107 of 1998). Government Gazette, South Africa 401(19519).
    • (1998) Government Gazette, South Africa , vol.401 , pp. 19519
  • 104
    • 84865240237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local Government: Municipal Systems Act (Act No. 32 of 2000)
    • RSA (Republic of South Africa)
    • RSA (Republic of South Africa). 2000. Local Government: Municipal Systems Act (Act No. 32 of 2000). Government Gazette, South Africa 425(21776).
    • (2000) Government Gazette, South Africa , vol.425 , pp. 21776
  • 105
    • 84865221668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act (Act. No. 24 of 2008)
    • RSA (Republic of South Africa)
    • RSA (Republic of South Africa). 2009. National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act (Act. No. 24 of 2008). Government Gazette, South Africa 524(31884).
    • (2009) Government Gazette, South Africa , vol.524 , pp. 31884
  • 106
    • 1342289245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the distribution of emergent aquatic plants in a brackish South African estuarine-lake system
    • Russell, IA. 2003. Changes in the distribution of emergent aquatic plants in a brackish South African estuarine-lake system. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 28: 103-122.
    • (2003) African Journal of Aquatic Science , vol.28 , pp. 103-122
    • Russell, I.A.1
  • 107
    • 0038661576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of catchment management on salinity, nutrient stochiometry and phytoplankton biomass of Eastern Cape estuaries, South Africa
    • Scharler, UM and Baird, D. 2003. The influence of catchment management on salinity, nutrient stochiometry and phytoplankton biomass of Eastern Cape estuaries, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 56: 735-748.
    • (2003) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.56 , pp. 735-748
    • Scharler, U.M.1    Baird, D.2
  • 109
    • 0029174310 scopus 로고
    • Small-scale distribution and variability of demersal zooplankton in a shallow, temperate estuary: tidal and depth effects on species-specific heterogeneity
    • Schlacher, TA and Wooldridge, TH. 1995. Small-scale distribution and variability of demersal zooplankton in a shallow, temperate estuary: tidal and depth effects on species-specific heterogeneity. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 36: 211-227.
    • (1995) Cahiers de Biologie Marine , vol.36 , pp. 211-227
    • Schlacher, T.A.1    Wooldridge, T.H.2
  • 110
    • 84865270349 scopus 로고
    • Notes on the birds of the Diep River and Rietvlei
    • Scott, KMF. 1954. Notes on the birds of the Diep River and Rietvlei. Ostrich, 25: 25-31.
    • (1954) Ostrich , vol.25 , pp. 25-31
    • Scott, K.M.F.1
  • 111
    • 33748941906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of mouth opening on biomass and community structure of microphytobenthos in a small oligotrophic estuary
    • Skinner, T, Adams, JB and Gama, PT. 2006. The effect of mouth opening on biomass and community structure of microphytobenthos in a small oligotrophic estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 70: 161-168.
    • (2006) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.70 , pp. 161-168
    • Skinner, T.1    Adams, J.B.2    Gama, P.T.3
  • 113
    • 36749103705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relating microalgal spatial patterns to flow, mouth and nutrient status in the temporarily open/closed Mngazi estuary, South Africa
    • Snow, GC and Adams, JB. 2007. Relating microalgal spatial patterns to flow, mouth and nutrient status in the temporarily open/closed Mngazi estuary, South Africa. Marine and Freshwater Research, 58: 1032-1043.
    • (2007) Marine and Freshwater Research , vol.58 , pp. 1032-1043
    • Snow, G.C.1    Adams, J.B.2
  • 114
    • 0033795063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of river flow on estuarine microalgal biomass and distribution
    • Snow, GC, Adams, JB and Bate, GC. 2000. Effect of river flow on estuarine microalgal biomass and distribution. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 51: 255-266.
    • (2000) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.51 , pp. 255-266
    • Snow, G.C.1    Adams, J.B.2    Bate, G.C.3
  • 115
    • 36349011404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water quality in South African temporarily open/closed estuaries: a conceptual model
    • Snow, GC and Taljaard, S. 2007. Water quality in South African temporarily open/closed estuaries: a conceptual model. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 32: 99-111.
    • (2007) African Journal of Aquatic Science , vol.32 , pp. 99-111
    • Snow, G.C.1    Taljaard, S.2
  • 116
    • 0005454375 scopus 로고
    • Further observations on the distribution of man- groves in the eastern Cape Province
    • Steinke, TD. 1972. Further observations on the distribution of man- groves in the eastern Cape Province. Journal of South African Botany, 38: 165-178.
    • (1972) Journal of South African Botany , vol.38 , pp. 165-178
    • Steinke, T.D.1
  • 117
    • 33644756926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The breaching of sand barriers at perched temporarily open/closed estuaries a model study
    • Stretch, DD and Parkinson, MG. 2006. The breaching of sand barriers at perched temporarily open/closed estuaries a model study. Coastal Engineering Journal, 48: 13-30.
    • (2006) Coastal Engineering Journal , vol.48 , pp. 13-30
    • Stretch, D.D.1    Parkinson, M.G.2
  • 118
    • 0038007825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of larval and early juvenile fishes in the surf zone adjacent to two intermittently open estuaries, South Africa
    • Strydom, NA. 2003a. Occurrence of larval and early juvenile fishes in the surf zone adjacent to two intermittently open estuaries, South Africa. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 66: 349-359.
    • (2003) Environmental Biology of Fishes , vol.66 , pp. 349-359
    • Strydom, N.A.1
  • 119
    • 0348227672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of habitat use by larval fishes in a warm temperate estuarine creek using light traps
    • Strydom, NA. 2003b. An assessment of habitat use by larval fishes in a warm temperate estuarine creek using light traps. Estuaries, 26: 1310-1318.
    • (2003) Estuaries , vol.26 , pp. 1310-1318
    • Strydom, N.A.1
  • 120
    • 14644419571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estuary-dependence of larval fishes in a non-estuary associated South African surf zone: evidence for continuity of surf assemblages
    • Strydom, NA and d'Hotman, BD. 2005. Estuary-dependence of larval fishes in a non-estuary associated South African surf zone: evidence for continuity of surf assemblages. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 63: 101-108.
    • (2005) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.63 , pp. 101-108
    • Strydom, N.A.1    d'Hotman, B.D.2
  • 121
    • 0038007448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of estuarine type in characterising early stage fish assemblages in warm temperate estuaries, South Africa
    • Strydom, NA, Whitfield, A and Wooldridge, TH. 2003. The role of estuarine type in characterising early stage fish assemblages in warm temperate estuaries, South Africa. African Zoology, 38: 29-43.
    • (2003) African Zoology , vol.38 , pp. 29-43
    • Strydom, N.A.1    Whitfield, A.2    Wooldridge, T.H.3
  • 122
    • 84865219153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C.A.P.E. Estuaries Programme. Proposed generic framework for estuary management plans. Version 1.1
    • Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR Report No. CSIR/NRE/CO/ER/2009/0128/A
    • Taljaard S, van Niekerk L. 2009 C.A.P.E. Estuaries Programme. Proposed generic framework for estuary management plans. Version 1.1. CSIR Report No. CSIR/NRE/CO/ER/2009/0128/A. Stellenbosch: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
    • (2009)
    • Taljaard, S.1    van Niekerk, L.2
  • 124
    • 70350616200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extension of a qualitative model on nutrient cycling and transformation to include microtidal estuaries on wave-dominated coasts: Southern Hemisphere perspective
    • Taljaard, S, van Niekerk, L and Joubert, W. 2009. Extension of a qualitative model on nutrient cycling and transformation to include microtidal estuaries on wave-dominated coasts: Southern Hemisphere perspective. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 85: 407-421.
    • (2009) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.85 , pp. 407-421
    • Taljaard, S.1    van Niekerk, L.2    Joubert, W.3
  • 125
    • 79956202185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in the use of intermittently open estuaries by birds: a study of four estuaries in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
    • South Africa: University of Cape Town MSc thesis
    • Terörde AI 2008. Variation in the use of intermittently open estuaries by birds: a study of four estuaries in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. MSc thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
    • (2008)
    • Terörde, A.I.1
  • 126
    • 0042709417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What limits the distribution of subtidal macrobenthos in permanently open and temporarily open/closed South African estuaries? Salinity vs sediment particle size
    • Teske, PR and Wooldridge, TH. 2003. What limits the distribution of subtidal macrobenthos in permanently open and temporarily open/closed South African estuaries? Salinity vs sediment particle size. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 57: 225-238.
    • (2003) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.57 , pp. 225-238
    • Teske, P.R.1    Wooldridge, T.H.2
  • 127
    • 10244222762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affinities of some common estuarine macroinvertebrates to salinity and sediment type: empirical data from Eastern Cape estuaries, South Africa
    • Teske, PR and Wooldridge, TH. 2004. Affinities of some common estuarine macroinvertebrates to salinity and sediment type: empirical data from Eastern Cape estuaries, South Africa. African Zoology, 39: 183-192.
    • (2004) African Zoology , vol.39 , pp. 183-192
    • Teske, P.R.1    Wooldridge, T.H.2
  • 129
    • 84863516284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Appendix D. Specialist Report: Coastal processes and sediment dynamics
    • In:, In:, In: van Niekerk L, editorsBate GC, editorsWhitfield AK, editors Pretoria: Water Research Commission WRC Report No. 1581/2/08
    • Theron AK, Bornman TG 2008. Appendix D. Specialist Report: Coastal processes and sediment dynamics. van Niekerk L, Bate GC, Whitfield AK, An intermediate ecological reserve determination study of the East Kleinemonde Estuary. WRC Report No. 1581/2/08. Pretoria: Water Research Commission.
    • (2008) An intermediate ecological reserve determination study of the East Kleinemonde Estuary
    • Theron, A.K.1    Bornman, T.G.2
  • 130
    • 25144481241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phytoplankton biomass and size structure in two South African eutrophic, temporarily open/closed estuaries
    • Thomas, CM, Perissinotto, R and Kibirige, I. 2005. Phytoplankton biomass and size structure in two South African eutrophic, temporarily open/closed estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 65: 223-238.
    • (2005) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.65 , pp. 223-238
    • Thomas, C.M.1    Perissinotto, R.2    Kibirige, I.3
  • 135
    • 84865221501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Key pressures on South Africa's estuaries
    • van Niekerk L, editorsTurpie JK, editors Pretoria: National Biodiversity Institute Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Report CSIR/NRE/ECOS/ ER/2011/0045/B to South African
    • van Niekerk L, Lamberth SJ, Cowley P, Huizinga P, Hutchings K, Mann B, Petersen C, Taljaard S 2011a. Key pressures on South Africa's estuaries. In: van Niekerk L, Turpie JK, National biodiversity assessment 2011: estuaries component. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Report CSIR/NRE/ECOS/ ER/2011/0045/B to South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
    • (2011) National biodiversity assessment 2011: Estuaries component
    • van Niekerk, L.1    Lamberth, S.J.2    Cowley, P.3    Huizinga, P.4    Hutchings, K.5    Mann, B.6    Petersen, C.7    Taljaard, S.8
  • 136
    • 84865233013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Section 3. Defining the estuarine functional zone
    • van Niekerk L, editorsTurpie JK, editors Pretoria: National Biodiversity Institute Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Report CSIR/NRE/ECOS/ER/2011/0045/B to South African
    • van Niekerk L, Petersen C, Daniels F, Maherry A, Malebu T 2011b. Section 3. Defining the estuarine functional zone. In: van Niekerk L, Turpie JK, National biodiversity assessment 2011: estuaries component. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Report CSIR/NRE/ECOS/ER/2011/0045/B to South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
    • (2011) National biodiversity assessment 2011: Estuaries component
    • van Niekerk, L.1    Petersen, C.2    Daniels, F.3    Maherry, A.4    Malebu, T.5
  • 137
    • 84865221508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C.A.P.E. Estuaries Programme. Proposed generic framework of estuarine management plans
    • Version 1. Report submitted to the C.A.P.E. Estuaries Programme. Available at
    • van Niekerk L, Taljaard S 2007. C.A.P.E. Estuaries Programme. Proposed generic framework of estuarine management plans. Version 1. Report submitted to the C.A.P.E. Estuaries Programme. Available at http://fred.csir.co.za/extra/project/CAPE_Estuaries/.
    • (2007)
    • van Niekerk, L.1    Taljaard, S.2
  • 138
    • 14744289775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hydro- dynamics of the Bot River estuary revisited
    • van Niekerk, L, van der Merwe, JH and Huizinga, P. 2005. The hydro- dynamics of the Bot River estuary revisited. Water SA, 31: 73-86.
    • (2005) Water SA , vol.31 , pp. 73-86
    • van Niekerk, L.1    van der Merwe, J.H.2    Huizinga, P.3
  • 139
    • 85008796253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Juvenile fish recruitment through wave-overtopping into a closed subtropical estuary
    • Vivier, L and Cyrus, DP. 2001. Juvenile fish recruitment through wave-overtopping into a closed subtropical estuary. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 26: 109-113.
    • (2001) African Journal of Aquatic Science , vol.26 , pp. 109-113
    • Vivier, L.1    Cyrus, D.P.2
  • 141
    • 55249115356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological responses to a resumption in river flow in a fresh water deprived, permanently open southern African estuary
    • Vorwerk, PD, Froneman, PW, Paterson, AW, Strydom, NA and Whitfield, AK. 2008. Biological responses to a resumption in river flow in a fresh water deprived, permanently open southern African estuary. Water SA, 34: 597-604.
    • (2008) Water SA , vol.34 , pp. 597-604
    • Vorwerk, P.D.1    Froneman, P.W.2    Paterson, A.W.3    Strydom, N.A.4    Whitfield, A.K.5
  • 142
    • 84865214749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophyte phenology in a temporarily open/ closed estuary compared with a permanently open estuary
    • South Africa: Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University MSc thesis
    • Vromans DC 2011. Macrophyte phenology in a temporarily open/ closed estuary compared with a permanently open estuary. MSc thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa.
    • (2011)
    • Vromans, D.C.1
  • 143
    • 0038525706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phytoplankton/ protozoan dynamics in the Nyara Estuary, a small temporarily open system in the Eastern Cape (South Africa)
    • Walker, DR, Perissonotto, R and Bally, RPA. 2001. Phytoplankton/ protozoan dynamics in the Nyara Estuary, a small temporarily open system in the Eastern Cape (South Africa). African Journal of Aquatic Science, 26: 31-38.
    • (2001) African Journal of Aquatic Science , vol.26 , pp. 31-38
    • Walker, D.R.1    Perissonotto, R.2    Bally, R.P.A.3
  • 144
    • 0001089730 scopus 로고
    • A quantitative study of the trophic relationships within the fish community of the Mhlanga Estuary, South Africa
    • Whitfield, AK. 1980a. A quantitative study of the trophic relationships within the fish community of the Mhlanga Estuary, South Africa. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 10: 417-435.
    • (1980) Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science , vol.10 , pp. 417-435
    • Whitfield, A.K.1
  • 145
    • 0344229513 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the recruitment of juvenile fishes into the Mhlanga Estuary
    • Whitfield, AK. 1980b. Factors influencing the recruitment of juvenile fishes into the Mhlanga Estuary. South African Journal of Zoology, 15: 166-169.
    • (1980) South African Journal of Zoology , vol.15 , pp. 166-169
    • Whitfield, A.K.1
  • 146
    • 0021629302 scopus 로고
    • The effects of prolonged aquatic macrophyte senescence on the biology of the dominant fish species in a southern African coastal lake
    • Whitfield, AK. 1984. The effects of prolonged aquatic macrophyte senescence on the biology of the dominant fish species in a southern African coastal lake. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 18: 315-329.
    • (1984) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.18 , pp. 315-329
    • Whitfield, A.K.1
  • 147
    • 0011283242 scopus 로고
    • The role of zooplankton in the feeding ecology of fish fry from some southern African estuaries
    • Whitfield, AK. 1985. The role of zooplankton in the feeding ecology of fish fry from some southern African estuaries. South African Journal of Zoology, 20: 166-171.
    • (1985) South African Journal of Zoology , vol.20 , pp. 166-171
    • Whitfield, A.K.1
  • 148
    • 0024249397 scopus 로고
    • The role of tides in redistributing macrodetrital aggregates within the Swartvlei Estuary
    • Whitfield, AK. 1988. The role of tides in redistributing macrodetrital aggregates within the Swartvlei Estuary. Estuaries, 11: 152-159.
    • (1988) Estuaries , vol.11 , pp. 152-159
    • Whitfield, A.K.1
  • 149
    • 0024880869 scopus 로고
    • Ichthyoplankton in a southern African surf zone: nursery area for the postlarvae of estuarine associated fish species?
    • Whitfield, AK. 1989. Ichthyoplankton in a southern African surf zone: nursery area for the postlarvae of estuarine associated fish species?. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 29: 533-547.
    • (1989) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.29 , pp. 533-547
    • Whitfield, A.K.1
  • 155
    • 84865233015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grahamstown and Pretoria: South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity and Water Research Commission
    • Wood AD 2010. A guide to the ecology of temporarily open/closed estuaries. Grahamstown and Pretoria: South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity and Water Research Commission.
    • (2010) A guide to the ecology of temporarily open/closed estuaries
    • Wood, A.D.1
  • 156
    • 0026350354 scopus 로고
    • Exchange of two species of decapod larvae across an estuarine mouth inlet and implications of anthropogenic changes in the frequency and duration of mouth closure
    • Wooldridge, TH. 1991. Exchange of two species of decapod larvae across an estuarine mouth inlet and implications of anthropogenic changes in the frequency and duration of mouth closure. South African Journal of Science, 87: 519-525.
    • (1991) South African Journal of Science , vol.87 , pp. 519-525
    • Wooldridge, T.H.1
  • 157
    • 0001777982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estuarine zooplankton community structure and dynamics
    • Allanson BR, Baird D, editors Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Wooldridge, TH. 1999. "Estuarine zooplankton community structure and dynamics". In Estuaries of South Africa, Edited by: Allanson, BR and Baird, D. 141-166. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1999) Estuaries of South Africa , pp. 141-166
    • Wooldridge, T.H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.