Eating disorders in men: A review of the literature

Journal of Public Mental Health

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 23-31

  Jones, William Rhys ^a   Morgan, John F ^a  

^a SEACROFT HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anorexia nervosa; Bulimia nervosa; Eating disorders; Gender

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864855989     PISSN: 17465729     EISSN: 20428731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5042/jpmh.2010.0326     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition). Washington, DC: APA.
2. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition) Text revision. Washington, DC: APA.
3. Andersen AE (1992) Analysis of treatment experience and outcome from the Johns Hopkins Eating Disorders Program 1975-1990. In: KA Halmi (Ed) Psychobiology and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
4. Andersen AE (1999) Gender-related aspects of eating disorders: a guide to practice. Journal of Gender Specific Medicine 2 (1) 47-54.
5. Andersen AE, Wirth JB & Strahlman ER (1982) Reversible weightrelated increase in plasma testosterone during treatment of male and female patients with anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1 (2) 74-83.
6. Andersen AE & DiDomenico L (1992) Diet vs. shape content of popular male and female magazines: a dose-response relationship to the incidence of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 10 (4) 389-394.
7. Andersen AE & Holman J (1997) Males with eating disorders: challenges for treatment and research. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 33 (3) 391-397.
8. Anderson IM, Parry-Billings M, Newsholme EA, Fairburn CG & Cowen PJ (1990) Dieting reduces plasma tryptophan and alters brain 5HT function in women. Psychological Medicine 20 (4) 785-791.
9. Anderson-Fye E & Becker AE (2004) Sociocultural aspects of eating disorders. In: JK Thompson (Ed) Handbook of Eating Disorders and Obesity. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
10. Attia E & Roberto CA (2009) Should amenorrhea be a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa? International Journal of Eating Disorders 42 (7) 581-589.
11. Blouin AG & Goldfield GS (1995) Body image and steroid use in male bodybuilders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 18 (2) 159-165.
12. Bramon-Bosch E, Troop NA & Treasure J (2000) Eating disorders in males: a comparison with female patients. European Eating Disorders Review 8 (4) 321-328.
13. Braun D, Sunday SR, Huang A & Halmi KA (1999) More males seek treatment for eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 25 (4) 415-424.
14. Bruch H (1974) Perils of behavioural modification in treatment of anorexia nervosa. Journal of the American Medical Association 230 (10) 1419-1422.
15. Burns T & Crisp A (1990) Outcome of anorexia nervosa in males. In: AE Andersen (Ed) Males with Eating Disorders. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
16. Cafri G & Thompson JK (2004) Evaluating the convergance of muscle appearance attitude measures. Assessment 11 (3) 224-229.
17. Carlat DJ, Camargo CA & Herzog DB (1997) Eating disorders in males: a report on 135 patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (8) 1127-1132.
18. Cash TF & Pruzinsky T (2002) Understanding body images: historical and contempary perspectives. In: TF Cash & T Pulinsky (Eds) Body images: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. New York: The Guilford Press.
19. Cash TF, Winstead BA & Janda L (1986) The great American shapeup: body image survey report. Psychology Today 20 (4) 30-37.
20. Cooper Z, Cooper PJ & Fairburn CG (1989) The validity of the eating disorder examination and its subscales. British Journal of Psychiatry 154 (6) 807-812.
21. Feingold A & Mazzella R (1998) Gender difference in body image are increasing. Psychological Science 9 (3) 190-195.
22. Feldman MB & Meyer IH (2007) Eating disorders in diverse lesbian gay, and bisexual populations. International Journal of Eating Disorders 40 (3) 218-226.
23. Fichter MM (2006) The anorexia nervosa of Franz Kafka. International Journal of Eating Disorders 6 (3) 367-377.
24. Field AE, Colditz GA & Peterson KE (1997) Racial, ethnic and gender differences in concern with weight and in bulimic behaviors among adolescents. Obesity Research 5 (5) 447-454.
25. Fluoxetine Study Group (1992) Fluoxetine in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry 49 (2) 139-147.
26. Freeman AC (2005) Eating disorders in males: a review. South African Psychiatry Review 8 (2) 58-64.
27. Garfinkel PE & Garner DM (1982) Anorexia Nervosa: A multidimensional perspective. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
28. Garner DM (1997) The 1997 body-image survey results. Psychology Today 30 (1) 30-84.
29. Golden N, Katzman DK, Kreipe RE, Stevens SL, Sawyer SM, Rees J, Nicholls D & Rome ES (2003) Eating disorders in adolescents: position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine: medical indications for hospitalization in an adolescent with an eating disorder. Journal of Adolescent Health 33 (6) 496-503.
30. Goodwin GM, Fairburn CG & Cowen PJ (1987) Dieting changes serotonergic function in women, not men: implications for the etiology of anorexia nervosa? Psychological Medicine 17 (4) 839-842.
31. Gull WW (1874) Anorexia nervosa (apepsia hysterica, anorexia hysterica). Transactions of the Clinical Society of London 7 22-28.
32. Hoek H & van Hoeken D (2003) Review of prevalence and incidence of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 34 (4) 383-386.
33. Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HG & Kessler RC (2007) The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Biological Psychiatry 61 (3) 348-358.
34. Katzman D (2005) Medical complications in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders 37 (supp) 52-59.
35. Katzman D, Christensen G, Young A & Zipursky R (2001) Structural abnormalities and cognitive impairment in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 6 (2) 146-152.
36. Katzman D, Kapstein S & Kirsh C (1997) A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of brain changes in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 151 (8) 793-797.
37. Keel PK, Klump KL, Leon GR & Fulkerson JA (1998) Disordered eating in adolescent males from a school-based sample. International Journal of Eating Disorders 23 (2) 125-132.
38. Le Grange D, Crosby R, Rathouz P & Leventhal B (2007) A randomized controlled comparison of family-based treatment and supportive psychotherapy for adolescent bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry 64 (9) 1049-1056.
39. Lee L, Owens E & Glynn R (2002) Issues for a psychology of men's health. Journal of Health Psychology 7 (3) 209-217.
40. Leit R, Pope HG & Gray J (2001) Cultural expectations of muscularity in men: the evolution of the Playgirl centerfolds. International Journal of Eating Disorders 29 (1) 90-93.
41. Lock J, Agras WS, Bryson S & Kraemer H (2005) A comparison of short- and long-term family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 44 (7) 632-639.
42. Maida DM & Armstrong SL (2005) The classification of muscle dysmorphia. International Journal of Men's Health 4 (1) 73-91.
43. Maloney M, McGuire J, Daniels S & Specker B (1989) Dieting behavior and eating attitudes in children. Pediatrics 84 (3) 482-489.
44. Margolis R, Spencer W & DePaulo R (1994) Psychiatric comorbidity in eating disorder patients. Eating Disorders 2 (3) 231-236.
45. Mehler P, Sabel A, Watson T & Andersen A (2008) High risk of osteoporosis in male patients with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 41 (7) 666-672.
46. Morgan JF (2000) From Charles Atlas to Adonis complex - fat is more than a feminist issue. The Lancet 356 (9239) 1372-1373.
47. Morgan JF (2008) The Invisible Man. A self-help guide for men with eating disorders, compulsive exercise and bigorexia. London: Routledge.
48. Morgan JF (2009) Crisis in masculinity leads to eating disorders in straight men. Press release from the Annual Meeting of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Liverpool, UK. Available from: http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/press/pressreleases-archive/2009/maleeatingdisorders.aspx (accessed May 2010).
49. Morgan JF & Arcelus J (2009) Body image in gay and straight men: a qualitative study. European Eating Disorders Review 17 (6) 435-443.
50. Morton R (1694) Phthisiologica: Or, a treatise of consumptions. London: Smith & Walford.
51. Mosley PE (2009) Bigorexia: body building and muscle dysmorphia. European Eating Disorders Review 17 (3) 191-198.
52. Muise A, Stein D & Arbess G (2003) Eating disorders in adolescent boys: a review of the adolescent and adult literature. Journal of Adolescent Health 33 (6) 427-435.
53. Muth JL & Cash TF (1997) Body image attitudes: what difference does gender make? Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27 (16) 1438-1452.
54. Neumark-Sztainer D, Levine MP, Paxton SJ, Smolak L, Piran N & Wertheim EH (2006) Prevention of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: what next? Eating Disorders 14 (4) 265-285.
55. O'Dea J (2004) Evidence for self-esteem approach in the prevention of body image and eating problems in children and adolescents. Eating Disorders 12 (3) 521-527.
56. Olivardia R, Pope HG, Mangweth B & Hudson JI (1995) Eating disorders in college men. American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (9) 1279-1285.
57. Pope HG, Gruber AJ, Choi PY, Olivardia R & Phillips KA (1997) Muscle dysmorphia: an underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 38 (6) 548-557.
58. Pope HG & Hudson JL (1998) Is bulimia nervosa a heterogeneous disorder? Lessons from the history of medicine. International Journal of Eating Disorders 7 (2) 155-166.
59. Pope HG, Katz DL & Hudson JI (1993) Anorexia nervosa and 'reverse anorexia' among 108 male bodybuilders. Comprehensive Psychiatry 34 (6) 406-409.
60. Pope HG, Olivardia R, Gruber A & Borowiecki J (1999) Evolving ideals of male body image as seen through action toys. International Journal of Eating Disorders 26 (1) 65-72.
61. Pope HG, Phillips KA & Olivardia R (2000) The Adonis Complex: How to identify, treat and prevent body obsession in men and boys. New York: Touchstone.
62. Rastam M, Gillberg C & Garton M (1989) Anorexia nervosa in a Swedish urban region: a population-based study. British Journal of Psychiatry 155 (5) 642-646.
63. Russell CJ & Keel PK (2002) Homosexuality as a specific risk factor for eating disorders in men. International Journal of Eating Disorders 31 (3) 300-306.
64. Schmidt U, Lee S, Beecham J, Perkins S, Treasure J, Yi I, Winn S, Robinson P, Murphy R, Keville S, Johnson-Sabine E, Jenkins M, Frost S, Dodge L, Berelowitz M & Eisler I (2007) A randomized controlled trial of family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy guided self-care for adolescents with bulimia nervosa and related conditions. American Journal of Psychiatry 164 (4) 591-598.
65. Schmidtke A, Bille-Brahe U, Deleo D, Kerkhof A, Bjerke T, Crepet P, Haring C, Hawton K, Loennqvist J, Michel K, Pommereau X, Querejeta I, Phillipe I, Salander-Renberg E, Temesvaery B, Wasserman D, Fricke S, Weinacker B & Sampaio-Faria JG (1996) Attempted suicide in Europe: rates, trends and sociodemographic characteristics of suicide attempters during the period 1989-1992. Results of the WHO/ EURO multicentre study on parasuicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 93 (5) 327-338.
66. Seldman SN & Rieder RO (1994) A review of sexual behaviour in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry 151 (3) 330-341.
67. Sharp CW, Clark SA, Dunan JR, Blackwood DHR & Shapiro CM (1994) Clinical presentation of anorexia nervosa in males: 24 new cases. International Journal of Eating Disorders 15 (2) 125-134.
68. Siever MD (1994) Sexual orientation and gender as factors in socioculturally acquired vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62 (2) 252-260.
69. Stanford JN & McCabe MP (2002) Body image ideal among males and females. Sociocultural influences and focus on different body parts. Journal of Health Psychology 7 (6) 675-684.
70. Swayze V, Andersen A, Arndt S, Rajarethinam R, Fleming F, Sato Y & Andreasen N (1996) Reversibility of brain tissue loss in anorexia nervosa assessed with a computerized Talairach 3-D proportional grid. Psychological Medicine 26 (2) 381-390.
71. The Information Centre (2008) Health Survey for England 2006: CVD and risk factors adults obesity and risk factors children. London: The Information Centre. Available from: www.ic.nhs.uk/pubs/CVDandriskfactors (accessed May 2010).
72. Thompson J, Heinberg L, Altabe M & Tantleff-Dunn S (1999) Exacting Beauty: Theory, assessment and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
73. Wade T, Byrne S & Bryant-Waugh R (2008) The eating disorder examination: norms and construct validity with young and middle adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders 41 (6) 551-558.
74. Walsh B, Hadigan C, Devlin M, Gladis M & Roose S (1991) Longterm outcome of antidepressant treatment for bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry 148 (9) 1206-1208.
75. World Health Organization (1992) The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.
76. Woodside D, Garner D, Rockett W & Garfinkel P (1990) Insights from a clinical and psychometric comparison with female patients. In: AE Andersen (Ed) Males with Eating Disorders. New York: Brunner/Matzel.
77. Yager J (2000) Weighty perspectives: contemporary challenges in obesity and eating disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (6) 851-853.