-
4
-
-
84864943452
-
-
Note
-
Note too that there exists now within the United Nations Secretariat an office of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide; in August 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama announced a new policy initiative to prevent genocide and atrocity.
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
0037310616
-
No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955
-
Barbara Harff, "No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955," American Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (2003): 57-73.
-
(2003)
American Political Science Review
, vol.97
, Issue.1
, pp. 57-73
-
-
Harff, B.1
-
15
-
-
47549096857
-
Second Generation Comparative Research on Genocide
-
Scott Straus, "Second Generation Comparative Research on Genocide," World Politics 57, no. 1 (2007): 476-501.
-
(2007)
World Politics
, vol.57
, Issue.1
, pp. 476-501
-
-
Straus, S.1
-
17
-
-
77956243753
-
Genocide: A Sociological Perspective
-
Helen Fein, "Genocide: A Sociological Perspective," Current Sociology 38, no. 1 (1990): 1-126.
-
(1990)
Current Sociology
, vol.38
, Issue.1
, pp. 1-126
-
-
Fein, H.1
-
20
-
-
0003518009
-
-
New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers
-
Rudolph Rummel, Death by Government (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994).
-
(1994)
Death By Government
-
-
Rummel, R.1
-
23
-
-
84864938355
-
-
Fein 1979 (see note 13 above).
-
(1979)
-
-
Fein1
-
24
-
-
84864946851
-
-
Note
-
The extent of the empirical connection between war and genocide depends to a degree on conceptualization both of the outcome and of armed conflict. Some definitions of the outcome, such as "politicide" (mass killing of political groups), would point to cases that occur outside of armed conflict. Chile or Argentina would be examples. Also true is that how one conceptualizes "armed conflict" or "war" shapes the intuition. In the Communist Cambodian, Soviet, and Chinese cases, for example, murderous agrarian reforms and purges were committed when regime leaders claim they are fighting wars.
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
84864938357
-
-
Note
-
The findings echo other quantitative research on mass killing and genocide. Matthew Krain argues "political opportunity structure," in particular armed conflict, is a significant predictor of mass political murder.
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
0031150187
-
State-Sponsored Mass Murder: The Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides
-
Matthew Krain, "State-Sponsored Mass Murder: The Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides," Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, no. 3 (1997), 331-360.
-
(1997)
Journal of Conflict Resolution
, vol.41
, Issue.3
, pp. 331-360
-
-
Krain, M.1
-
30
-
-
84864926458
-
-
emphasizes upheaval (including war), as well as five other factors (ranging from past atrocity, to autocratic rule, to low trade openness, to exclusionary ideology, and ethnic minority rule)
-
Harff (2003) (see note 11 above) emphasizes upheaval (including war), as well as five other factors (ranging from past atrocity, to autocratic rule, to low trade openness, to exclusionary ideology, and ethnic minority rule).
-
(2003)
-
-
Harff1
-
33
-
-
84864914435
-
-
Shaw 2007 (see note 22 above).
-
(2007)
-
-
Shaw1
-
37
-
-
84864914436
-
-
Harff 2003 (see note 11 above).
-
(2003)
-
-
Harff1
-
41
-
-
84864946855
-
-
Sémelin 2007 (see note 25 above), 22.
-
(2007)
, pp. 22
-
-
Sémelin1
-
42
-
-
84864938363
-
-
Ibid., 48.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
84864938361
-
-
Kiernan 2007 (see note 28 above), 21.
-
(2007)
, pp. 21
-
-
Kiernan1
-
44
-
-
84864943439
-
-
Mann 2005 (see note 8 above), 7.
-
(2005)
, pp. 7
-
-
Mann1
-
46
-
-
84864946857
-
-
Kuper 1981 (see note 13 above).
-
(1981)
-
-
Kuper1
-
47
-
-
84864938362
-
-
An exception is, where autocracy remains significant in her multivariate analysis
-
An exception is Harff (2003) (see note 11 above), where autocracy remains significant in her multivariate analysis.
-
(2003)
-
-
Harff1
-
49
-
-
84864943440
-
-
Shaw 2003 (see note 22 above).
-
(2003)
-
-
Shaw1
-
50
-
-
84918926417
-
-
ed., London: Bergahn Books
-
A. Dirk Moses, ed., Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History (London: Bergahn Books, 2008).
-
(2008)
Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance In World History
-
-
Dirk, M.A.1
-
51
-
-
84864938365
-
-
See Levene 2005 (see note 37 above)
-
(2005)
-
-
Levene1
-
52
-
-
84864914439
-
-
Mann 2005 (see note 8 above)
-
(2005)
-
-
Mann1
-
53
-
-
84864943444
-
-
Shaw 2007 (see note 22 above)
-
(2007)
-
-
Shaw1
-
54
-
-
84864943443
-
-
Straus 2006 (see note 26 above)
-
(2006)
-
-
Straus1
-
55
-
-
84864938364
-
-
Valentino 2004 (see note 9 above).
-
(2004)
-
-
Valentino1
-
56
-
-
0037307791
-
Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War
-
James Fearon and David Laitin, "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War," American Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (2003): 75-90.
-
(2003)
American Political Science Review
, vol.97
, Issue.1
, pp. 75-90
-
-
Fearon, J.1
Laitin, D.2
-
59
-
-
84864943441
-
-
Straus 2007 (see note 12 above).
-
(2007)
-
-
Straus1
-
60
-
-
3042512731
-
Contested Meanings and Conflicting Imperatives: A Conceptual Analysis of Genocide
-
Scott Straus, "Contested Meanings and Conflicting Imperatives: A Conceptual Analysis of Genocide," Journal of Genocide Research 3, no. 3 (2001): 349-375.
-
(2001)
Journal of Genocide Research
, vol.3
, Issue.3
, pp. 349-375
-
-
Straus, S.1
-
61
-
-
84864943442
-
-
For some recent examples from the literature on civil war and interstate violence
-
For some recent examples from the literature on civil war and interstate violence, see Kalyvas 2006 (see note 41 above).
-
(2006)
-
-
Kalyvas1
-
63
-
-
75949122244
-
Are Coethnics More Effective Counterinsurgents? Evidence from the Second Chechen War
-
Jason Lyall, "Are Coethnics More Effective Counterinsurgents? Evidence from the Second Chechen War," American Political Science Review 104, no. 1 (2010): 1-20.
-
(2010)
American Political Science Review
, vol.104
, Issue.1
, pp. 1-20
-
-
Lyall, J.1
-
64
-
-
84864946858
-
-
Kiernan 2007 (see note 28 above), 605.
-
(2007)
, pp. 605
-
-
Kiernan1
-
65
-
-
84864938367
-
-
Shaw 2007 (see note 22 above), 154.
-
(2007)
, pp. 154
-
-
Shaw1
-
66
-
-
84864914440
-
-
Sémelin 2007 (see note 25 above), 382.
-
(2007)
, pp. 382
-
-
Sémelin1
-
67
-
-
33947359450
-
One-Sided Violence against Civilians in War: Insights from New Fatality Data
-
Kristine Eck and Lisa Hultman, "One-Sided Violence against Civilians in War: Insights from New Fatality Data," Journal of Peace Research 44, no. 2 (2007): 233-246.
-
(2007)
Journal of Peace Research
, vol.44
, Issue.2
, pp. 233-246
-
-
Eck, K.1
Hultman, L.2
-
68
-
-
84864943445
-
-
Gerlach 2010 (see note 10 above).
-
(2010)
-
-
Gerlach1
-
69
-
-
84864914443
-
-
Including in my work, e.g
-
Including in my work, e.g., Straus 2001 (see note 42 above).
-
(2001)
-
-
Straus1
-
70
-
-
0003570048
-
-
Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
-
Raphael Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944), 79-81.
-
(1944)
Axis Rule In Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals For Redress
, pp. 79-81
-
-
Lemkin, R.1
-
71
-
-
84864914442
-
-
Fein 1990 (see note 13 above)
-
(1990)
-
-
Fein1
-
73
-
-
47549086751
-
Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When Is Wartime Rape Rare
-
Elisabeth Wood, "Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When Is Wartime Rape Rare," Politics and Society 37, no. 1 (2009): 131-162.
-
(2009)
Politics and Society
, vol.37
, Issue.1
, pp. 131-162
-
-
Wood, E.1
-
75
-
-
84864938368
-
-
Note
-
Chalk and Jonassohn as well as Eck and Hultman capture this idea by conceptualizing genocide as "one-sided violence," but that formulation can be misleading in that genocidal violence generally occurs in multi-sided armed conflict.
-
-
-
-
77
-
-
84864946859
-
-
Kalyvas 2006 (see note 41 above).
-
(2006)
-
-
Kalyvas1
-
79
-
-
84864938370
-
-
Browning 1992 (see note 53 above).
-
(1992)
-
-
Browning1
-
80
-
-
84864938369
-
-
Fujii 2009 (see note 6 above).
-
(2009)
-
-
Fujii1
-
81
-
-
84864914444
-
-
Straus 2006 (see note 26 above).
-
(2006)
-
-
Straus1
-
82
-
-
84864946860
-
-
Richardson 2006 (see note 55 above).
-
(2006)
-
-
Richardson1
-
83
-
-
84864946862
-
-
Note
-
The point is consistent with Shaw's 2007 emphasis on seeing genocide as part of a broader pattern of conflict between groups and populations.
-
-
-
-
84
-
-
84864914446
-
-
Kalyvas 2006 (see note 41 above).
-
(2006)
-
-
Kalyvas1
-
85
-
-
84864943446
-
-
Kalyvas 2006 (see note 41 above).
-
(2006)
-
-
Kalyvas1
-
86
-
-
84864946861
-
-
Richardson 2006 (see note 55 above).
-
(2006)
-
-
Richardson1
-
87
-
-
84878954351
-
Silver or Lead
-
William Finnegan, "Silver or Lead," New Yorker, May 31, 2010, 39.
-
(2010)
New Yorker, May
, vol.31
, pp. 39
-
-
Finnegan, W.1
-
89
-
-
84864914447
-
-
Note
-
I am pursuing this line of inquiry through an ongoing book-length study of cases of conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa that did or did not result in mass genocidal violence.
-
-
-
-
90
-
-
84864914448
-
-
Wood 2009 (see note 52 above).
-
(2009)
-
-
Wood1
-
91
-
-
84861891821
-
Retreating from the Brink: Theorizing Mass Violence and the Dynamics of Restrant
-
For more on this question, see Scott Straus
-
For more on this question, see Scott Straus, "Retreating from the Brink: Theorizing Mass Violence and the Dynamics of Restrant," Perspectives on Politics 10, no. 2 (2012): 343-362.
-
(2012)
Perspectives On Politics
, vol.10
, Issue.2
, pp. 343-362
-
-
-
93
-
-
84864943450
-
-
Kalyvas 2006 (see note 41 above).
-
(2006)
-
-
Kalyvas1
-
94
-
-
2642511909
-
The Ontology of Political Violence
-
Stathis Kalyvas, "The Ontology of Political Violence," Perspectives on Politics 1, no. 3 (2003): 475-494.
-
(2003)
Perspectives On Politics
, vol.1
, Issue.3
, pp. 475-494
-
-
Kalyvas, S.1
-
97
-
-
84864943449
-
-
Robinson 2010 (see note 3 above).
-
(2010)
-
-
Robinson1
-
98
-
-
84864938373
-
-
Fujii 2009 (see note 6 above).
-
(2009)
-
-
Fujii1
-
99
-
-
84864946864
-
-
Sullivan 2010 (see note 7 above).
-
(2010)
-
-
Sullivan1
-
100
-
-
84864943447
-
-
Bloxham 2005 (see note 5 above).
-
(2005)
-
-
Bloxham1
-
101
-
-
84864938372
-
-
Browning 2004 (see note 69 above).
-
(2004)
-
-
Browning1
-
102
-
-
84864943451
-
-
Valentino 2004 (see note 9 above).
-
(2004)
-
-
Valentino1
-
103
-
-
84864946866
-
-
Mann 2005 (see note 8 above).
-
(2005)
-
-
Mann1
|