The city personified: The geopolitical narratives of Rudy Giuliani

Communication and Critical/ Cultural Studies

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 259-278

  McNamara, Kim ^a   McNeill, Donald ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Branding; Celebrity; Mayors; New York; Political discours

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864949254     PISSN: 14791420     EISSN: 14794233     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14791420.2012.699683     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. John Corner and Dick Pels, eds., Media and the Restyling of Politics: Consumerism, Celebrity and Cynicism (London: Sage, 2003)
2. John Street, Mass Media, Politics and Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2001)
3. "The Celebrity Politician: Political Style and Popular Culture," in Corner and Pels, Media and the Restyling of Politics, 85-98
4. Miriam Greenberg, "The Limits of Branding: The World Trade Center, Fiscal Crisis, and the Marketing of Recovery," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27, no. 2 (2003): 386-416.
5. Nick Couldry and Tim Markham, "Celebrity Culture and Public Connection: Bridge or Chasm?" International Journal of Cultural Studies 10, no. 4 (2007): 403-21.
6. Kurt Iveson, Publics and the City (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007).
7. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, 2nd ed. (London: Verso, 2006).
8. John Corner, "Mediated Persona and Political Culture," in Corner and Pels, Media and the Restyling of Politics, 67-84
9. Norman Fairclough, New Labour, New Language? (London: Routledge, 2000)
10. Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research (London: Routledge, 2003).
11. Fairclough, Analysing Discourse, 181.
12. For example, see Corner and Pels, Media and the Restyling of Politics
13. Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
14. Fairclough, Analysing Discourse, 183.
15. Murray Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 121.
16. Corner, "Mediated Persona and Political Culture".
17. Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle.
18. Dick Pels, "Aesthetic Representation and Political Style: Re-balancing Identity and Difference in Media Democracy," in Corner and Pels, Media and the Restyling of Politics, 48.
19. Leo Braudy, The Frenzy of Renown: Fame and Its History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
20. On local dependence, see Kevin R. Cox, "Spaces of Dependence, Spaces of Engagement and the Politics of Scale, Or: Looking for Local Politics, Political Geography 17, no. 1 (1998): 1-23. On jumping scales
21. Donald McNeill, "Embodying a Europe of the Cities: Geographies of Mayoral Leadership," Area 33, no. 4 (2001): 353-9.
22. Donald McNeill, "Barcelona as Imagined Community: Pasqual Maragall's Spaces of Engagement," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 26, no. 3 (2001): 340-52.
23. Richard Dagger, "Metropolis, Memory and Citizenship," in Democracy, Citizenship and the Global City, ed. Engen F. Isin (London: Routledge, 2000), 37.
24. James Sanders, Celluloid Skyline: New York and the Movies (London: Bloomsbury, 2001), 10.
25. For biographies of Giuliani, see Wayne Barrett with Adam Fifield, Rudy! An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani (New York: Basic Books, 2000)
26. Andrew Kirtzman, Rudy Giuliani: Emperor of the City (New York: William Morrow and Co., 2000).
27. Edwin Diamond and Piera Paine, "The Media in the Game of Politics," in Urban Politics: New York Style, ed. Jewell Bellush and Dick Netzer. (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), 341.
28. David R. Eichenthal, "Changing Styles and Strategies of the Mayor," in Bellush and Netzer, Urban Politics, 75.
29. Corner, "Mediated Persona and Political Culture," 69.
30. For example, see "Mayor Ed Koch," Time, June 15, 1981, http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101810615,00.html
31. "Rudy Giuliani, Person of the Year," Time, December 31, 2001, http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101011231,00.html.
32. This was an allusion to "Pothole" Al Amato, a Republican senator associated with a similarly "can-do" style of politics. Kirtzmann, Rudy Giuliani, 195.
33. Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle, 49.
34. Corner, "Mediated Persona and Political Culture," 69.
35. Bruce Weber, "A Press Secretary under Fire: Giuliani's Spokeswoman Draws Criticism from Reporters," New York Times, March 24, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/24/nyregion/press-secretary-under-fire-giuliani-s-spokeswoman-draws-criticism-reporters.html
36. David Firestone, "Giuliani Gives Press Secretary a Promotion," New York Times, April 1, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/01/nyregion/giuliani-gives-press-secretary-a-promotion.html.
37. Michael Powell and Russ Buettner, "In Matters Big and Small, Crossing Giuliani Had Price," New York Times, January 22, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/us/politics/22giuliani.html?pagewanted-all.
38. Rudolph W. Giuliani, Leadership (New York: Hyperion, 2002), 271.
39. It should be noted that the success of the overall policy in reducing crime is hotly debated, given the falling national crime figures, the decline in the crack cocaine industry, and the lack of reliability of the statistical categorizations used. For example,
40. Bernard E. Harcourt, Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
41. "William Bratton, New York City's Top Cop," Time, January 15, 1996, http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19960115,00.html.
42. Barrett, Rudy!, 343-7.
43. William Bratton with Peter Knobler, The Turnaround: How America's Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic (New York: Random House, 2000), 296.
44. James Traub, "Giuliani Internalized," New York Times, February 11, 2001, http://partners.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20010211mag-giuliani.html.
45. Fairclough, Analysing Discourse.
46. Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle, 80-2.
47. Neil Smith, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (London: Routledge, 1996).
48. Barrett, Rudy!, 9.
49. Eric Pooley, "Mayor of the World," Time, December 31, 2001, http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2020227-2020306-2022358,00.html.
50. Jason Dittmer, "Captain America's Empire: Reflections on Identity, Popular Culture, and Post-9/11 Geopolitics," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95, no. 3 (2005): 630.
51. Klaus Dodds, "Licensed to Stereotype: Popular Geopolitics, James Bond and the Spectre of Balkanism," Geopolitics 8, no. 2 (2003): 125-56.
52. John B. Thompson, "The New Visibility," Theory, Culture & Society 22, no. 6 (2005): 38.
53. Pete Hamill, "Give Giuliani His Due: The Best Mayor Ever," New York Daily News, January 1, 2002, http://www.petehamill.com/nydnews110102.html (accessed June 15, 2005).
54. Lynn Spigel, "Entertainment Wars: Television Culture after 9/11," American Quarterly 56, no. 2 (2004): 235-70.
55. Barbie Zelizer, "Photography, Journalism, and Trauma," in Journalism after September 11, ed. Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan (London: Routledge, 2002), 62.
56. Ibid., 64.
57. Ibid., 65.
58. P. David Marshall, Celebrity and Power: Fame and Contemporary Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).
59. Hamill, "Give Giuliani His Due
60. "Andrew Kirtzman: New York City after Rudy Giuliani," interview on CNN.com, November 8, 2001, http://articles.cnn.com/2001-11-08/us/kirtzman-1-giuliani-endorsement-andrewkirtzman-rudy-giuliani?-s-PM:COMMUNITY.
61. For a complete transcript of Bush's visit to Ground Zero see "President Bush Salutes Heros in New York," September 14, 2001, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010914-9.html (accessed May 21, 2012).
62. Joan Walsh, "Giuliani's Moment," Salon, September 12, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/09/12/giuliani-58/.
63. Corner, "Mediated Persona and Political Culture"
64. Michael Powell, "In 9/11 Chaos, Giuliani Forged a Lasting Image," New York Times, September 21, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/21/us/politics/21giuliani.html?pagewanted-1 (and see associated video).
65. Spigel, "Entertainment Wars
66. Bill Keveney, "'Rudy' Profiles Mayor Made in Manhattan," USA Today, March 26, 2003, http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2003-03-26-rudy-x.htm.
67. Jamie Malanowski, "Giuliani, Meet Your TV Match," New York Times, March, 16, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/arts/giuliani-meet-your-tv-match.html?pagewanted-all&src-pm.
68. Hamill, "Give Giuliani His Due
69. Craig Tomashoff, "Playing the Mayor," US Weekly, March 31, 2003, 72.
70. Elizabeth Kolbert, "In Charge: The Best of Rudy Giuliani," New Yorker, September 24, 2001, 40.
71. Greenberg "The Limits of Branding," 171-6.
72. David Friend, Watching the World Change: The Stories behind the Images of 9/11 (New York: Picador, 2007).
73. Graeme Turner, Frances Bonner, and P. David Marshall, Fame Games: The Production of Celebrity in Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 3-4.
74. Ibid., 4.
75. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (1961; repr., New York: Vintage, 1987), 57.
76. Ibid., 66.
77. Spigel, "Entertainment Wars," 246
78. Jayne Rodgers, "Icons and Invisibility: Gender, Myth, and 9/11," in War and the Media: Reporting Conflict 24/7, ed. Daya K. Thussu and Des Freedman (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2003), 206-7.
79. "Face Value: The Branding of Saint Rudy," The Economist, November 21, 2002, http://www.economist.com/node/1454467?story-id-1454467.
80. Clyde Haberman, "Star Power Isn't Fleeting for Giuliani," New York Times, June 1, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/01/nyregion/nyc-star-power-isn-t-fleeting-for-giuliani.html.
81. Andy Beckett, "How to Be Like Me," The Guardian, January 11, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/jan/11/highereducation.biography.
82. Paul D. Colford, "Giuliani Has the Write Stuff," New York Daily News, March 5, 2003, http://articles.nydailynews.com/2003-03-05/news/18220197-1-dads-and-grads-miramax-bookscopies.
83. McNeill, "Barcelona as Imagined Community
84. Kirtzman, Rudy Giuliani; and Barrett, Rudy! (this was the template for the USA Network's television movie).
85. Nigel Thrift, Knowing Capitalism (London: Sage, 2005), 91.
86. Ibid., 85.
87. Giuliani, Leadership, x.
88. Eric Lipton, "Rudy Inc.: A Politician's Empire," New York Times, February 22, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/22/nyregion/rudy-politician-s-empire-giuliani-selling-his-public-imagebranches-for-private.html?pagewanted-all&src-pm.
89. Celia Lury, Brands: The Logos of the Global Economy (London: Routledge, 2004), 92.
90. Lipton, "Rudy Inc
91. "Face Value
92. Erica Schoenberger, "Corporate Autobiographies: The Narrative Strategies of Corporate strategists," Journal of Economic Geography 1, no. 3 (2001): 281, original emphasis.
93. Hermann Hertzberg, "Rudy's Rules," New Yorker, October 8, 2001, http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/10/08/011008ta-talk-comment.
94. Corner, "Mediated Persona and Political Culture"
95. Kolbert, "In Charge
96. Barrett, Rudy!, 6.
97. Matt Bai, "America's Mayor Goes to America," New York Times, September 9, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/magazine/09Giuliani-t.html?pagewanted-all.
98. Wayne Barrett and Dan Collins, Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11 (New York: HarperCollins, 2006). This was an important issue, given the claims that rescue workers who suffered illnesses related to the clean-up had been inadequately protected by the Council, with reported sufferers logging a median of 962 hours. Studies showed that Giuliani had only spent 29 hours on site during the period of September 17 to December 16, usually accompanying visiting dignitaries and politicians, by contrast to the 12-hour daily shifts carried out by rescue workers.
99. Ross Buettner, "For Giuliani, Ground Zero as Lynchpin and Thorn," New York Times, August 17, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/17/us/politics/17giuliani.html?pagewanted-all.
100. Kevin McAuliffe, ed., Sayings of Generalissimo Giuliani (New York: Welcome Rain Publishers, 2000)
101. Robert Polner, ed., America's Mayor: The Hidden History of Rudy Giuliani's New York (Brooklyn, NY: Soft Skull Press, 2005).
102. Fairclough, Analysing Discourse.