Chemical characteristics of groundwater and assessment of groundwater quality in Varaha River Basin, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Volumn 184, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 5189-5214

  Subba Rao, N ^a   Surya Rao, P ^a   Venktram Reddy, G ^a   Nagamani, M ^a   Vidyasagar, G ^a   Satyanarayana, N L V V ^a  

^a ANDHRA UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Groundwater chemistry; Groundwater quality; River basin; Water management

Indexed keywords

ANDHRA PRADESH; CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC; GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION; GEOGENIC; GROUND-WATER QUALITIES; GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY; HUMAN HEALTH; INDUSTRIAL SECTOR; MANAGEMENT MEASURES; MARINE SOURCES; PERMEABILITY INDEX; PLANT GROWTH; PRECAMBRIAN; RESIDUAL SODIUM CARBONATE; RIVER BASINS; SALT CONCENTRATION; TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS; UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS; VISAKHAPATNAM;

CALCIUM; CHLORINE; CHROMIUM; GROUNDWATER; HAZARDS; MAGNESIUM; PLANT LIFE EXTENSION; SEDIMENTS; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER QUALITY; WATERSHEDS;

HYDROCHEMISTRY;

BICARBONATE; CHLORIDE; DRINKING WATER; FLUORIDE; GROUND WATER; MAGNESIUM; MAGNESIUM ION; NITRATE; POTASSIUM; SODIUM; SODIUM CARBONATE; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SULFATE;

BRACKISH WATER; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); GROUNDWATER; HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY; WATER CHEMISTRY; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER QUALITY;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL PARAMETERS; CHEMICAL PROCEDURES; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; GENETIC GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF GROUNDWATER; GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY; INDIA; IRRIGATION (AGRICULTURE); PH; RIVER; SALINITY; TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER HARDNESS; WATER QUALITY;

GROUNDWATER; INDIA; RIVERS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER POLLUTION, CHEMICAL; WATER QUALITY;

ANDHRA PRADESH; INDIA; VARAHA BASIN;

EID: 84864853016     PISSN: 01676369     EISSN: 15732959     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2333-y     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Abdul Jameel, A., & Zahir Hussain, A. (2011). Monitoring the quality of groundwater on the bank of Uyyakondan channel of river Cauvery at Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-1910-4.
2. Adhikary, P. P., Chandrasekharan, H., Chakraborty, D., Kumar, B., & Yadav, B. R. (2009). Statistical approaches for hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater in West Delhi, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 154, 41-52.
3. Anil, M. P., & Sarma, M. D. (2007). Groundwater quality in eastern and southeastern parts of Rajwa Tehsil, Chendrapur District, Maharashtra. Gondwana Geological Magazine, Special, 11, 119-126.
4. Anita Joshi & Gita Seth. (2011). Hydrochemical profile for assessing the groundwater quality of Sambhar lake city and its adjoining area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 174, 547-554.
5. APHA. (1992). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. 326 p.
6. Aravindan, S., Manivel, M., & Chandrasekar, S. V. N. (2004). Groundwater quality in the hard rock area of the Gadilam River Basin, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 63, 625-635.
7. Arumugam, K., & Elangovan, K. (2009). Hydrochemical characteristics and groundwater quality assessment in Tirupur Region, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Geology, 58, 1509-1520.
8. Back, W. (1966). Hydrochemical facies and groundwater flow pattern in northern part of Atlantic Coastal Plain. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 498A, 42 p.
9. Bhatt, K. B., & Saklani, S. (1996). Hydrogeochemistry of the Upper Ganges River, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 48, 171-182.
10. Bilas, R. (1980). Groundwater resources of Varanasi District, India: an assessment of condition, use and quality. The National Geographical Journal of India, 26, 81-93.
11. BIS (2003). Drinking water specification. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi IS: 10500. 11p.
12. Bouwer, H. (1978). Groundwater hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 480 p.
13. CGWB (2001). Hydrogeological framework and development prospects in Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh. Technical Report of Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, Southern Region, Hyderabad, India.
14. Chebotarev, I. I. (1955). Metamorphism of natural waters in the crust of weathering. Geochimica Cosmochim Acta, 8, 22-48, 137-170 and 198-212.
15. Chetia, M., Chatterjee, S., Banerjee, S., Nath, M. J., Singh, L., Srivastava, R. B., et al. (2011). Groundwater arsenic contamination in Brahmaputra river basin: a water quality assessment in Golaghat (Assam), India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 173, 371-385.
16. Chidambaram, S., Ramanathan, A. L., Prasanna, M. V., Karmegam, U., Dheivanayagi, V., Ramesh, R., et al. (2010). Study on the hydrogeochemical characteristics in groundwater, post-and pre-tsunami scenario, from Portnova to Pumpuhar, southeast coast of India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 169, 553-568.
17. Chlubek, D., Poreba, R., & Machalinski, B. (1998). Fluoride and calcium distribution in human placenta. Fluoride, 31, 131-136.
18. Chow, V. T. (1964). Handbook of applied hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1453 p.
19. Cushing, E. M., Kantrowitz, I. H. & Taylor, K. R. (1973). Wa t e r resources of the Delmarva Peninsular. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 822, Washington DC, 58 p.
20. Dar, I. A., Sankar, K., Shafi, T., & Dar, M. A. (2011). Investigation of groundwater quality in hardrock terrain using geoinformation System. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 176, 575-595.
21. Dar, M. A., Sankar, K., & Dar, I. A. (2011). Major ion chemistry and hydrochemical studies of groundwater of parts of Palar river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 176, 621-636.
22. Datta, P. S., & Tyagi, S. K. (1996). Major ion chemistry of groundwater in Delhi area: chemical weathering processes and groundwater flow regime. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 47, 179-188.
23. Davis, S. N., & Dewiest, R. J. M. (1966). Hydrogeology. New York: Wiley. 463 p.
24. Deepali, M., Malpe, D. B., & Zade, A. B. (2011). Geochemical characterization of groundwater from northern part of Nagpur urban, Central India. Environmental Earth sciences, 62, 1419-1430.
25. Dinesh, K. T., & Singh Chandel, C. P. (2010). A hydrochemical elucidation of the groundwater composition under domestic and irrigated land in Jaipur City. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 166, 69-77.
26. Domenico, P. A., & Schwartz, F. W. (1990). Physical and chemical hydrogeology. New York: Wiley. 824 p.
27. Doneen, L. D. (1964). Notes on water quality in agri1culture. Water Science and Engineering Paper 4001, California, Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, University of California.
28. Drever, J. I. (1997). The geochemistry of natural waters. New York: Prentice-Hill. 379 p.
29. Dudeja, D., Bartarya, S. K., & Biyani, A. K. (2011). Hydro-chemical and water quality assessment of groundwater in Doon Valley of Outer Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1823-7.
30. Eaton, E. M. (1950). Significance in carbonate in irrigation water. Soil Science, 69, 123-133.
31. Edmunds, W. M., Shand, P., Hart, P., & Ward, R. S. (2003). The natural (baseline) quality of groundwater: a UK pilot study. Science of Total Environment, 310, 25-35.
32. Elampooranan, T., Rajmohan, N., & Abirami, L. (1999). Hydrochemical studies of Artesian well waters in Cauvery deltaic area, South India. Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 41, 107-114.
33. Elango, L., Kannan, R., & Senthil Kumar, M. (2003). Major ion chemistry and identification of hydrogeochemical processes of groundwater in a part of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. Environmental Geosciences, 1, 157-166.
34. Garg, V. K., Suthar, S., Singh, S., Sheoran, A., Garima, M., & Jai, S. (2009). Drinking water quality in villages of southwestern Haryana, India: assessing human health risks associated with hydrochemistry. Environmental Geology, 58, 1329-1340.
35. Giridharan, L., Venugopal, T., & Jayaprakash, M. (2010). Identification and evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes on river Cooum, South India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 162, 277-289.
36. Gopinath, G., & Seralathan, P. (2006). Chemistry of ground-water in the laterite formation of Muvatterpuzha river basin, Kerala. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 65, 705-714.
37. Goyal, S. K., Chaudhary, B. S., Singh, O., Sethi, G. K., & Thakur, P. K. (2010). GIS based spatial distribution mapping and suitability evaluation of groundwater quality for domestic and agricultural purpose in Kaithal District, Haryana State, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 61, 1587-1597.
38. ++ in underground water in Unnao District in Uttar Pradesh (India). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 171, 425-427.
39. Grant, W., Steele, G., & Isiorho, S. A. (1996). Spontaneous abortions possibly related to ingestion of nitrate-contaminated well water-LaGranage County, Indiana, 1991-1994. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 45, 569-572.
40. Gupta, S., Mahato, A., Roy, P., Datta, J. K., & Saha, R. N. (2008). Geochemistry of quality groundwater, Burdwan District, West Bengal, India. Environmental Geology, 53, 1271-1282.
41. Gupta, S., Dandele, P. S., Verma, M. B., & Maithani, P. B. (2009). Geochemical assessment of groundwater around Macherla-Karempudi area, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 73, 202-212.
42. Hem, J.D. (1991). Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. 2254, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India, 263 p.
43. Holden, W. S. (1970). Water treatment and examination. London: J & Churchill Publishers. 513 p.
44. ISI. (1963). Indian standard methods of sampling and tests (physical and chemical) for water used in industry. India: Indian Standard Institute. 22 p.
45. Jacks, G. (1973). Chemistry of groundwater in a district in southern India. Journal of Hydrology, 18, 185-200.
46. Jeevanandam, M., Kannan, R., Srinivasalu, S., & Rammohan, V. (2006). Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality assessment of lower part of the Ponnaiyar River Basin, Cuddalore District, South India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 132, 263-274.
47. John Devadas, D., Subba Rao, N., Thirupathi Rao, B., Srinivasa Rao, K. V., & Subrahmanyam, A. (2007). Hydrogeochemistry of the Sarada River Basin, Visakha-patnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Geology, 52, 1331-1342.
48. Johnson, E. E. (1983). Groundwater and wells. Ist Indian edition, Jain Brothers, Udaipur, India, 440 p.
49. Kaushik, A., Kumar, K., Sharma, I. S., & Sharma, H. R. (2002). Groundwater quality assessment in different land use areas of Rohtak and Fridabad cities of Haryana using deviation index. Journal of Environmental Biology, 25, 173-180.
50. Khurshid, S., & Zaheerudin. (2004). Geochemistry of ground-water: an overview of sporadic fluoride and nitrate contamination in parts of Yamuna basin. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, 6, 25-35.
51. Krishna Kumar, S., Rammohan, V., Dajkumar Sahayam, J., & Jeevanandam, M. (2009). Assessment of groundwater quality and hydrogeochemistry of Manimuktha River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 159, 341-351.
52. Kumar, M., Ramanathan, A. L., Rao, M. S., & Kumar, B. (2006). Identification and evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment of Delhi. Environmental Geology, 50, 1025-1039.
53. Kumar, M., Kumari, K., Ramanathan, A. L., & Saxena, R. (2007). A comparative evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes in two intensively cultivated districts of Punjab, India. Environmental Geology, 53, 553-574.
54. Laluraji, C. M., & Gopinath, G. (2006). Assessment on seasonal variation of groundwater quality of phreatic aquifers- A river basin system. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 117, 45-57.
55. Majagi, S., Vijaykumar, K., Rajshekhar, M., & Vasanthkumar, B. (2008). Chemistry of groundwater in Gulbarga district, Karnataka, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136, 347-354.
56. Mandal, P., Upadhyay, R., & Hasan, A. (2010). Seasonal and spatial variation of Yamuna River water quality in Delhi, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170, 661-670.
57. Manish, K., Kalpana, K., Ramanathan, A. L., & Rajinder, S. (2007). A comparative evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes in two intensively cultivated Districts of Punjab, India. Environmental Geology, 53, 553-574.
58. Manjusree, T. M., Josephy, S., & Thomas, J. (2009). Hydro-geochemistry and groundwater quality in the coastal sandy clay aquifers of Alappuzha District, Kerala. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 74, 459-468.
59. McCarthy, M. F. (2004). Should we restrict chloride rather than sodium? Medical Hypothesis, 63, 138-148.
60. Meyback, M. (1987). Global chemical weathering of surficial rocks estimated from river dissolved loads. American Journal Science, 287, 401-428.
61. Murthy, K. S. R. (2000). Groundwater potential in a semi-arid region of Andhra Pradesh- A geographical information system approach. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21, 1867-1884.
62. Nagaraju, A., Surresh, S., Killam, K., & Hudson-Edwards, K. (2006). Hydrogeochemistry of waters of Mangampeta barite mining area, Cuddapach Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India. Turkish Journal of Environmental Science, 30, 203-219.
63. Naik, P. K., Awasthi, A. K., Anand, A. V. S. S., & Behera, P. N. (2009). Hydrogeochemistry of the Koyna River basin, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 59, 613-629.
64. Nickson, R. T., McArthur, J. M., Shrestha, B., Kyaw-Nyint, T. O., & Lowrt, D. (2005). Arsenic and other drinking water quality issues, Muzaffargarh District, Pakistan. Applied Geochemistry, 20, 55-68.
65. Niranjan Babu, P., Subba Rao, N., Chandra Rao, P., & Prakasa Rao, J. (1997). Groundwater quality and its importance in the land developmental programmes. Indian Journal of Geology, 69, 305-312.
66. Pandian, K., & Sankar, K. (2007). Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality in the Vaippar River Basin, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 69, 970-982.
67. Prasad, R. K., Singh, V. S., Krishnamacharyulu, S. K. G., & Banerjee, P. (2011). Application of drastic model and GIS: for assessing vulnerability in hard rock granitic aquifer. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 176, 143-155.
68. Prasanna, M. V., Chidambaram, S., Shahul Hameed, A., & Srinivasamoorthy, K. (2010). Study of evaluation of ground-water in Gadilam basin using hydrogeochemical and isotope data. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 168, 63-90.
69. Pujari, P. R., Padmakar, C., Pawan, K., Labhasetwar, P. M., & Ganguly, A. K. (2011). Assessment of the impact of on-site sanitation systems on groundwater pollution in two diverse geological settings- A case study from India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-1965-2.
70. Raja Reddy, D. (1979). Hand book of neurology. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company. 465 p.
71. Rajmohan, N., & Elango, L. (2005). Nutrient chemistry of groundwater in an intensively irrigated region of southern India. Environmental Geology, 47, 820-930.
72. Rajmohan, N., Elango, L., & Elampooranan, T. (1997). Groundwater quality in Nagai Quaid-E-Milleth District and Karaikal, South India. Indian Water Resources Society, 17, 25-30.
73. Raju, K. C. B. (1998). Importance of recharging depleted aquifers: state of the art of artificial recharge in India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 5, 429-454.
74. Raju, N. J. (2006). Seasonal evaluation of hydrogeochemical parameters using correlation and regression analysis. Current Science, 91, 820-826.
75. Raju, N. J. (2007). Hydrogeochemical parameters for assessment of groundwater quality in the upper Gunjanaeru River Basin, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh, South India. Environmental Geology, 52, 1067-1074.
76. Raju, N. J. (2009). Groundwater quality in the lower Varuna River Basin, Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 73, 78-192.
77. Raju, N. J., Shukla, U. K., & Ram, P. (2011). Hydrogeochem-istry for the assessment of groundwater quality in Varanasi: a fast urbanizing centre in Uttar Pradesh, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 173, 279-300.
78. Ramachandramoorthy, T., Sivasankar, V., & Subramanian, V. (2009). A seasonal quality assessment on potability of fresh shallow aquifers along the Rameswaram-Dhanush-kodi coastal tract, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 159, 511-520.
79. Rani, N., Sinha, R. K., Prasad, K., & Kedia, D. K. (2011). Assessment of temporal variation in water quality of some important rivers in middle Gangetic plains, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 174, 401-415.
80. Rashid, U., & Izrar, A. (2007). Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of Kushva-Yamuna basin, Muzaf-farnagar district, UP. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 69, 970-982.
81. Ravikumar, P., Venkatesharaju, K., & Somashekar, R. K. (2010). Major ion chemistry and hydrochemical studies of groundwater of Bangalore South Taluk, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 163, 643-653.
82. Raymahashay, B. C. (1988). Geochemistry for Hydrologists. New Delhi, India: Allied Pub Ltd. 190 p.
83. Reddy, A. G. S., & Niranjan Kumar, K. (2010). Identification of the hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater using major ion chemistry: a case study of Penna-Chitravathi River Basins in Southern India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170, 365-382.
84. Reddy, N. B. Y., & Prasad, K. S. S. (2005). Hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in and around Tadpatri area, Anantapur District, AP. Journal of Indian Association of Environmental Management, 32, 66-73.
85. Reddy, A. G. S., Niranjan Kumar, K., & Venkat Rao, D. (2008). Seasonal and temporal variations in groundwater quality of north eastern parts of Anantapur District, AP. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, 10, 103-112.
86. Saleh, A., Al-Ruwaih, F., & Shehata, M. (1999). Hydro-geochemical processes operating within the main aquifers of Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environment, 42, 195-209.
87. Seaber, P. R. (1962). Cation hydrochemical facies of ground-water in the Englishtown Formation, New Jersey. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 450 B, 124-126.
88. Shankar, K., Aravindan, S., & Rajendran, S. (2011). Hydro-geochemistry of the Paravanar River Sub-Basin, Cudda-lore District, Tamil Nadu, India. E-Journal of Chemistry, 8, 835-845.
89. Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Singh, V. K., Mohan, D., & Sinha, S. (2005). Chemometric analysis of groundwater data of alluvial aquifer of Gangetic plain, North India. Analytica Chimica Acta, 550, 82-91.
90. Singh, P. K., Amrita, M., Dinesh, M., Vinod, K. S., & Singh, S. (2006). Evaluation of groundwater quality in northern Indo-Gangetic alluvium region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 112, 211-230.
91. Singhal, D. C., Rov, T. N., Josih, H., & Seth, A. K. (2003). Evaluation of groundwater pollution potential in Roorkee Town, Uttaranchal. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 62, 465-477.
92. Somasundaram, M. V., Ravindran, G., & Tellam, J. H. (1993). Groundwater pollution of the Madras urban aquifer, India. Ground Water, 31, 4-12.
93. Sreedevi, P. D. (2004). Groundwater quality of Pageru River Basin, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 64, 619-636.
94. Stallard, R. F., & Edmond, J. M. (1983). Geochemistry of the Amazon River- The influence of the geology and weathering environment on the dissolved load. Journal of Geophysical Research, 88, 9671-9688.
95. Stumm, W., & Morgan, J. J. (1996). Aquatic chemistry. New York: Wiley. 1022 p.
96. Subba Rao, N. (2002). Geochemistry of Groundwater in Parts of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Geology, 41, 552-562.
97. Subba Rao, N. (2003). Groundwater quality-focus on fluoride concentration in rural parts of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 48, 835-847.
98. Subba Rao, N. (2006). Seasonal variation of groundwater quality in a part of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Geology, 49, 413-429.
99. Subba Rao, N. (2008a). Groundwater quality monitoring in an urban area for sustainable development. Environmental Geosciences, 5, 63-73.
100. Subba Rao, N. (2008b). Factors controlling the salinity in groundwater in parts of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 138, 327-341.
101. Subba Rao, N. (2009a). Fluoride in groundwater, Varaha River Basin, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 152, 47-60.
102. Subba Rao, N. (2009b). A numerical scheme for groundwater development in a watershed basin of basement terrain: a case study from India. Hydrogeology Journal, 17, 379-396.
103. Subba Rao, N., & Krishna Rao, G. (1990). Intensity of pollution of groundwater in Visakhapatnam area, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 36, 670-673.
104. Subba Rao, N., & Surya Rao, P. (2010). Major ion chemistry of groundwater in a river basin: a study from India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 61, 757-775.
105. Subba Rao, N., Srinivasa Rao, G., Venkateswara Rao, S., Madhusudhana Rao, P., & John Devadas, D. (1998). Environmental control of groundwater quality in a tribal region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian Journal of Geology, 71, 299-304.
106. Subba Rao, N., Prakasa Rao, J., John Devadas, D., Srinivasa Rao, K. V., Krishna, C., & Nagamalleswara Rao, B. (2002). Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality in a developing urban environment of a semi-arid region, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 59, 159-166.
107. Subba Rao, N., Saroja Nirmala, I., & Suryanarayana, K. (2005). Groundwater quality in a coastal area- A case study from Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Geology, 48, 543-550.
108. Subba Rao, N., John Devadas, D., & Srinivasa Rao, K. V. (2006). Interpretation of groundwater quality using principal component analysis from Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Geosciences, 13, 239-259.
109. Subba Rao, N., Prakasa Rao, J., & Subrahmanyam, A. (2007a). Principal component analysis in groundwater quality in a developing urban area of Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 69, 959-969.
110. Subba Rao, N., Srinivas Rao, K. V., John Devadas, D., Deva Varma, D., Thirupaqthi Rao, B., Subrahmanyam, A., et al. (2007b). Quality of groundwater in the coastal area of Visakhapatnam-Bhimunipatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Geochemistry, 22, 193-208.
111. Subramani, T., Rajmohan, N., & Elango, L. (2010). Ground-water geochemistry and identification of hydrogeochem-ical processes in a hard rock region, Southern India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 162, 123-137.
112. Szaboles, I., & Darab, C. (1964). The influence of irrigation water of high sodium carbonate content of soils. In Proceedings of 8th international congress of ISSS, Trans, II (pp. 803-812).
113. Thorne, D. W., & Peterson, H. B. (1954). Irrigated soils. London: Constable and Company Limited. 113 p.
114. Tirumalesh, K., Shivanna, K., Sriraman, A. K., & Tyagi, A. K. (2010). Assessment of quality and geochemical processes occurring in groundwaters near central air conditioning plant site in Trombay, Maharashtra, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 163, 171-184.
115. Todd, D. K. (1980). Groundwater hydrology. New York: Wiley. 535 p.
116. Umar, R., & Absar, A. (2003). Chemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of the Gambhir River Basin, Bharatpur District, Rajasthan, India. Environmental Geology, 44, 535-544.
117. Umar, R., Khan, M. M. A., & Absar, A. (2006). Groundwater hydrochemistry of a sugarcane cultivation belt in parts of Muzaffarnagar District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Environmental Geology, 49, 999-1008.
118. Umar, R., Ahmed, I., Alam, F., & Khan, M. M. (2009). Hydrochemical characteristics and seasonal variations in groundwater of an alluvial aquifer in parts of Central Ganga Plain, Western Uttar Pradesh, India. Environmental Geology, 58, 1295-1300.
119. UN. (2006). The millennium development goals report 2006. New York: United Nations. 32 p.
120. USSLS (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkalis soils. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 60, 160 p.
121. Vasanthavigar, M., Srinivasamoorthy, K., & Prasanna, M. V. (2011). Evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic, irrigational, and industrial purposes: a case study from Thirumanimuttar river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-1977-y.
122. Venugopal, T., Giridharan, L., Jayaprakash, M., & Periakali, P. (2009). Environmental impact assessment and seasonal variation study of the groundwater in the vicinity of River Adyar, Chennai, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 149, 81-97.
123. WHO. (2004). Guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva: World Health Organization. 540 p.
124. Wilcox, L. V. (1955). Classification and use of irrigation water. U.S. Department of Agriculture Circular 969, Washington, DC, 19 p.