Vitamin D in early childhood and the effect on immunity to mycobacterium tuberculosis

Clinical and Developmental Immunology

Volumn 2012, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Battersby, Anna Jane ^a   Kampmann, Beate ^a,b   Burl, Sarah ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL LABORATORIES   (Gambia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ERGOCALCIFEROL; PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; PLACEBO; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; BONE METABOLISM; EARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTION; EARLY LIFE STRESS; GENE FUNCTION; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; TUBERCULOSIS; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; CHEMISTRY; CHILD; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; CHILD; HUMANS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; TUBERCULOSIS; VITAMIN D; VITAMINS;

EID: 84864959430     PISSN: 17402522     EISSN: 17402530     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/430972     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Nnoaham K. E., Clarke A., Low serum vitamin D levels and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis International Journal of Epidemiology 2008 37 1 113 119 (Pubitemid 351228619)
2. Holick M. F., Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application Annals of Epidemiology 2009 19 2 73 78
3. Vieth R., Vitamin D nutrient to treat TB begs the prevention question The Lancet 2011 377 9761 189 190
4. Douglas A. S., Strachan D. P., Maxwell J. D., Seasonality of tuberculosis: the reverse of other respiratory diseases in the UK Thorax 1996 51 9 944 946 (Pubitemid 26289038)
5. Holick M. F., Binkley N. C., Bischoff-Ferrari H. A., Gordon C. M., Hanley D. A., Heaney R. P., Murad M. H., Weaver C. M., Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 96 7 1911 1930
6. Fares A., Seasonality of tuberculosis Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2011 3 1 46 55
7. Ros M., Garca J. M., Snchez J. A., Pérez D., A statistical analysis of the seasonality in pulmonary tuberculosis European Journal of Epidemiology 2000 16 5 483 488
8. Schaaf H. S., Nel E. D., Beyers N., Gie R. P., Scott F., Donald P. R., A decade of experience with Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture from children: a seasonal influence on incidence of childhood tuberculosis Tubercle and Lung Disease 1996 77 1 43 46 (Pubitemid 26066609)
9. Martineau A. R., Nhamoyebonde S., Oni T., Rangaka M. X., Marais S., Bangani N., Tsekela R., Bashe L., De Azevedo V., Caldwell J., Venton T. R., Timms P. M., Wilkinson K. A., Wilkinson R. J., Reciprocal seasonal variation in vitamin D status and tuberculosis notifications in Cape Town, South Africa Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011 108 47 19013 19017
10. Thorpe L. E., Laserson K., Cookson S., Mills W., Field K., Koppaka V. R., Oxtoby M., Maloney S., Wells C., Infectious Tuberculosis among Newly Arrived Refugees in the United States New England Journal of Medicine 2004 350 20 2105 2106 (Pubitemid 38596571)
11. Strachan D. P., Powell K. J., Thaker A., Millard F. J. C., Maxwell J. D., Vegetarian diet as a risk factor for tuberculosis in immigrant south London Asians Thorax 1995 50 2 175 180
12. Hart P. D., Chemotherapy of tuberculosis; research during the past 100 years British Medical Journal 1946 2 4482 805
13. Everett D., On the use of cod-liver oil in tubercular disease Provincial Medical Surgical Journal 1846 10 45 538 539
14. Williams C. J. B., Cod liver oil in phthisis London Journal of Medicine 1849 1 1 18
15. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/medicine/laureates/1903/#
16. Hewison M., Vitamin D and the intracrinology of innate immunity Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2010 321 2 103 111
17. Rider A. A., Elmer Verner McColluma biographical sketch (18791967) Journal of Nutrition 1970 100 1 1 10
18. Charpy J., Annales de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie 1945 5 227
19. Gaumond E., Lupus vulgaris and vitamin D Canadian Medical Association Journal 1948 59 6 522 527
20. Dowling G. B., Thomas E. W., Wallace H. J., Lupus Vulgaris treated with Calciferol Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1946 39 5 225 227
21. Phelan J. J., Calciferol in pulmonary tuberculosis The Lancet 1947 249 6457 764
22. Martineau A. R., Old wine in new bottles: vitamin D in the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2012 71 1 84 89
23. Zhang R., Naughton D. P., Vitamin D in health and disease: current perspectives Nutrition Journal 2010 9, article 65
24. Okamura W. H., Midland M. M., Hammond M. W., Abd.Rahman N. N., Dormanen M. C., Nemere I., Norman A. W., Chemistry and conformation of vitamin D molecules Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1995 53 16 603 613
25. Wagner C. L., Greer F. R., Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents Pediatrics 2008 122 5 1142 1152
26. Mimouni F. B., Shamir R., Vitamin D requirements in the first year of life Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2009 12 3 287 292
27. White J. H., Vitamin D metabolism and signaling in the immune system Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 2012 13 1 21 29
28. Singh R. J., Taylor R. L., Reddy G. S., Grebe S. K. G., C-3 epimers can account for a significant proportion of total circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants, complicating accurate measurement and interpretation of vitamin D status Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 8 3055 3061 (Pubitemid 44271755)
29. Strathmann F. G., Sadilkova K., Laha T. J., LeSourd S. E., Bornhorst J. A., Hoofnagle A. N., Jack R., 3-epi-25 hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are not correlated with age in a cohort of infants and adults Clinica Chimica Acta 2012 413 1-2 203 206
30. Fleet J. C., Bradley J., Reddy G. S., Ray R., Wood R. J., 1,25-(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 analogs with minimal in vivo calcemic activity can stimulate significant transepithelial calcium transport and mRNA expression in vitro Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1996 329 2 228 234 (Pubitemid 26140314)
31. Molnr F., Sigeiro R., Sato Y., Araujo C., Schuster I., Antony P., Peluso J., Muller C., Mourio A., Moras D., Rochel N., 1,25(OH) 2 -3-epi-vitamin D 3, a natural physiological metabolite of vitamin D 3: its synthesis, biological activity and crystal structure with its receptor PLoS ONE 2011 6 3
32. Harant H., Spinner D., Reddy G. S., Lindley I. J. D., Natural metabolites of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 retain biologic activity mediated through the vitamin D receptor Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2000 78 1 112 120 (Pubitemid 30346387)
33. Messerlian S., Gao X., St-Arnaud R., The 3-epi- and 24-oxo-derivatives of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 stimulate transcription through the vitamin D receptor Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2000 72 1-2 29 34 (Pubitemid 30145714)
34. Kumar G. T., Sachdev H. S., Chellani H., Rehman A. M., Singh V., Arora H., Filteau S., Effect of weekly vitamin D supplements on mortality, morbidity, and growth of low birthweight term infants in India up to age 6 months: randomised controlled trial British Medical Journal 2011 342 7810, article d2975
35. Vieth R., What is the optimal vitamin D status for health? Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2006 92 1 26 32 (Pubitemid 43842065)
36. Nutrition and bone health: with particular reference to calcium and vitamin D. Report of the Subgroup on Bone Health, Working Group on the Nutritional Status of the Population of the Committee on Medical Aspects of the Food Nutrition Policy Reports on Health and Social Subjects 1998 49 1 24
37. Pearce S. H., Cheetham T. D., Diagnosis and management of vitamin D deficiency British Medical Journal 2010 340 b5664
38. Vieth R., Why the optimal requirement for Vitamin D 3 is probably much higher than what is officially recommended for adults Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2004 89-90 15 575 579 (Pubitemid 38844352)
39. Greer F. R., Vitamin D deficiencyit's more than rickets Journal of Pediatrics 2003 143 4 422 423 (Pubitemid 37352493)
40. Ginde A. A., Mansbach J. M., Camargo C. A., Association between Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Archives of Internal Medicine 2009 169 4 384 390
41. Belderbos M. E., Houben M. L., Wilbrink B., Lentjes E., Bloemen E. M., Kimpen J. L.L., Rovers M., Bont L., Cord blood vitamin D deficiency is associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis Pediatrics 2011 127 6 e1513 e1520
42. Fabri M., Stenger S., Shin D.-M., Yuk J.-M., Liu P. T., Realegeno S., Lee H.-M., Krutzik S. R., Schenk M., Sieling P. A., Teles R., Montoya D., Iyer S. S., Bruns H., Lewinsohn D. M., Hollis B. W., Hewison M., Adams J. S., Steinmeyer A., Zgel U., Cheng G., Jo E.-K., Bloom B. R., Modlin R. L., Vitamin D is required for IFN- -mediated antimicrobial activity of human macrophages Science Translational Medicine 2011 3 104, article 104ra102
43. Luxwolda M. F., Kuipers R. S., Kema I. P., Janneke Dijck-Brouwer D. A., Muskiet F. A., Traditionally living populations in East Africa have a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of 115nmol/l. The British Journal of Nutrition. In press
44. Walker V. P., Zhang X., Rastegar I., Liu P. T., Hollis B. W., Adams J. S., Modlin R. L., Cord blood vitamin D status impacts innate immune responses Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 96 6 1835 1843
45. Hollis B. W., Johnson D., Hulsey T. C., Ebeling M., Wagner C. L., Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2011 26 10 2341 2357
46. Introducing Solid Foods- Giving Your Baby a Better Start in Life. C4L175, 2011, http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/ PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH125823
47. Nursyam E. W., Amin Z., Rumende C. M., The effect of vitamin D as supplementary treatment in patients with moderately advanced pulmonary tuberculous lesion Acta Medica Indonesiana 2006 38 1 3 5
48. Martineau A. R., Wilkinson R. J., Wilkinson K. A., A single dose of vitamin D enhances immunity to mycobacteria American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2007 176 2 208 213 (Pubitemid 47057859)
49. Wejse C., Gomes V. F., Rabna P., Gustafson P., Aaby P., Lisse I. M., Andersen P. L., Glerup H., Sodemann M., Vitamin D as supplementary treatment for tuberculosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2009 179 9 843 850
50. Martineau A. R., Timms P. M., Bothamley G. H., Hanifa Y., Islam K., Claxton A. P., Packe G. E., Moore-Gillon J. C., Darmalingam M., Davidson R. N., Milburn H. J., Baker L. V., Barker R. D., Woodward N. J., Venton T. R., Barnes K. E., Mullett C. J., Coussens A. K., Rutterford C. M., Mein C. A., Davies G. R., Wilkinson R. J., Nikolayevskyy V., Drobniewski F. A., Eldridge S. M., Griffiths C. J., High-dose vitamin D 3 during intensive-phase antimicrobial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a double-blind randomised controlled trial The Lancet 2011 377 9761 242 250
51. Morcos M. M., Gabr A. A., Samuel S., Kamel M., El Baz M., El Beshry M., Michail R. R., Vitamin D administration to tuberculous children and its value Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico 1998 137 5 157 164 (Pubitemid 29135376)
52. Taylor C. E., Camargo C. A. Jr., Impact of micronutrients on respiratory infections Nutrition Reviews 2011 69 5 259 269
53. McNally J. D., Leis K., Matheson L. A., Karuananyake C., Sankaran K., Rosenberg A. M., Vitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection Pediatric Pulmonology 2009 44 10 981 988
54. Laaksi I., Ruohola J. P., Tuohimaa P., Auvinen A., Haataja R., Pihlajamki H., Ylikomi T., An association of serum vitamin D concentrations 40 nmol/L with acute respiratory tract infection in young Finnish men American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007 86 3 714 717 (Pubitemid 47435839)
55. Roth D., Shah R., Black R., Baqui A., Vitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics 2010 99 3 389 393
56. Inamo Y., Hasegawa M., Saito K., Hayashi R., Ishikawa T., Yoshino Y., Hashimoto K., Fuchigami T., Serum vitamin D concentrations and associated severity of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Japanese hospitalized children Pediatrics International 2011 53 2 199 201
57. Wayse V., Yousafzai A., Mogale K., Filteau S., Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 y European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004 58 4 563 567 (Pubitemid 38500124)
58. Roth D. E., Jones A. B., Prosser C., Robinson J. L., Vohra S., Vitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009 63 2 297 299
59. Adams J. S., Hewison M., Unexpected actions of vitamin D: new perspectives on the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008 4 2 80 90 (Pubitemid 351156900)
60. Lagishetty V., Liu N. Q., Hewison M., Vitamin D metabolism and innate immunity Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2011 347 1-2 97 105
61. Provvedini D. M., Tsoukas C. D., Deftos L. J., Manolagas S. C., 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 receptors in human leukocytes Science 1983 221 4616 1181 1183
62. Adorini L., Penna G., Giarratana N., Roncari A., Amuchastegui S., Daniel K. C., Uskokovic M., Dendritic cells as key targets for immunomodulation by Vitamin D receptor ligands Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2004 89-90 15 437 441 (Pubitemid 38844326)
63. Kreutz M., Andreesen R., Krause S. W., Szabo A., Ritz E., Reichel H., 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 production and vitamin D 3 receptor expression are developmentally regulated during differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages Blood 1993 82 4 1300 1307 (Pubitemid 23254006)
64. Liu P. T., Stenger S., Li H., Wenzel L., Tan B. H., Krutzik S. R., Ochoa M. T., Schauber J., Wu K., Meinken C., Kamen D. L., Wagner M., Bals R., Steinmeyer A., Zgel U., Gallo R. L., Eisanberg D., Hewison M., Hollis B. W., Adams J. S., Bloom B. R., Modlin R. L., Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response Science 2006 311 5768 1770 1773
65. Liu P. T., Schenk M., Walker V. P., Dempsey P. W., Kanchanapoomi M., Wheelwright M., Vazirnia A., Zhang X., Steinmeyer A., Zgel U., Hollis B. W., Cheng G., Modlin R. L., Convergence of IL-1 and VDR activation pathways in human TLR2/1-induced antimicrobial responses PLoS ONE 2009 4 6
66. Edfeldt K., Liu P. T., Chun R., Fabri M., Schenk M., Wheelwright M., Keegan C., Krutzik S. R., Adams J. S., Hewison M., Modlin R. L., T-cell cytokines differentially control human monocyte antimicrobial responses by regulating vitamin D metabolism Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010 107 52 22593 22598
67. Rook G. A. W., Steele J., Fraher L., Vitamin D 3, gamma interferon, and control of proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human monocytes Immunology 1986 57 1 159 163 (Pubitemid 16232232)
68. Denis M., Killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within human monocytes: activation by cytokines and calcitriol Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1991 84 2 200 206
69. Antal A. S., Dombrowski Y., Koglin S., Ruzicka T., Schauber J., Impact of vitamin D 3 on cutaneous immunity and antimicrobial peptide expression Dermato-Endocrinology 2011 3 1 18 22
70. Liu P. T., Modlin R. L., Human macrophage host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Current Opinion in Immunology 2008 20 4 371 376
71. Yuk J. M., Shin D. M., Lee H. M., Yang C. S., Jin H. S., Kim K. K., Lee Z. W., Lee S. H., Kim J. M., Jo E. K., Vitamin D 3 induces autophagy in human monocytes/macrophages via cathelicidin Cell Host and Microbe 2009 6 3 231 243
72. Fabri M., Modlin R. L., A vitamin for autophagy Cell Host and Microbe 2009 6 3 201 203
73. Anand S. P., Selvaraj P., Effect of 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on matrix metalloproteinases MMP-7, MMP-9 and the inhibitor TIMP-1 in pulmonary tuberculosis Clinical Immunology 2009 133 1 126 131
74. Jo E. K., Innate immunity to mycobacteria: vitamin D and autophagy Cellular Microbiology 2010 12 8 1026 1035
75. Di Rosa M., Malaguarnera M., Nicoletti F., Malaguarnera L., Vitamin D 3: a helpful immuno-modulator Immunology 2011 134 2 123 139
76. Yamshchikov A. V., Desai N. S., Blumberg H. M., Ziegler T. R., Tangpricha V., Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials Endocrine Practice 2009 15 5 438 449
77. Chen S., Sims G. P., Xiao X. C., Yue Y. G., Chen S., Lipsky P. E., Modulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on human B cell differentiation Journal of Immunology 2007 179 3 1634 1647
78. Griffin M. D., Xing N., Kumar R., Vitamin D and its analogs as regulators of immune activation and antigen presentation Annual Review of Nutrition 2003 23 117 145 (Pubitemid 37059719)
79. Mahon B. D., Wittke A., Weaver V., Cantorna M. T., The targets of vitamin D depend on the differentiation and activation status of CD4 positive T cells Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2003 89 5 922 932 (Pubitemid 36927724)
80. Reichel H., Koeffler H. P., Tobler A., Norman A. W., 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 inhibits -interferon synthesis by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1987 84 10 3385 3389 (Pubitemid 17085408)
81. Cantorna M. T., Yu S., Bruce D., The paradoxical effects of vitamin D on type 1 mediated immunity Molecular Aspects of Medicine 2008 29 6 369 375
82. Imazeki I., Matsuzaki J., Tsuji K., Nishimura T., Immunomodulating effect of vitamin D 3 derivatives on type-1 cellular immunity Biomedical Research 2006 27 1 1 9
83. Vidyarani M., Selvaraj P., Jawahar M. S., Narayanan P. R., 1, 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 modulated cytokine response in pulmonary tuberculosis Cytokine 2007 40 2 128 134 (Pubitemid 350180529)
84. Daniel C., Sartory N. A., Zahn N., Radeke H. H., Stein J. M., Immune modulatory treatment of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis with calcitriol is associated with a change of a T helper (Th) 1/Th17 to a Th2 and regulatory T cell profile Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2008 324 1 23 33 (Pubitemid 350294165)
85. Cantorna M. T., Humpal-Winter J., DeLuca H. F., In vivo upregulation of interleukin-4 is one mechanism underlying the immunoregulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2000 377 1 135 138 (Pubitemid 30257297)
86. Prabhu Anand S., Selvaraj P., Narayanan P. R., Effect of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on intracellular IFN- and TNF- positive T cell subsets in pulmonary tuberculosis Cytokine 2009 45 2 105 110
87. Boonstra A., Barrat F. J., Crain C., Heath V. L., Savelkoul H. F. J., O'Garra A., 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 has a direct effect on naive CD4 + T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells Journal of Immunology 2001 167 9 4974 4980 (Pubitemid 33009728)
88. Lange N. E., Litonjua A., Hawrylowicz C. M., Weiss S., Vitamin D, the immune system and asthma Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 2009 5 6 693 702
89. Black R. E., Cousens S., Johnson H. L., Lawn J. E., Rudan I., Bassani D. G., Jha P., Campbell H., Walker C. F., Cibulskis R., Eisele T., Liu L., Mathers C., Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis The Lancet 2010 375 9730 1969 1987
90. Bryce J., Boschi-Pinto C., Shibuya K., Black R. E., WHO estimates of the causes of death in children The Lancet 2005 365 9465 1147 1152 (Pubitemid 40417564)
91. Walker V. P., Modlin R. L., The vitamin D connection to pediatric infections and immune function Pediatric Research 2009 65 5 106R 113R
92. Williams B., Williams A. J., Anderson S. T., Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in children with tuberculosis Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2008 27 10 941 942
93. Altare F., Durandy A., Lammas D., Emile J. F., Lamhamedi S., Le Deist F., Drysdale P., Jouanguy E., Dffinger R., Bernaudin F., Jeppsson O., Gollob J. A., Meinl E., Segal A. W., Fischer A., Kumararatne D., Casanova J. L., Impairment of mycobacterial immunity in human interleukin-12 receptor deficiency Science 1998 280 5368 1432 1435 (Pubitemid 28264836)
94. Watkins M. L. V., Semple P. L., Abel B., Hanekom W. A., Kaplan G., Ress S. R., Exposure of cord blood to Mycobacterium bovis BCG induces an innate response but not a T-cell cytokine response Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 2008 15 11 1666 1673
95. Adkins B., Leclerc C., Marshall-Clarke S., Neonatal adaptive immunity comes of age Nature Reviews Immunology 2004 4 7 553 564 (Pubitemid 38931770)
96. Levy O., Innate immunity of the newborn: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates Nature Reviews Immunology 2007 7 5 379 390 (Pubitemid 46674489)
97. Moyo S., Verver S., Mahomed H., Hawkridge A., Kibel M., Hatherill M., Tameris M., Geldenhuys H., Hanekom W., Hussey G., Age-related tuberculosis incidence and severity in children under 5 years of age in Cape Town, South Africa International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2010 14 2 149 154
98. Newton S. M., Brent A. J., Anderson S., Whittaker E., Kampmann B., Paediatric tuberculosis The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2008 8 8 498 510 (Pubitemid 352001412)
99. Lalor M. K., Floyd S., Gorak-Stolinska P., Weir R. E., Blitz R., Branson K., Fine P. E., Dockrell H. M., BCG vaccination: a role for vitamin D? PLoS ONE 2011 6 1
100. Nelson C. D., Nonnecke B. J., Reinhardt T. A., Waters W., Beitz D. C., Lippolis J. D., Regulation of mycobacterium-specific mononuclear cell responses by 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 PLoS ONE 2011 6 6
101. Gao L., Tao Y., Zhang L., Jin Q., Vitamin D receptor genetic polymorphisms and tuberculosis: updated systematic review and meta-analysis International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2010 14 1 15 23
102. Wilkinson R. J., Llewelyn M., Toossi Z., Patel P., Pasvol G., Lalvani A., Wright D., Latif M., Davidson R. N., Influence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on tuberculosis among Gujarati Asians in west London: a case-control study The Lancet 2000 355 9204 618 621 (Pubitemid 30099469)
103. Bellamy R., Ruwende C., Corrah T., McAdam K. P. W. J., Thursz M., Whittle H. C., Hill A. V. S., Tuberculosis and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Africans and variation in the vitamin D receptor gene Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999 179 3 721 724 (Pubitemid 30016163)
104. Roth D. E., Jones A. B., Prosser C., Robinson J. L., Vohra S., Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and the risk of acute lower respiratory tract infection in early childhood Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008 197 5 676 680 (Pubitemid 351364466)
105. Manaseki-Holland S., Qader G., Isaq Masher M., Bruce J., Zulf Mughal M., Chandramohan D., Walraven G., Effects of vitamin D supplementation to children diagnosed with pneumonia in Kabul: a randomised controlled trial Tropical Medicine and International Health 2010 15 10 1148 1155
106. Holick M. F., The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences Journal of Nutrition 2005 135 11 2739S 2748S (Pubitemid 43156624)
107. Ziegler T. R., Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Host Immunity to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Response to Treatment. Emory University, 2011
108. Goswami R., Sharma S.K., Mitra D.K., Singh U.B, Gupta N., Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Vitamin D 2011 Indian Council of Medical Research
109. Salahuddin N., Replacement of Vitamin D in Patients With Active Tuberculosis (SUCCINCT) 2011 Aga Khan University
110. Lolong D. B., Ralph A. P., Tijtra E., Thio F., Morris P., Maguire G., L-arginine and Vitamin D Adjunctive therapy in Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) (AVDAPT) 2011 Menzies School of Health Research
111. Davaasambuu G., Role of Vitamin D in Innate Immunity to Tuberculosis 2010 Harvard School of Public Health
112. Yim J., The Impact of Vitamin D on Tuberculosis Among Koreans 2011 Seoul National University Hospital
113. Mathai D., A Clinical Trial to Study the Effect of the Addition of Vitamin D to Conventional Treatment in New Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Christian Medical College
114. Moodley A., Vitamin D Supplementation Enhances Immune Response to Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccination in Infants (BCG-25-D) 2011 San Diego, Calif, USA University of California