Corneal Neovascularization: An Anti-VEGF Therapy Review

Survey of Ophthalmology

Volumn 57, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 415-429

  Chang, Jin Hong ^a   Garg, Nitin K ^a   Lunde, Elisa ^a   Han, Kyu Yeon ^a   Jain, Sandeep ^a   Azar, Dimitri T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti VEGF therapy; Bevacizumab; Corneal neovascularization; Ranibizumab; Silencing RNA; VEGF Trap

Indexed keywords

AFLIBERCEPT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; PEGAPTANIB; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; PTK ZK; RANIBIZUMAB; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN ANTIBODY; VASCULOTROPIN INHIBITOR; ZK 911;

ACANTHAMOEBA INFECTION; ANIRIDIA; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ASPERGILLOSIS; CANDIDIASIS; CHEMICAL BURN; CHLAMYDIASIS; CONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE; CONJUNCTIVITIS; CORNEA DISEASE; CORNEA EDEMA; CORNEA NEOVASCULARIZATION; CORNEA TRANSPLANTATION; CORNEAL ABRASION; CORNEAL EPITHELIAL DEFECT; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; EYE DISEASE; EYE INFLAMMATION; EYE PAIN; FUSARIOSIS; GENE SILENCING; GLOBE PERFORATION; GRAFT FAILURE; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HEART INFARCTION; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KERATITIS; LENS DISEASE; LENS INJURY; NONHUMAN; OCULAR HYPEREMIA; OCULAR PEMPHIGOID; OCULOCARDIAC REFLEX; ONCHOCERCIASIS; PEMPHIGOID; PERFORATING EYE INJURY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION; PTERYGIUM; RETINA DETACHMENT; RETINA TEAR; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; ROSACEA; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN TOXICITY; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; STROKE; SYPHILIS; TERRIEN MARGINAL DEGENERATION; THROMBOSIS; TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS; TRAUMATIC CATARACT; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ULCER; UVEITIS; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; VITREOUS FLOATERS; VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE; VITRITIS;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL, HUMANIZED; CORNEAL NEOVASCULARIZATION; ENZYME INHIBITORS; HUMANS; RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEINS; RNA, SMALL INTERFERING; SRC-FAMILY KINASES; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 84865162915     PISSN: 00396257     EISSN: 18793304     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.01.007     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Ahmed A., Berati H., Nalan A., et al. Effect of bevacizumab on corneal neovascularization in experimental rabbit model. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2009, 37:730-736.
2. Amano S., Rohan R., Kuroki M., et al. Requirement for vascular endothelial growth factor in wound- and inflammation-related corneal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998, 39:18-22.
3. Ambati B.K., Nozaki M., Singh N., et al. Corneal avascularity is due to soluble VEGF receptor-1. Nature 2006, 443:993-997.
4. Avery R.L., Pieramici D.J., Rabena M.D., et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2006, 113:363-372.
5. Avila M.P., Farah M.E., Santos A., et al. Three-year safety and visual acuity results of epimacular 90strontium/90yttrium brachytherapy with bevacizumab for the treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2011, 32(1):10-18.
6. Avisar I., Weinberger D., Kremer I. Effect of subconjunctival and intraocular bevacizumab injections on corneal neovascularization in a mouse model. Curr Eye Res 2010, 35:108-115.
7. Awadein A. Subconjunctival bevacizumab for vascularized rejected corneal grafts. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007, 33:1991-1993.
8. Bachmann B., Taylor R.S., Cursiefen C. Corneal neovascularization as a risk factor for graft failure and rejection after keratoplasty: an evidence-based meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2010, 117:1300-1305.
9. Bachmann B.O., Bock F., Wiegand S.J., et al. Promotion of graft survival by vascular endothelial growth factor a neutralization after high-risk corneal transplantation. Arch Ophthalmol 2008, 126:71-77.
10. Bachmann B.O., Luetjen-Drecoll E., Bock F., et al. Transient postoperative vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-neutralisation improves graft survival in corneas with partly regressed inflammatory neovascularisation. Br J Ophthalmol 2009, 93:1075-1080.
11. Bagri A., Kouros-Mehr H., Leong K.G., et al. Use of anti-VEGF adjuvant therapy in cancer: challenges and rationale. Trends Mol Med 2010, 16:122-132.
12. Bahar I., Kaiserman I., McAllum P., et al. Subconjunctival bevacizumab injection for corneal neovascularization. Cornea 2008, 27:142-147.
13. Bahar I., Kaiserman I., McAllum P., et al. Subconjunctival bevacizumab injection for corneal neovascularization in recurrent pterygium. Curr Eye Res 2008, 33:23-28.
14. Banifatemi M., Razeghinejad M.R., Hosseini H., et al. Bevacizumab and ocular wound healing after primary pterygium excision. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2011, 27:17-21.
15. Bayar S.A., Altinors D.D., Kucukerdonmez C., et al. Severe corneal changes following intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2010, 18:268-274.
16. Bidot M.L., Malvitte L., Bidot S., et al. [Efficacy of three intravitreal injections of bevacizumab in the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2011, 34(6):376-381.
17. Biswas P.S., Banerjee K., Kinchington P.R., et al. Involvement of IL-6 in the paracrine production of VEGF in ocular HSV-1 infection. Exp Eye Res 2006, 82:46-54.
18. Bock F., Konig Y., Dietrich T., et al. [Inhibition of angiogenesis in the anterior chamber of the eye]. Ophthalmologe 2007, 104:336-344.
19. Bock F., Konig Y., Kruse F., et al. Bevacizumab (Avastin) eye drops inhibit corneal neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008, 246:281-284.
20. Brown D.M., Heier J.S., Ciulla T., et al. Primary endpoint results of a phase ii study of vascular endothelial growth factor trap-eye in wet age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2011, 118:1089-1097.
21. Carrasco M.A. Subconjunctival bevacizumab for corneal neovascularization in herpetic stromal keratitis. Cornea 2008, 27:743-745.
22. Chalam K.V., Agarwal S., Brar V.S., et al. Evaluation of cytotoxic effects of bevacizumab on human corneal cells. Cornea 2009, 28:328-333.
23. Chang J.H., Gabison E.E., Kato T., et al. Corneal neovascularization. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2001, 12:242-249.
24. Chaoran Z., Zhirong L., Gezhi X. Combination of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor/platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibition markedly improves the antiangiogenic efficacy for advanced stage mouse corneal neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011, 249(10):1493-1501.
25. Chu H.S., Hu F.R., Yang C.M., et al. Subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab in the treatment of corneal neovascularization associated with lipid deposition. Cornea 2011, 30:60-66.
26. Cursiefen C., Cao J., Chen L., et al. Inhibition of hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis after normal-risk corneal transplantation by neutralizing VEGF promotes graft survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004, 45:2666-2673.
27. Cursiefen C., Chen L., Borges L.P., et al. VEGF-A stimulates lymphangiogenesis and hemangiogenesis in inflammatory neovascularization via macrophage recruitment. J Clin Invest 2004, 113:1040-1050.
28. Cursiefen C., Chen L., Dana M.R., et al. Corneal lymphangiogenesis: evidence, mechanisms, and implications for corneal transplant immunology. Cornea 2003, 22:273-281.
29. Cursiefen C., Hofmann-Rummelt C., Kuchle M., et al. Pericyte recruitment in human corneal angiogenesis: an ultrastructural study with clinicopathological correlation. Br J Ophthalmol 2003, 87:101-106.
30. Dastjerdi M.H., Al-Arfaj K.M., Nallasamy N., et al. Topical bevacizumab in the treatment of corneal neovascularization: results of a prospective, open-label, noncomparative study. Arch Ophthalmol 2009, 127:381-389.
31. Dastjerdi M.H., Saban D.R., Okanobo A., et al. Effects of topical and subconjunctival bevacizumab in high-risk corneal transplant survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010, 51:2411-2417.
32. Dastjerdi M.H., Sadrai Z., Saban D.R., et al. Corneal penetration of topical and subconjunctival bevacizumab. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011, 52:8718-8723.
33. Dell S., Peters S., Muther P., et al. The role of PDGF receptor inhibitors and PI3-kinase signaling in the pathogenesis of corneal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006, 47:1928-1937.
34. DelMonte D.W., Kim T. Anatomy and physiology of the cornea. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011, 37:588-598.
35. DeStafeno J.J., Kim T. Topical bevacizumab therapy for corneal neovascularization. Arch Ophthalmol 2007, 125:834-836.
36. Dixon J.A., Oliver S.C., Olson J.L., et al. VEGF trap-eye for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009, 18:1573-1580.
37. Do D.V., Nguyen Q.D., Shah S.M., et al. An exploratory study of the safety, tolerability and bioactivity of a single intravitreal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor trap-eye in patients with diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 2009, 93:144-149.
38. Do D.V., Schmidt-Erfurth U., Gonzalez V.H., et al. The DA VINCI Study: Phase 2 primary results of VEGF trap-eye in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2011, 118(9):1819-1826.
39. Doctor P.P., Bhat P.V., et al. Subconjunctival bevacizumab for corneal neovascularization. Cornea 2008, 27:992-995.
40. Dratviman-Storobinsky O., Lubin B.C., Hasanreisoglu M., et al. Effect of subconjuctival and intraocular bevacizumab injection on angiogenic gene expression levels in a mouse model of corneal neovascularization. Mol Vis 2009, 15:2326-2338.
41. Dykxhoorn D.M., Novina C.D., et al. Killing the messenger: short RNAs that silence gene expression. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003, 4:457-467.
42. Ellenberg D., Azar D.T., Hallak J.A., et al. Novel aspects of corneal angiogenic and lymphangiogenic privilege. Prog Retin Eye Res 2010, 29:208-248.
43. Erdurmus M., Totan Y. Subconjunctival bevacizumab for corneal neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007, 245:1577-1579.
44. Fallah M.R., Khosravi K., Hashemian M.N., et al. Efficacy of topical bevacizumab for inhibiting growth of impending recurrent pterygium. Curr Eye Res 2010, 35:17-22.
45. Fattal E., Bochot A. Ocular delivery of nucleic acids: antisense oligonucleotides, aptamers and siRNA. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006, 58:1203-1223.
46. Ferrara N., Gerber H.P., LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 2003, 9:669-676.
47. Ferrara N., Hillan K.J., Novotny W. Bevacizumab (Avastin), a humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody for cancer therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005, 333:328-335.
48. Fire A., Xu S., Montgomery M.K., et al. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 1998, 391:806-811.
49. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 1971, 285:1182-1186.
50. Fung A.E., Rosenfeld P.J., Reichel E. The International Intravitreal Bevacizumab Safety Survey: using the Internet to assess drug safety worldwide. Br J Ophthalmol 2006, 90:1344-1349.
51. Gadkari S.S. Evaluation of 19 cases of inadvertent globe perforation due to periocular injections. Indian J Ophthalmol 2007, 55:103-107.
52. Gerten G. Bevacizumab (avastin) and argon laser to treat neovascularization in corneal transplant surgery. Cornea 2008, 27:1195-1199.
53. Gragoudas E.S., Adamis A.P., Cunningham E.T., et al. Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:2805-2816.
54. Gueudry J., Richez F., Tougeron-Brousseau B., et al. [Subconjunctival bevacizumab for corneal neovascularization]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2010, 33:630-636.
55. Habot-Wilner Z., Barequet I.S., Ivanir Y., et al. The inhibitory effect of different concentrations of topical bevacizumab on corneal neovascularization. Acta Ophthalmol 2010, 88:862-867.
56. Hashemian M.N., Z-Mehrjardi H., Moghimi S., et al. Prevention of corneal neovascularization: comparison of different doses of subconjunctival bevacizumab with its topical form in experimental rats. Ophthalmic Res 2011, 46:50-54.
57. Hashemian M.N., Moghimi S., Kiumehr S., et al. Prevention and treatment of corneal neovascularization: comparison of different doses of subconjunctival bevacizumab with corticosteroid in experimental rats. Ophthalmic Res 2009, 42:90-95.
58. Hashemian M.N., Zare M.A., Rahimi F., et al. Deep intrastromal bevacizumab injection for management of corneal stromal vascularization after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, a novel technique. Cornea 2011, 30:215-218.
59. He J., Eastlack J.P., Bazan H.E. The induction of an angiogenic response in corneal myofibroblasts by platelet-activating factor (PAF). Curr Eye Res 2010, 35:1063-1071.
60. Heier J.S., Boyer D., Nguyen Q.D., et al. The 1-year results of CLEAR-IT 2, a phase 2 study of vascular endothelial growth factor trap-eye dosed as-needed after 12-week fixed dosing. Ophthalmology 2011, 118:1098-1106.
61. Hoffart L., Matonti F., Conrath J., et al. Inhibition of corneal neovascularization after alkali burn: comparison of different doses of bevacizumab in monotherapy or associated with dexamethasone. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2010, 38:346-352.
62. Holash J., Davis S., Papadopoulos N., et al. VEGF-trap: a VEGF blocker with potent antitumor effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:11393-11398.
63. Hos D., Bock F., Dietrich T., et al. Inflammatory corneal (lymph)angiogenesis is blocked by VEGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZK 261991, resulting in improved graft survival after corneal transplantation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008, 49:1836-1842.
64. Hosseini H., Khalili M.R. Therapeutic potential of bevacizumab (Avastin) in herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). Med Hypotheses 2007, 69:568-570.
65. Hosseini H., Nejabat M. A potential therapeutic strategy for inhibition of corneal neovascularization with new anti-VEGF agents. Med Hypotheses 2007, 68:799-801.
66. Hosseini H., Nejabat M., Khalili M.R. Bevacizumab (Avastin) as a potential novel adjunct in the management of pterygia. Med Hypotheses 2007, 69:925-927.
67. Hosseini H., Nejabat M., Mehryar M., et al. Bevacizumab inhibits corneal neovascularization in an alkali burn induced model of corneal angiogenesis. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2007, 35:745-748.
68. Hurwitz H., Fehrenbacher L., Novotny W., et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:2335-2342.
69. Jain R.K., Duda D.G., Clark J.W., et al. Lessons from phase III clinical trials on anti-VEGF therapy for cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2006, 3:24-40.
70. Jo N., Mailhos C., Ju M., et al. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor B signaling enhances the efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in multiple models of ocular neovascularization. Am J Pathol 2006, 168:2036-2053.
71. Kaiser P.K., Symons R.C., Shah S.M., et al. RNA-based treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration by Sirna-027. Am J Ophthalmol 2010, 150:33-39.
72. Kayikcioglu O., Kayikcioglu M., Erakgun T., et al. Electrocardiographic changes during subconjunctival injections. Int Ophthalmol 1999, 23:37-41.
73. Kerbel R., Folkman J. Clinical translation of angiogenesis inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer 2002, 2:727-739.
74. Keshavarz M., Mostafaie A., Mansouri K., et al. Inhibition of corneal neovascularization with propolis extract. Arch Med Res 2009, 40:59-61.
75. Kim B., Tang Q., Biswas P.S., et al. Inhibition of ocular angiogenesis by siRNA targeting vascular endothelial growth factor pathway genes: therapeutic strategy for herpetic stromal keratitis. Am J Pathol 2004, 165:2177-2185.
76. Kim S.W., Ha B.J., Kim E.K., et al. The effect of topical bevacizumab on corneal neovascularization. Ophthalmology 2008, 115:e33-e38.
77. Kim T.I., Chung J.L., Hong J.P., et al. Bevacizumab application delays epithelial healing in rabbit cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009, 50:4653-4659.
78. Kim T.I., Kim S.W., Kim S., et al. Inhibition of experimental corneal neovascularization by using subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab (Avastin). Cornea 2008, 27:349-352.
79. Klettner A., Roider J. Treating age-related macular degeneration-interaction of VEGF-antagonists with their target. Mini Rev Med Chem 2009, 9:1127-1135.
80. Koenig Y., Bock F., Horn F., et al. Short- and long-term safety profile and efficacy of topical bevacizumab (Avastin) eye drops against corneal neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009, 247:1375-1382.
81. Krebs I., Lie S., Stolba U., et al. Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy for early and advanced neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2009, 87:611-617.
82. Lee P., Wang C.C., Adamis A.P. Ocular neovascularization: an epidemiologic review. Surv Ophthalmol 1998, 43:245-269.
83. Lee S., Zheng M., Kim B., Rouse B.T. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in angiogenesis caused by ocular infection with herpes simplex virus. J Clin Invest 2002, 110:1105-1111.
84. Lee S.H., Leem H.S., Jeong S.M., et al. Bevacizumab accelerates corneal wound healing by inhibiting TGF-beta2 expression in alkali-burned mouse cornea. BMB Rep 2009, 42:800-805.
85. Lin C.T., Hu F.R., Kuo K.T., et al. The different effects of early and late bevacizumab (Avastin) injection on inhibiting corneal neovascularization and conjunctivalization in rabbit limbal insufficiency. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010, 51:6277-6285.
86. Lopez E.S., Rizzo M.M., Croxatto J.O., et al. Suramab, a novel antiangiogenic agent, reduces tumor growth and corneal neovascularization. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011, 67:723-728.
87. Lopez J.S., Price F.W., Whitcup S.M., et al. Immunohistochemistry of Terrien's and Mooren's corneal degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1991, 109:988-992.
88. Lyttle D.J., Fraser K.M., Fleming S.B., et al. Homologs of vascular endothelial growth factor are encoded by the poxvirus orf virus. J Virol 1994, 68:84-92.
89. Ma X., Ottino P., Bazan H.E., et al. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) induces corneal neovascularization and upregulates VEGF expression in endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004, 45:2915-2921.
90. Maguire M.G., Stark W.J., Gottsch J.D., et al. Risk factors for corneal graft failure and rejection in the collaborative corneal transplantation studies. Collaborative Corneal Transplantation Studies Research Group. Ophthalmology 1994, 101:1536-1547.
91. Mandalos A., Tsakpinis D., Karayannopoulou G., et al. The effect of subconjunctival ranibizumab on primary pterygium: a pilot study. Cornea 2010, 29:1373-1379.
92. Manzano R.P., Peyman G.A., Khan P., et al. Inhibition of experimental corneal neovascularisation by bevacizumab (Avastin). Br J Ophthalmol 2007, 91:804-807.
93. Martin D.F., Maguire M.G., Ying G.S., et al. Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-relatedmacular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:1897-1908.
94. Mauro J., Foster C.S. Pterygia: pathogenesis and the role of subconjunctival bevacizumab in treatment. Semin Ophthalmol 2009, 24:130-134.
95. Murata M., Takanami T., Shimizu S., et al. Inhibition of ocular angiogenesis by diced small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Curr Eye Res 2006, 31:171-180.
96. Mwaikambo B.R., Sennlaub F., Ong H., et al. Genetic ablation of CD36 induces age-related corneal neovascularization. Cornea 2008, 27:1037-1041.
97. Mwaikambo B.R., Yang C., Ong H., et al. Emerging roles for the CD36 scavenger receptor as a potential therapeutic target for corneal neovascularization. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2008, 8:255-272.
98. Natoli C., Perrucci B., Perrotti F., et al. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2010, 10:462-483.
99. Nguyen Q.D., Shah S.M., Browning D.J., et al. A phase I study of intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor trap-eye in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2009, 116:2141-2148.
100. Nguyen Q.D., Shah S.M., Hafiz G., et al. A phase I trial of an IV-administered vascular endothelial growth factor trap for treatment in patients with choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2006, 113:1522.
101. Nomoto H., Shiraga F., Kuno N., et al. Pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab after topical, subconjunctival, and intravitreal administration in rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009, 50:4807-4813.
102. Oh J.Y., Kim M.K., Shin M.S., et al. The anti-inflammatory effect of subconjunctival bevacizumab on chemically burned rat corneas. Curr Eye Res 2009, 34:85-91.
103. Oh J.Y., Kim M.K., Wee W.R. Subconjunctival and intracorneal bevacizumab injection for corneal neovascularization in lipid keratopathy. Cornea 2009, 28:1070-1073.
104. Oliveira H.B., Sakimoto T., Javier J.A., et al. VEGF trap(R1R2) suppresses experimental corneal angiogenesis. Eur J Ophthalmol 2010, 20:48-54.
105. Papathanassiou M., Theodossiadis P.G., Liarakos V.S., et al. Inhibition of corneal neovascularization by subconjunctival bevacizumab in an animal model. Am J Ophthalmol 2008, 145:424-431.
106. Perez-Santonja J.J., Campos-Mollo E., Lledo-Riquelme M., et al. Inhibition of corneal neovascularization by topical bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) and Sunitinib (anti-VEGF and anti-PDGF) in an animal model. Am J Ophthalmol 2010, 150:519-528.
107. Pieramici D.J., Rabena M.D. Anti-VEGF therapy: comparison of current and future agents. Eye 2008, 22:1330-1336.
108. Qian C.X., Bahar I., Levinger E., et al. Combined use of superficial keratectomy and subconjunctival bevacizumab injection for corneal neovascularization. Cornea 2008, 27:1090-1092.
109. Rocher N., Behar-Cohen F., Pournaras J.A., et al. Effects of rat anti-VEGF antibody in a rat model of corneal graft rejection by topical and subconjunctival routes. Mol Vis 2011, 17:104-112.
110. Rosenfeld P.J., Rich R.M., Lalwani G.A. Ranibizumab: phase III clinical trial results. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2006, 19:361-372.
111. Roskoski R. Sunitinib: a VEGF and PDGF receptor protein kinase and angiogenesis inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007, 356:323-328.
112. Saravia M., Zapata G., Ferraiolo P., et al. Anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody-induced regression of corneal neovascularization and inflammation in a rabbit model of herpetic stromal keratitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009, 247:1409-1416.
113. Saxena S., Kishore P., Pandey S., et al. Topical bevacizumab for corneal neovascularization after penetrating keratoplasty. Eur J Ophthalmol 2009, 19:870-872.
114. Schiffelers R.M., Storm G. ICS-283: a system for targeted intravenous delivery of siRNA. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006, 3:445-454.
115. Shakiba Y., Mansouri K., Arshadi D., et al. Corneal neovascularization: molecular events and therapeutic options. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 2009, 3:221-231.
116. Shakiba Y., Mostafaie A. Inhibition of corneal neovascularization with a nutrient mixture containing lysine, proline, ascorbic acid, and green tea extract. Arch Med Res 2007, 38:789-791.
117. Shima C., Sakaguchi H., Gomi F., et al. Complications in patients after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Acta Ophthalmol 2008, 86:372-376.
118. Singerman L.J., Masonson H., Patel M., et al. Pegaptanib sodium for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: third-year safety results of the VEGF Inhibition Study in Ocular Neovascularisation (VISION) trial. Br J Ophthalmol 2008, 92:1606-1611.
119. Singh N., Higgins E., Amin S., et al. Unique homologous siRNA blocks hypoxia-induced VEGF upregulation in human corneal cells and inhibits and regresses murine corneal neovascularization. Cornea 2007, 26:65-72.
120. Sioud M., Sorensen D.R. Cationic liposome-mediated delivery of siRNAs in adult mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003, 312:1220-1225.
121. Spaide R.F., Laud K., Fine H.F., et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2006, 26:383-390.
122. Stewart M.W., Rosenfeld P.J. Predicted biological activity of intravitreal VEGF Trap. Br J Ophthalmol 2008, 92:667-668.
123. Streilein J.W. Ocular immune privilege: therapeutic opportunities from an experiment of nature. Nat Rev Immunol 2003, 3:879-889.
124. Symes R.J., Poole T.R. Corneal graft surgery combined with subconjunctival bevacizumab (Avastin). Cornea 2010, 29:691-693.
125. Takahashi H., Obata R., Tamaki Y. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor, SU11248, suppresses choroidal neovascularization in vivo. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2006, 22:213-218.
126. Tolentino M. Systemic and ocular safety of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies for ocular neovascular disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2011, 56:95-113.
127. Tshionyi M., Shay E., Lunde E., et al. Hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in corneal pathology. Cornea 2012, 31(1):74-80.
128. Tufail A., Patel P.J., Egan C., et al. Bevacizumab for neovascular age related macular degeneration (ABC Trial): multicentre randomised double masked study. BMJ 2010, 340:c2459.
129. Uy H.S., Chan P.S., Ang R.E. Topical bevacizumab and ocular surface neovascularization in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Cornea 2008, 27:70-73.
130. Vassileva P.I., Hergeldzhieva T.G. Avastin use in high risk corneal transplantation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009, 247:1701-1706.
131. Volker-Dieben H.J., D'Amaro J., Kok-van Alphen C.C. Hierarchy of prognostic factors for corneal allograft survival. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1987, 15:11-18.
132. Yan J., Zeng Y., Jiang J., et al. The expression patterns of vascular endothelial growth factor and thrombospondin 2 after corneal alkali burn. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2007, 60:105-109.
133. Yatoh S., Kawakami Y., Imai M., et al. Effect of a topically applied neutralizing antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor on corneal allograft rejection of rat. Transplantation 1998, 66:1519-1524.
134. Yeung S.N., Lichtinger A., Kim P., et al. Combined use of subconjunctival and intracorneal bevacizumab injection for corneal neovascularization. Cornea 2011, 30(10):1110-1114.
135. Yoeruek E., Spitzer M.S., Tatar O., et al. Safety profile of bevacizumab on cultured human corneal cells. Cornea 2007, 26:977-982.
136. Yoeruek E., Ziemssen F., Henke-Fahle S., et al. Safety, penetration and efficacy of topically applied bevacizumab: evaluation of eyedrops in corneal neovascularization after chemical burn. Acta Ophthalmol 2008, 86:322-328.
137. Yoon K.C., Ahn K.Y., Lee J.H., et al. Lipid-mediated delivery of brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 gene reduces corneal neovascularization in an in vivo rabbit model. Gene Ther 2005, 12:617-624.
138. You I.C., Im S.K., Lee S.H., et al. Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin combined with subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab for corneal neovascularization. Cornea 2011, 30:30-33.
139. You I.C., Kang I.S., Lee S.H., et al. Therapeutic effect of subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab in the treatment of corneal neovascularization. Acta Ophthalmol 2009, 87:653-658.
140. Yuan X., Wilhelmus K.R. Corneal neovascularization during experimental fungal keratitis. Mol Vis 2009, 15:1988-1996.
141. Zaki A.A., Farid S.F. Subconjunctival bevacizumab for corneal neovascularization. Acta Ophthalmol 2010, 88:868-871.
142. Zheng M., Deshpande S., Lee S., et al. Contribution of vascular endothelial growth factor in the neovascularization process during the pathogenesis of herpetic stromal keratitis. J Virol 2001, 75:9828-9835.
143. Zuo L., Fan Y., Wang F., et al. A siRNA targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-A inhibiting experimental corneal neovascularization. Curr Eye Res 2010, 35:375-384.