Ocular disease due to toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma Gondii

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 101-131

  Latkany, P ^a  

^a New York Eye and Ear Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864860859     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012369542-0/50007-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (229)

1. Abe T., Sato M., Tamai M. Correlation of vari-cella-zoster virus copies and final visual acuities of acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1998, 236:747-752.
2. Abrahams I.W., Gregerson D.S. Longitudinal study of serum antibody responses to retinal antigens in acute ocular toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1982, 93:224-231.
3. Aggio F.B., Muccioli C., Belfort R. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide as an adjunct in the treatment of severe ocular toxoplasmosis. Eye 2005, 20:1080-1082.
4. Aiello L.P., Brucker A.J., Chang S., et al. Evolving guidelines for intravitreous injections. Retina 2004, 24:S3-S19.
5. Ajzenberg D., Dumetre A., Dardé M.-L. Multiplex PCR for typing strains of Toxoplasma gondii. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005, 43:1940-1943.
6. Alford C.A.Jr, Stagno S., Reynolds D.W. Congenital toxoplasmosis: clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic considerations, with special reference to subclinical disease. Bull. NY Acad. Med. 1974, 50:160-181.
7. Allegra C.J., Kovacs J.A., Drake J.C., Swan J.C., Chabner B.A., Masur H. Potent in vitro and in vivo anti-Toxoplasma activity of the lipid-soluble antifo-late trimetrexate. J. Clin. Invest. 1987, 79:478-482.
8. Alpert S.G., Fergerson J., Noel L.P. Intrauterine West Nile virus: ocular and systemic findings. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2003, 136:733-735.
9. Aouizerate F., Cazenave J., Poirier L., et al. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in aqueous humour by the polymerase chain reaction. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1993, 77:107-109.
10. Baarsma G.S., Luyendijk L., Kijlstra A., et al. Analysis of local antibody production in the vitreous humor of patients with severe uveitis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1991, 112:147-150.
11. Bahia-Oliveira L.M., Jones J.L., Azevedo-Silva J., Alves C.C., Orefice F., Addiss D.G. Highly endemic, waterborne toxoplasmosis in north Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003, 8:55-62.
12. Beaman M.H., Hunter C.A., Remington J.S. Enhancement of intracellular replication of Toxoplasma gondii by IL-6. Interactions with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. J. Immunol. 1994, 153:4583-4587.
13. Beverley J.K., Beattie C.P., Fry B.A. Experimental toxoplasmosis of the uveal tract. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1954, 38:489-496.
14. Blaise P., Comhaire Y., Rakic J.M. Giant macular hole as an atypical consequence of a toxo-plasmic chorioretinitis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2005, 123:863-864.
15. Bosch-Driessen L.H., Karimi S., Stilma J.S., Rothova A. Retinal detachment in ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 2000, 107:36-40.
16. Bosch-Driessen L.E., Berendschot T.T., Ongkosuwito J.V., Rothova A. Ocular toxoplasmosis: clini-cal features and prognosis of 154 patients. Ophthalmology 2002, 109:869-878.
17. Bou G., Figueroa M.S., Marti-Belda P., Navas E., Guerrero A. Value of PCR for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in aqueous humor and blood samples from immunocompetent patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1999, 37:3465-3468.
18. Bowie W.R., King A.S., Werker D.H., et al. Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with munici-pal drinking water. The BC Toxoplasma Investigation Team. Lancet 1997, 350:173-177.
19. Brezin A.P., Egwuagu C.E., Burnier M., et al. Identification of Toxoplasma gondii in paraffin-embedded sections by the polymerase chain reac-tion. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1990, 110:599-604.
20. Brezin A.P., Eqwuagu C.E., Silveira C., et al. Analysis of aqueous humor in ocular toxoplasmosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991, 324:699.
21. Brezin A.P., Thulliez P., Couvreur J., Nobre R., Mcleod R., Mets M.B. Ophthalmic outcomes after prenatal and postnatal treatment of congenital toxo-plasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2003, 135:779-784.
22. Brown C.R., Mcleod R. Class I MHC genes and CD8+ T cells determine cyst number in Toxoplasma gondii infection. J. Immunol. 1990, 145:3438-3441.
23. Burg J.L., Grover C.M., Pouletty P., Boothroyd J.C. Direct and sensitive detection of a pathogenic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1989, 27:1787-1792.
24. Burnett A.J., Shortt S.G., Isaac-Renton J., King A., Werker D., Bowie W.R. Multiple cases of acquired toxoplasmosis retinitis presenting in an outbreak. Ophthalmology 1998, 105:1032-1037.
25. Burney D.P., Chavkin M.J., Dow S.W., Potter T.A., Lappin M.R. Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii within aqueous humor of experimentally-inoculated cats. Vet. Parasitol. 1998, 79:181-186.
26. Cano-Parra J.L., Diaz L.M.L., Cordoba J.L., Gobernado M.L., Navea A.L., Menezo J.L. Acute iridocyclitis in a patient with AIDS diag-nosed as toxoplasmosis by PCR. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 2000, 8:127-130.
27. Carme B., Bissuel F., Ajzenberg D., et al. Severe acquired toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent adult patients in French Guiana. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002, 40:4037-4044.
28. Chavkin M.J., Lappin M.R., Powell C.C., Cooper C.M., Munana K.R., Howard L.H. Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in the aqueous humor of cats with toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1994, 55:1244-1249.
29. Cotliar A.M., Friedman A.H. Subretinal neovascularisation in ocular toxoplasmosis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1982, 66:524-529.
30. Couvreur J., Thulliez P. Acquired toxoplas-mosis of ocular or neurologic site: 49 cases. Presse Med. 1996, 25:438-442.
31. Couvreur J., Desmonts G., Girre J.Y. Congenital toxoplasmosis in twins: a series of 14 pairs of twins: absence of infection in one twin in two pairs. J. Pediatr. 1976, 89:235-240.
32. Couvreur J., Desmonts G., Tournier G., Szusterkac M. A homogeneous series of 210 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis in 0 to 11-month-old infants detected prospectively. Ann. Pediatr. (Paris) 1984, 31:815-819.
33. Culbertson W.W., Tabbara K.F., O'Connor R. Experimental ocular toxoplasmosis in primates. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1982, 100:321-323.
34. Dabil H., Boley M.L., Schmitz T.M., Van Gelder R.N. Validation of a diagnostic multiplex poly-merase chain reaction assay for infectious posterior uveitis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2001, 119:1315-1322.
35. Daffos F., Forestier F., Capella-Pavlovsky M., et al. Prenatal management of 746 pregnancies at risk for congenital toxoplasmosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988, 318:271-275.
36. Dao A., Fortier B., Soete M., Plenat F., Dubremetz J.F. Successful reinfection of chronically infected mice by a different Toxoplasma gondii genotype. Intl J. Parasitol. 2001, 31:63-65.
37. Dardé M.L. Genetic analysis of the diversity in Toxoplasma gondii. Ann. Ist Super Sanita 2004, 40:57-63.
38. Darrell R.W., Pieper S.Jr, Kurland L.T., Jacobs L. Chorioretinopathy and toxoplasmosis, an epidemiologic study on a South Pacific Island. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1964, 71:63-68.
39. Davidson M.G., English R.V. Feline ocular toxoplasmosis. Vet. Ophthalmol. 1998, 1:71-80.
40. Davidson M.G., Lappin M.R., English R.V., Tompkins M.B. A feline model of ocular toxoplasmosis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1993, 34:3653-3660.
41. De Boer J.H., Luyendijk L., Rothova A., et al. Detection of intraocular antibody production to herpesviruses in acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1994, 117:201-210.
42. De Boer J.H., Verhagen C., Bruinenberg M., et al. Serologic and polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluids in the diagnosis of infectious uveitis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1996, 121:650-658.
43. De Marco R., Ceccarelli R., Frulio R., Palmero C., Vittone P. Retinochoroiditis associated with congenital toxoplasmosis in children: IgG antibody profiles demonstrating the synthesis of local anti-bodies. Eur.J. Ophthalmol. 2003, 13:74-79.
44. Doft B.H., Gass D.M. Punctate outer retinal toxoplasmosis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1985, 103:1332-1336.
45. Dubey J.P. Persistence of Toxoplasma gondii in the tissues of chronically infected cats. J. Parasitol. 1977, 63:156-157.
46. Dubey J., Beattie C.P. Toxoplasmosis in cats. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Man 1988, CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton FL.
47. Dubey J.P., Carpenter J.L. Histologically confirmed clinical toxoplasmosis in cats: 100 cases 1952-1990). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1993, 203:1556-1566.
48. Dubey J.P., Frenkel J.K. Cyst-induced toxo-plasmosis in cats. J. Protozool. 1972, 19:155-177.
49. Dubey J.P., Frenkel J.K. Immunity to feline toxoplasmosis: modification by administration of corticosteroids. Vet. Pathol. 1974, 11:350-379.
50. Dubey J.P., Mattix M.E., Lipscomb T.P. Lesions of neonatally induced toxoplasmosis in cats. Vet. Pathol. 1996, 33:290-295.
51. Dubey J.P., Graham D.H., Blackston C.R., et al. Biological and genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens (Gallus domesticus) from Sa~o Paulo, Brazil: unexpected findings. Intl J. Parasitol. 2002, 32:99-105.
52. Dubey J.P., Graham D.H., Da Silva D.S., Lehmann T., Bahia-Oliveira L.M. Toxoplasma gondii isolates of free-ranging chickens from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: mouse mortality, genotype, and oocyst shed-ding by cats. J. Parasitol. 2003, 89:851-853.
53. Dunn D., Wallon M., Peyron F., Petersen E., Peckham C., Gilbert R. Mother-to-child transmis-sion of toxoplasmosis: risk estimates for clinical counselling. Lancet 1999, 353:1829-1833.
54. Dutton G.N., Hay J., Hair D.M., Ralston J. Clinicopathological features of a congenital murine model of ocular toxoplasmosis. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1986, 224:256-264.
55. Dutton G.N., Mcmenamin P.G., Hay J., Cameron S. The ultrastructural pathology of congenital murine toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Part II: The morphology of the inflammatory changes. Exp. Eye Res. 1986, 43:545-560.
56. Engstrom R.E.Jr, Holland G.N., Nussenblatt R.B., Jabs D.A. Current practices in the manage-ment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1991, 111:601-610.
57. Epiphanio S., Sinhorini I.L., Catao-Dias J.L. Pathology of toxoplasmosis in captive new world primates. J. Comp. Pathol. 2003, 129:196-204.
58. Eyles D., Coleman N. Synergistic effect of sulphadiazine and daraprim against experimental toxoplasmosis in the mouse. Antibiot. Chemother. 1953, 3:483-490.
59. Fair J.R. Congenital toxoplasmosis; chorioretini-tis as the only manifestation of the disease. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1958, 46:135-154.
60. Fardeau C., Romand S., Rao N.A., et al. Diagnosis of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis with atypical clinical features. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2002, 134:196-203.
61. Ferguson J.G.Jr Clindamycin therapy for toxo-plasmosis. Ann. Ophthalmol. 1981, 13:95-100.
62. Feron E.J., Klaren V.N., Wierenga E.A., Verjans G.M., Kijlstra A. Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii-specific T cells recovered from vitreous fluid of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2001, 42:3228-3232.
63. Figueroa M.S., Bou G., Marti-Belda P., Lopez-Velez R., Guerrero A. Diagnostic value of poly-merase chain reaction in blood and aqueous humor in immunocompetent patients with ocular toxoplas-mosis. Retina 2000, 20:614-619.
64. Frenkel J. Uveitis and toxoplasmin sensitivity. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1949, 32:127-135.
65. Frenkel J. Ocular lesions in hamsters; with chronic Toxoplasma and Besnoitia infection. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1955, 39:203-225.
66. Frenkel J. Pathology and pathogenesis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Bull. NY Acad. Med. 1974, 50:182-191.
67. Friedmann C.T., Knox D.L. Variations in recurrent active toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1969, 81:481-493.
68. Friedrich R., Simon H.U., Muller W.A., Sych F.J. Ocular toxoplasmosis: the role of cellular immune defense in the development of recurrences. Results from animal experiments. Ger. J. Ophthalmol. 1992, 1:54-57.
69. Fux B., Rodrigues C.V., Portela R.W., et al. Role of cytokines and major histocompatibility complex restriction in mouse resistance to infection with a natural recombinant strain (type I-III) . of Toxopl. Infect. Immun. 2003, 71:6392-6401.
70. Ganatra J.B., Chandler D., Santos C., Kuppermann B., Margolis T.P. Viral causes of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2000, 129:166-172.
71. Garweg J.G., Kuenzli H., Boehnke M. Experimental ocular toxoplasmosis in naive and primed rabbits. Ophthalmologica 1998, 212:136-141.
72. Garweg J.G., Jacquier P., Boehnke M. Early aqueous humor analysis in patients with human ocular toxoplasmosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000, 38:996-1001.
73. Gazzinelli R.T., Brezin A., Li Q., Nussenblatt R.B., Chan C.C. Toxoplasma gondii: acquired ocular toxoplasmosis in the murine model, protec-tive role of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Exp. Parasitol. 1994, 78:217-229.
74. Gil C.D., Mineo J.R., Smith R.L., Oliani S.M. Mast cells in the eyes of Calomys callosus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) infected by Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Res. 2002, 88:557-562.
75. Gilbert R.E., Stanford M.R. Is ocular toxo-plasmosis caused by prenatal or postnatal infection?. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2000, 84:224-226.
76. Gilbert R.E., See S.E., Jones L.V., Stanford M.S. Antibiotics versus control for Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2002, CD002218.
77. Glasner P.D., Silveira C., Kruszon-Moran D., et al. An unusually high prevalence of ocular toxoplasmo-sis in southern Brazil. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1992, 114:136-144.
78. Gomez-Marin J.E., Montoya-de-Londono M.T., Castano-Osorio J.C., et al. Frequency of specific anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM, IgA and IgE in Colombian patients with acute and chronic ocular toxoplasmosis. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2000, 95:89-94.
79. Gormley P.D., Pavesio C.E., Luthert P., Lightman S. Retinochoroiditis is induced by oral adminis-tration of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in the hamster model. Exp. Eye Res. 1999, 68:657-661.
80. Grigg M.E., Ganatra J., Boothroyd J.C., Margolis T.P. Unusual abundance of atypical strains asso-ciated with human ocular toxoplasmosis. J. Infect. Dis. 2001, 184:633-639.
81. Grigg M.E., Bonnefoy S., Hehl A.B., Suzuki Y., Boothroyd J.C. Success and virulence in Toxoplasma as the result of sexual recombination between two distinct ancestries. Science 2001, 294:161-165.
82. Guerina N.G., Hsu H.W., Meissner H.C., et al. Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. The New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 330:1858-1863.
83. Gustafsson K., Wattrang E., Fossum C., Heegaard P.M., Lind P., Uggla A. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the mountain hare (Lepus timidus) and domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) . II. Early immune reactions. J. Comp. Pathol. 1997, 117:361-369.
84. Hall S.M., Pandit A., Golwilkar A., Williams T.S. How do Jains get Toxoplasma infection?. Lancet 1999, 354:486-487.
85. Hawes N.L., Smith R.S., Chang B., Davisson M., Heckenlively J.R., John S.W. Mouse fundus photography and angiography: a catalogue of normal and mutant phenotypes. Mol. Vis. 1999, 5:22.
86. Hay J., Lee W.R., Dutton G.N., Hutchison W.M., Siim J.C. Congenital toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in a mouse model. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1984, 78:109-116.
87. Hayashi S., Chan C.C., Gazzinelli R.T., Pham N.T., Cheung M.K., Roberge F.G. Protective role of nitric oxide in ocular toxoplasmosis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1996, 80:644-648.
88. Hogan M. Ocular Toxoplasmosis 1951, Columbia University Press, New York.
89. Hogan M.J. Ocular toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1958, 46:467-494.
90. Hogan M.J. Ocular toxoplasmosis in adult patients. Surv. Ophthalmol. 1961, 6:835-851.
91. Hogan M.J., Kimura S.J., O'Connor G.R. Ocular toxoplasmosis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1964, 72:592-600.
92. Hogan M.J., Moschini G.B., Zardi O. Effects of Toxoplasma gondii toxin on the rabbit eye. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1971, 72:733-742.
93. Holland G.N. Reconsidering the pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1999, 128:502-505.
94. Holland G.N. Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part I: epidemiology and course of disease. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2003, 136:973-988.
95. Holland G.N., Lewis K.G. An update on current practices in the management of ocular toxo-plasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2002, 134:102-114.
96. Holland G.N., O'Connor G.R., Diaz R.F., Minasi P., Wara W.M. Ocular toxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed nonhuman primates. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1988, 29:835-842.
97. Holland G.N., Engstrom R.E.Jr, Glasgow B.J., et al. Ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1988, 106:653-667.
98. Holland G.N., Muccioli C., Silveira C., Weisz J.M., Belfort R.Jr, O'Connor G.R. Intraocular inflammatory reactions without focal necrotizing retinochoroiditis in patients with acquired systemic toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1999, 128:413-420.
99. Holland G.N., Lewis K.G., O'Connor G.R. Ocular toxoplasmosis: a 50th anniversary tribute to the contributions of Helenor Campbell Wilder Foerster. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2002, 120:1081-1084.
100. Holliman R.E. Toxoplasmosis, behaviour and personality. J. Infect. 1997, 35:105-110.
101. Howe D.K., Sibley L.D. Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of para-site genotype with human disease. J. Infect. Dis. 1995, 172:1561-1566.
102. Hu M.S., Schwartzman J.D., Le Page A.C., Khan I.A., Kasper L.H. Experimental ocular toxoplas-mosis induced in naive and preinfected mice by intracameral inoculation. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 1999, 7:17-26.
103. Hunter C.A., Bermudez L., Beernink H., Waegell W., Remington J.S. Transforming growth factor-beta inhibits interleukin-12-induced production of interferon-gamma by natural killer cells: a role for transforming growth factor- regulation of T cell-independent resistance to Toxoplasma gondii. Eur J. Immunol. 1995, 25:994-1000.
104. Innes E.A. Toxoplasmosis: comparative species susceptibility and host immune response. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1997, 20:131-138.
105. Jabs D.A., Nussenblatt R.B., Rosenbaum J.T. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for report-ing clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2005, 140:509-516.
106. Jacklin H.N. Cryotreatment of toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis. Ann. Ophthalmol. 7 1975, 853-855.
107. Jackson M.H., Hutchison W.M. The preva-lence and source of Toxoplasma infection in the envi-ronment. Adv. Parasitol. 1989, 28:55-105.
108. Jankû J. Pathogenesa a Pathologická Anatomie T. Zv. Vrozeneho Kolobomu Zlute Śkurny Oku Normál ně Velikém de Mikrophtailmickem s Nalezem Parasitu v Sitnici. Cas Lék Ces. 1923, 62:1021-1027.
109. Jones C.D., Okhravi N., Adamson P., Tasker S., Lightman S. Comparison of PCR detection methods for B1, P30 and 18S rDNA genes of T. gondii in aqueous humor. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2000, 41:634-644.
110. Jones J.L., Lopez A., Wilson M., Schulkin J., Gibbs R. Congenital toxoplasmosis: a review. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 2001, 56:296-305.
111. Jones J.L., Kruszon-Moran D., Wilson M., McQuillan G., Navin T., Mcauley J.B. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: seroprevalence and risk factors. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2001, 154:357-365.
112. Khan A., Taylor S., Su C., et al. Composite genome map and recombination parameters derived from three archetypal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005, 33:2980-2992.
113. Klaren V.N., van Doornik C.E., Ongkosuwito J.V., Feron E.J., Kijlstra A. Differences between intraocular and serum antibody responses in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1998, 126:698-706.
114. Kopec R., de Caro G., Chapnick E., Ghitan M., Saffra N. Prophylaxis for ocular toxoplasmo-sis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003, 37:147-148.
115. Koppe J., Klooterman G.J., de Roever-Bonnet H., et al. Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy, with a long-term follow-up of the children. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 1974, 4:101-110.
116. Koppe J.G., Loewer-Sieger D.H., de Roever-Bonnet H. Results of 20-year follow-up of congenital toxoplasmosis. Lancet 1986, 1:254-256.
117. Kucukerdonmez C., Akova Y.A., Yilmaz G. Ocular toxoplasmosis presenting as neuroretinitis: report of two cases. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 2002, 10:229-234.
118. Labalette P., Delhaes L., Margaron F., Fortier B., Rouland J.F. Ocular toxoplasmosis after the fifth decade. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2002, 133:506-515.
119. Langermans J.A., van der Hulst M.E., Nibbering P.H., Hiemstra P.S., Fransen L., van Furth R. IFN-gamma-induced L-arginine-dependent toxo-plasmastatic activity in murine peritoneal macrophages is mediated by endogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J. Immunol. 1992, 148:568-574.
120. Lappin M.R., Burney D.P., Dow S.W., Potter T.A. Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in aqueous humor of cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1996, 57:1589-1593.
121. Levadit I.C. Au sujet de certaines protozooses hereditaires humaines a localization oculaires et nerveuses. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 1928, 98:297-300.
122. Lieb D.F., Scott I.U., Flynn H.W.Jr, Davis J.L., Demming S.M. Acute acquired Toxoplasma retinitis may present similarly to unilateral acute idiopathic maculopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2004, 137:940-942.
123. Liesenfeld O. Immune responses to Toxoplasma gondii in the gut. Immunobiology 1999, 201:229-239.
124. Liesenfeld O., Montoya J.G., Kinney S., Press C., Remington J.S. Effect of testing for IgG avid-ity in the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women: experience in a US reference labo-ratory. J. Infect. Dis. 2001, 183:1248-1253.
125. Liotet S., Bloch-Michel E., Petithory J.C., Batellier L., Chaumeil C. Biological modifications of the vitreous in intraocular parasitosis: preliminary study. Intl Ophthalmol. 1992, 16:75-80.
126. Lopez A., Dietz V.J., Wilson M., Navin T.R., Jones J.L. Preventing congenital toxoplasmosis. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 2000, 49:59-68.
127. Lu F., Huang S., Kasper L.H. Interleukin-10 and pathogenesis of murine ocular toxoplasmosis. Infect. Immun. 2003, 71:7159-7163.
128. Lu F., Huang S., Hu M.S., Kasper L.H. Experimental ocular toxoplasmosis in genetically susceptible and resistant mice. Infect. Immun. 2005, 73:5160-5165.
129. Lum F., Jones J.L., Holland G.N., Liesegang T.J. Survey of ophthalmologists about ocular toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2005, 140:724-726.
130. Lyons R.E., Anthony J.P., Ferguson D.J., et al. Immunological studies of chronic ocular toxoplas-mosis: up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I and transforming growth factor beta and a protective role for interleukin-6. Infect. Immun. 2001, 69:2589-2595.
131. Maetz H.M., Kleinstein R.N., Federico D., Wayne J. Estimated prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis in Alabama. J. Infect. Dis. 1987, 156:414.
132. McAuley J., Boyer K.M., Patel D., et al. Early and longitudinal evaluations of treated infants and chil-dren and untreated historical patients with congeni-tal toxoplasmosis: the Chicago Collaborativ Treatment Trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1994, 18:38-72.
133. McCannel C.A., Holland G.N., Helm C.J., Cornell P.J., Winston J.V., Rimmer T.G. Causes of uveitis in the general practice of ophthalmology. UCLA Community-Based Uveitis Study Group. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1996, 121:35-46.
134. McLeod R., Skamene E., Brown C.R., Eisenhauer P.B., Mack D.G. Genetic regulation of early survival and cyst number after peroral Toxoplasma gondii infection of A x B/B x A recombinant inbred and B10 congenic mice. J. Immunol. 1989, 143:3031-3034.
135. McLeod R., Mack D., Foss R., et al. Levels of pyrimethamine in sera and cerebrospinal and ventricular fluids from infants treated for congenital toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis Study Group. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1992, 36:1040-1048.
136. McMenamin P.G., Dutton G.N., Hay J., Cameron S. The ultrastructural pathology of congenital murine toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Part I: The localization and morphology of Toxoplasma cysts in the retina. Exp. Eye Res. 1986, 43:529-543.
137. Mets M.B., Holfels E., Boyer K.M., et al. Eye manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1996, 122:309-324.
138. Mets M.B., Holfels E., Boyer K.M., et al. Eye manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1997, 123:1-16.
139. Miller D., Davis J., Rosa R., Diaz M., Perez E. Utility of tissue culture for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in vitreous humor of patients diagnosed with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000, 38:3840-3842.
140. Mitchell C.D., Erlich S.S., Mastrucci M.T., Hutto S.C., Parks W.P., Scott G.B. Congenital toxo-plasmosis occurring in infants perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1990, 9:512-518.
141. Montoya J.G., Liesenfeld O. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 2004, 363:1965-1976.
142. Montoya J.G., Remington J.S. Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis in the setting of acute acquired toxo-plasmosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1996, 23:277-282.
143. Montoya J.G., Parmley S., Liesenfeld O., Jaffe G.J., Remington J.S. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 1999, 106:1554-1563.
144. Moshfeghi D.M., Dodds E.M., Couto C.A., et al. Diagnostic approaches to severe, atypical toxoplasmo-sis mimicking acute retinal necrosis. Ophthalmology 2004, 111:716-725.
145. Nagineni C.N., Pardhasaradhi K., Martins M.C., Detrick B., Hooks J.J. Mechanisms of interferon-induced inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii replication in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 1996, 64:4188-4196.
146. Newman P.E., Ghosheh R., Tabbara K.F., O'Connor G.R., Stern W. The role of hypersensitivity reactions to Toxoplasma antigens in experimental ocular toxoplasmosis in nonhuman primates. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1982, 94:159-164.
147. Newsome D.A., Green W.R., Miller E.D., et al. Microvascular aspects of acquired immune defi-ciency syndrome retinopathy. Am.J. Ophthalmol. 1984, 98:590-601.
148. Nicholson D.H., Wolchok E.B. Ocular toxo-plasmosis in an adult receiving long-term cortico-steroid therapy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1976, 94:248-254.
149. Nozik R.A. Results of treatment of ocular toxo-plasmosis with injectable corticosteroids. Trans. Sect. Ophthalmol. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol. 1977, 83:811-818.
150. Nozik R.A., O'Connor G.R. Experimental toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1968, 79:485-489.
151. Nozik R.A., O'Connor G.R. Studies on exper-imental ocular toxoplasmosis in the rabbit. II. Attempts to stimulate recurrences by local trauma, epinephrine, and corticosteroids. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1970, 84:788-791.
152. Nussenblatt R.B., Mittal K.K., Fuhrman S., Sharma S.D., Palestine A.G. Lymphocyte proliferative responses of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis to parasite and retinal antigens. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1989, 107:632-641.
153. O'Connor G.R. Manifestations and management of ocular toxoplasmosis. Bull. NY Acad. Med. 1974, 50:192-210.
154. O'Connor G.R. Factors related to the initiation and recurrence of uveitis. XL Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1983, 96:577-599.
155. O'Connor G.R. The roles of parasite invasion and of hypersensitivity in the pathogenesis of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Ocul. Inflamm. Ther. 1983, 1:37.
156. O'Connor G.R., Frenkel J.K. Editorial: Dangers of steroid treatment in toxoplasmosis. Periocular injections and systemic therapy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1976, 94:213.
157. O'Connor G.R., Nozik R.A. Studies on experi-mental oclar toxoplasmosis in the rabbit. 3. Recurrent inflammation stimulated by systemic administration of antilymphocyte serum and normal. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1971, 85:718-722.
158. O'Neill J.F. The ocular manifestations of congen-ital infection: a study of the early effect and long-term outcome of maternally transmitted rubella and toxoplasmosis. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 1998, 96:813-879.
159. Ongkosuwito J.V., Bosch-Driessen E.H., Kijlstra A., Rothova A. Serologic evaluation of patients with primary and recurrent ocular toxoplasmosis for evidence of recent infection. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1999, 128:407-412.
160. Parke D.W.II, Font R.L. Diffuse toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in a patient with AIDS. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1986, 104:571-575.
161. Paul M. Immunoglobulin G avidity in diagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy and ocular toxo-plasmosis. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 1999, 6:514-518.
162. Pavesio C.E., Chiappino M.L., Gormley P., Setzer P.Y., Nichols B.A. Acquired retinochoroiditis in hamsters inoculated with ME 49 strain Toxoplasma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1995, 36:2166-2175.
163. Peiffer R.L.Jr andWilcock B.P. Histopathologic study of uveitis in cats: 139 cases. J. Am. Vet.Med.Assoc. 1978-1988), 198:135-138.
164. Perkins E.S. Ocular toxoplasmosis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1973, 57:1-17.
165. Perrotta S., Nobili B., Grassia C., Sebastiani A., Parmeggiani F., Costagliola C. Bilateral neuroretinitis in a 6-year-old boy with acquired toxo-plasmosis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2003, 121:1493-1496.
166. Peyman G.A., Charles H.C., Liu K.R., Khoobehi B., Niesman M. Intravitreal liposome-encapsu-lated drugs: a preliminary human report. Intl Ophthalmol. 1988, 12:175-182.
167. Peyron F., Ateba A.B., Wallon M., et al. Congenital toxoplasmosis in twins: a report of four-teen consecutive cases and a comparison with published data. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2003, 22:695-701.
168. Portela R.W., Bethony J., Costa M.I., et al. A multi-household study reveals a positive correlation between age, severity of ocular toxoplasmosis, and levels of glycoinositolphospholipid-specific immunog. J. Infect. Dis. 2004, 190:175-183.
169. Powell C.C., Lappin M.R. Clinical ocular toxoplasmosis in neonatal kittens. Vet. Ophthalmol. 2001, 4:87-92.
170. Ramchandani M., Weaver J.B., Joynson D.H., Murray P.I. Acquired ocular toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2002, 86:938-939.
171. Rao N.A., Font R.L. Toxoplasmic retinochoroidi-tis: electron-microscopic and immunofluorescence studies of formalin-fixed tissue. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1977, 95:273-277.
172. Remington J.S., McLeod R., Thulliez P., Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant 2001, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadephia PA. 5th edn. J.A. Remington, J.O. Klein (Eds.).
173. Rieger H. Zur Klinik de rim Erwachsenenalter erworbenen Toxoplasmose. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd 1951, 119:459-476.
174. Rieger H. Toxoplasmosis congenita und Zwillingsschwangerschaft. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd 1959, 134:862-871.
175. Riss J.M., Carboni M.E., Franck J.Y., Mary C.J., Dumon H., Ridings B. Ocular toxoplasmosis: value of immunoblotting for the determination of an intra-ocular synthesis of antibodies. Pathol. Biol. (Paris) 1995, 43:772-778.
176. Roberts C.W., Cruickshank S.M., Alexander J. Sex-determined resistance to Toxoplasma gondii is associated with temporal differences in cytokine production. Infect. Immun. 1995, 63:2549-2555.
177. Roberts E, McLeod R. Pathogenesis of toxo-plasmic retinochoroiditis. Parasitol. Today 1999, 15:51-57.
178. Roberts F., Roberts C.W., Johnson J.J., et al. Evidence for the shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites. Nature 1998, 393:801-805.
179. Roberts F., Roberts C.W., Ferguson D.J., McLeod R. Inhibition of nitric oxide production exacer-bates chronic ocular toxoplasmosis. Parasite Immunol. 2000, 22:1-5.
180. Roberts F., Mets M.B., Ferguson D.J., et al. Histopathological features of ocular toxoplasmosis in the fetus and infant. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2001, 119:51-58.
181. Roberts T., Frenkel J.K. Estimating income losses and other preventable costs caused by congen-ital toxoplasmosis in people in the United States. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1990, 196:249-256.
182. Roberts T., Murrell K.D., Marks S. Economic losses caused by foodborne parasitic diseases. Parasitol. Today 1994, 10:419-423.
183. Ronday M.J., Ongkosuwito J.V., Rothova A., Kijlstra A. Intraocular anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgA antibody production in patients with ocular toxo-plasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1999, 127:294-300.
184. Ross R.D., Stec L.A., Werner J.C., Blumenkranz M.S., Glazer L., Williams G.A. Presumed acquired ocular toxoplasmosis in deer hunters. Retina 2001, 21:226-229.
185. Sabates R., Pruett R.C., Brockhurst R.J. Fulminant ocular toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1981, 92:497-503.
186. Sabin HA E Dyes as microchemical indicators of a new immunity phenomenon affecting a protozoon parasite (Toxoplasma). Science 1948, 108:660-663.
187. Saeij J.P., Boyle J.P., Boothroyd J.C. Differences among the three major strains of Toxoplasma gondii and their specific interac-tions with the infected host. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21:476-481.
188. Saeij J.P., Boyle J.P., Grigg M.E., Arrizabalaga G., Boothroyd J.C. Bioluminescence imaging of Toxoplasma gondii infection in living mice reveals dramatic differences between strains. Infect. Immun. 2005, 73:695-702.
189. Schwartz P.L. Segmental retinal periarteritis as a complication of toxoplasmosis. Ann. Ophthalmol. 1977, 9:157-162.
190. Seabra S.H., Damatta R.A., de Mello F.G., de Souza W. Endogenous polyamine levels in macrophages is sufficient to support growth of Toxoplasma gondii. J. Parasitol. 2004, 90:455-460.
191. Sibley L.D., Boothroyd J.C. Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a single clonal lineage. Nature 1992, 359:82-85.
192. Silveira C. Estudo dos Fatores de Risco. Toxoplasmose: Dúvidas e Controvérsias 2002, p. 60, EdiFAPES, Erechrim, RS.
193. Silveira C., Belfort R.Jr, Burnier M.J. Toxoplasmose ocular: Identificacao de cistos de Toxoplasma gondii na retina de irmaos gemeos com diagnositco ed toxoplasmose ocular recidivante. Primeiro caso. Arq. Bras Oftalmol. 1987, 50:215.
194. Silveira C., Belfort R.Jr, Burnier M.Jr, Nussenblatt R. Acquired toxoplasmic infection as the cause of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in families. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1988, 106:362-364.
195. Silveira C., Belfort R.Jr, Muccioli C., et al. A follow-up study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in southern Brazil. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2001, 131:351-354.
196. Silveira C., Belfort R.Jr, Muccioli C., et al. The effect of long-term intermittent trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole treatment on recurrences of toxo-plasmic retinochoroiditis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2002, 134:41-46.
197. Silveira C., Ferreira R., Muccioli C., Nussenblatt R., Belfort R.Jr Toxoplasmosis transmitted to a newborn from the mother infected 20 years earlier. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2003, 136:370-371.
198. Smith J.M., Curi A.L., Pavesio C.E. Crystalluria with sulphadiazine. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2001, 85:1265.
199. Smith J.R., Franc D.T., Carter N.S., Zamora D., Planck S.R., Rosenbaum J.T. Susceptibility of retinal vascular endothelium to infection with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2004, 45:1157-1161.
200. Smith R.E., Ganley J.P. Ophthalmic survey of a community. 1. Abnormalities of the ocular fundus. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1972, 74:1126-1130.
201. Sousa O.E., Saenz R.E., Frenkel J.K. Toxoplasmosis in Panama: a 10-year study. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1988, 38:315-322.
202. Spalter H.F., Campbell C.J., Noyori K.S., Rittler M.C., Koester C.J. Prophylactic photocoagula-tion of recurrent toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. A preliminary report. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1966, 75:21-31.
203. Stagno S., Reynolds D.W., Amos C.S., et al. Auditory and visual defects resulting from sympto-matic and subclinical congenital cytomegaloviral and Toxoplasma infections. Pediatrics 1977, 59:669-678.
204. Stanford M.R., See S.E., Jones L.V., Gilbert R.E. Antibiotics for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: an evidence-based systematic review. Ophthalmology 2003, 110:926-931.
205. Stanford M.R., See S.E., Jones L.V., Gilbert R.E. Antibiotics for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: an evidence-based systematic review. Ophthalmology 2003, 110:931-932.
206. Stanford M.R., Tomlin E.A., Comyn O., Holland K., Pavesio C. The visual field in toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2005, 89:812-814.
207. St Georgiev V. Opportunistic/nosocomial infec-tions. Treatment and developmental therapeutics. Toxoplasmosis. Med. Res. Rev. 1993, 13:529-568.
208. Streilein J.W., Stein-Streilein J. Does innate immune privilege exist?. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2000, 67:479-487.
209. Streilein J.W., Ksander B.R., Taylor A.W. Immune deviation in relation to ocular immune priv-ilege. J. Immunol. 1997, 158:3557-3560.
210. Su C., Howe D.K., Dubey J.P., Ajioka J.W., Sibley L.D. Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling acute virulence in Toxoplasma gondii. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99:10 753-10 758.
211. Suhardjo Utomo P.T., Agni A.N. Clinical manifestations of ocular toxoplasmosis in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a clinical review of 173 cases. SE Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 2003, 34:291-297.
212. Suzuki Y., Wong S.Y., Grumet F.C., et al. Evidence for genetic regulation of susceptibility to toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS patients. J. Infect. Dis. 1996, 173:265-268.
213. Tabbara K.F., O'Connor G.R. Ocular tissue absorption of clindamycin phosphate. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1975, 93:1180-1185.
214. Tedesco R.C., Smith R.L., Corte-Real S., Calabrese K.S. Ocular toxoplasmosis in mice: compari-son of two routes of infection. Parasitology 2005, 131:303-307.
215. Teutsch S.M., Juranek D.D., Sulzer A., Dubey J.P., Sikes R.K. Epidemic toxoplasmosis asso-ciated with infected cats. N. Engl. J. Med. 1979, 300:695-699.
216. Vail D.S.J., Stephenson W.V. Chorioretinitis associated with positive serologic tests for Toxoplasma in older children and adults. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1943, 26:133-141.
217. van Der Lelij A., Rothova A. Diagnostic ante-rior chamber paracentesis in uveitis: a safe proce-dure?. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1997, 81:976-979.
218. van Gelder R.N. CME review: polymerase chain reaction diagnostics for posterior segment disease. Retina 2003, 23:445-452.
219. Villard O., Filisetti D., Roch-Deries F., Garweg J., Flament J., Candolfi E. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot-ting, and PCR for diagnosis of toxoplasmic choriore-tinitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003, 41:3537-3541.
220. Webb R.M., Tabbara K.F., O'Connor G.R. Retinal vasculitis in ocular toxoplasmosis in nonhu-man primates. Retina 1984, 4:182-188.
221. Westfall A.C., Lauer A.K., Suhler E.B., Rosenbaum J.T. Toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis and elevated intraocular pressure: a retrospective study. J. Glaucoma 2005, 14:3-10.
222. Wilder H.C. Toxoplasma chorioretinitis in adults. AMA Arch. Ophthalmol. 1952, 48:127-136.
223. Wilson C.B., Remington J.S. What can be done to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis?. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1980, 138:357-363.
224. Wilson C.B., Remington J.S., Stagno S., Reynolds D.W. Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital Toxoplasma infec-tion. Pediatrics 1980, 66:767-774.
225. Wolf A., Cowen D., Paige B.H. Human toxo-plasmosis: occurrence in infants as an encephalomyelitis: verification by transmission to animals. Science 1939, 89:226-227.
226. Yeo J.H., Jakobiec F.A., Iwamoto T., Richard G., Kreissig I. Opportunistic toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis following chemotherapy for systemic lymphoma. A light and electron micro-scopic study. Ophthalmology 1983, 90:885-898.
227. Young J.D., McGwire B.S. Infliximab and reactivation of cerebral toxoplasmosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353:1530-1531.
228. Ysasaga J.E., Davis J. Frosted branch angiitis with ocular toxoplasmosis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1999, 117:1260-1261.
229. Zimmerman L. Ocular pathology of toxoplasmo-sis. Surv. Ophthalmol. 1961, 6:832-838.