Reform and Its Discontents: Public Health in New York City During the Great Society

Journal of Policy History

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 3-28

  Colgrove, James ^a  

^a NewYork Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864782085     PISSN: 08980306     EISSN: 15284190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jph.2007.0000     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Robert M. Hollister, Bernard M. Kramer, and Seymour S. Bellin, “Neighborhood Health Centers as a Social Movement,” in Robert M. Hollister, Bernard M. Kramer, and Seymour S. Bellin, eds. Neighborhood Health Centers (Lexington, Mass. 1974).
2. On the influence of social science research on Great Society programs, see Carl M. Brauer, “Kennedy, Johnson, and the War on Poverty,” Journal of American History 69 (1982): 98-119.
3. Nora Piore, “Rationalizing the Mix of Public and Private Expenditures in Health,” Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 46 (1968): 161-70;
4. See, for example, Allan J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984)
5. Ira Katznelson, “Was the Great Society a Lost Opportunity?” in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds. The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 (Princeton, 1989)
6. John Morton Blum, Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961-1974 (New York, 1991)
7. Gareth Davies, From Opportunity to Entitlement: The Transformation and Decline of Great Society Liberalism (Lawrence, Kan. 1998)
8. Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s (New York, 1999)
9. and Brauer, “Kennedy, Johnson, and the War on Poverty.”
10. An excellent examination of liberal activists within the medical profession during this period is Naomi Rogers, “'Caution: The AMA May Be Dangerous to Your Health': The Student Health Organizations (SHO) and American Medicine, 1965-1970,” Radical History Review 2001(80): 5–34.
11. Allan M. Brandt and Martha Gardner, “Antagonism and Accommodation: Interpreting the Relationship Between Public Health and Medicine in the United States During the 20th Century,” American Journal of Public Health 90 (2000): 707–15.
12. John Duffy, “The American Medical Profession and Public Health: From Support to Ambivalence,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 53 (1979): 1-15;
13. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York, 1982), 180-97.
14. Richard A. Meckel, Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 1850-1929 (Baltimore, 1990)
15. J. Stanley Lemons, “The Sheppard-Towner Act: Progressivism in the 1920s,” Journal of American History 55 (1969): 776-86.
16. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York, 1982), 180-97.
17. Daniel M. Fox, “The Politics of Public Health in New York City: Contrasting Styles Since 1920,” in David Rosner, ed. Hives of Sickness: Public Health and Epidemics in New York City (New Brunswick, N.J. 1995).
18. Elizabeth Fee, Disease and Discovery: A History of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, 1916-1939 (Baltimore, 1988), 231.
19. Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine, 280–86.
20. Byron G. Lander, “Group Theory and Individuals: The Origin of Poverty as a Political Issue in 1964,” Western Political Quarterly 24 (1971): 514-26;
21. Brauer, “Kennedy, Johnson, and the War on Poverty.”
22. Robert Stevens and Rosemary Stevens, Welfare Medicine in America: A Case Study of Medicaid (New York, 1974), 45.
23. Karen Davis and Cathy Schoen, Health and the War on Poverty: A Ten-Year Appraisal (Washington, D.C. 1978), 161-73.
24. Hollister, Kramer, and Bellin, “Neighborhood Health Centers as a Social Movement.”
25. Sar Levitan, “Healing the Poor in Their Own Back Yards,” in Neighborhood Health Centers.
26. Alice Sardell, The U.S. Experiment in Social Medicine: The Community Health Center Program, 1965-1986 (Pittsburgh, 1988), 60, 64-66.
27. Fox, “The Politics of Public Health in New York City.”
28. Anthony C. Mustalish, Gary Eidsvold, and Lloyd F. Novick, “Decentralization in the New York City Department of Health: Reorganization of a Public Health Agency,” American Journal of Public Health 66 (1976): 1149-54.
29. “Statement of the Department of Health on Its Proposed 1966-67 Capital Budget Request,” typescript, 22 October 1965, New York City Department of Health Archives (hereafter NYCDOH), Box 141979, Folder: Budget–Capital.
30. Statement of the Department of Health on Its Proposed 1966-67 Capital Budget Request On the rise of the idea that patients were “consumers” of health care
31. Patients or Health-Care Consumers? Why the History of Contested Terms Matters
32. On the consumer movement more generally in the years following World War II, see Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumer's Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Post-War America (New York, 2004).
33. “Statement of the Department of Health on Its Proposed 1966-67 Capital Budget Request,” 2.
34. Vincent Cannato, The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and His Struggle to Save New York (New York, 2001).
35. Eli Ginzberg, Urban Health Services: The Case of New York (New York, 1971).
36. Commission on the Delivery of Personal Health Services, Comprehensive Community Health Services for New York City (New York, 1968).
37. “Report of the Mayor's Advisory Task Force on Medical Economics,” typescript, 14 February 1966, NYCDOH, Box 141998, Folder: Mayor.
38. Howard Brown to Louis Craco, 7 June 1966, NYCDOH, Box 142007, Folder: Mayor; HSA annual report for 1966.
39. Cannato, The Ungovernable City, 108–18.
40. Alonzo S. Yerby, “Health Departments, Hospitals and Health Services,” Medical Care 5 (1967): 70-74;
41. Martin Tolchin, “Merger Put Off for 2 City Units,” New York Times, 18 March 1966, 41.
42. Lewis Loeb to John Lindsay, 8 August 1967, NYCDOH, Box 142017, Folder: HSA Reorganization.
43. Lewis Loeb to John Lindsay The New York Herald-Tribune columnist Dick Schaap dubbed New York “fun city” soon after Lindsay was elected. Cannato, The Ungovernable City, 108.
44. See also Martin Tolchin, “City Health Aides Fear for Agency,” New York Times, 25 October 1966, 33.
45. Ginzberg, Urban Health Services: The Case of New York;
46. Howard J. Brown, Familiar Faces, Hidden Lives: The Story of Homosexual Men in America Today (New York, 1976).
47. Familiar Faces, Hidden Lives: The Story of Homosexual Men in America Today
48. Martin Tolchin, “Dr. Brown Quits Post as City Health Chief,” New York Times, 6 December 1967, 1.
49. Brown, Familiar Faces, Hidden Lives, 15–18.
50. “HSA Annual report for 1966,” typescript, NYCDOH, Box 142008, Folder: Health Department.
51. Mary C. McLaughlin, “Issues and Problems Associated with the Initiation of the Large-Scale Ambulatory Care Program in New York City,” American Journal of Public Health 58 (1968): 1181-87;
52. Willard C. Rappleye, “The Hospitals of New York City,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 37 (1961): 525-30;
53. Howard J. Brown, “Municipal Hospitals,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 43 (1967): 450-55.
54. “Report of the Mayor's Advisory Task Force on Medical Economics,” typescript, 14 February 1966, NYCDOH, Box 141998, Folder: Mayor.
55. Report of the Mayor's Advisory Task Force on Medical Economics
56. Ginzberg, Urban Health Services: The Case of New York, 155.
57. Stevens and Stevens, Welfare Medicine in America, 92–95, 109-12.
58. Mary C. McLaughlin, “Present Status and Problems of New York City's Comprehensive Neighborhood Family Care Health Centers,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 44 (1968): 1390-95.
59. Steven Jonas, “Organized Ambulatory Services and the Enforcement of Health Care Quality Standards in New York State,” in Marvin Lieberman, ed. The Impact of National Health Insurance on New York (New York, 1977)
60. Mary C. McLaughlin, Florence Kavaler, and James Stiles, “Ghetto Medicine Program in New York City,” New York State Journal of Medicine 71 (1971): 2321-25;
61. Edward O'Rourke, “Medicaid in New York: Utopianism and Bare Knuckles in Public Health,” American Journal of Public Health 59 (1969): 814-15.
62. “Position paper; Medicaid Program; New York City,” typescript, 21 August 1968, NYCDOH, Box 142239, Folder: Medicaid.
63. Position paper; Medicaid Program; New York City
64. Betty J. Bernstein, “What Happened to 'Ghetto Medicine' in New York State?” American Journal of Public Health 61 (1971): 1287-93;
65. R. Andrew Parker, “The Case of Ghetto Medicine,” in Herbert Hyman, ed. The Politics of Health Care: Nine Case Studies of Innovative Planning in New York City (New York, 1973).
66. Parker, “The Case of Ghetto Medicine.”
67. Bernstein, “What Happened to 'Ghetto Medicine' in New York State?”
68. Mary C. McLaughlin, “Transmutation into Protector of Consumer Health Services,” American Journal of Public Health 61 (1971): 1996-2004.
69. Lowell Eliezer Bellin, Florence Kavaler, and Al Schwarz, “Phase One of Consumer Participation in Policies of 22 Voluntary Hospitals in New York City,” American Journal of Public Health 62 (1972): 1370-78.
70. Senate Committee on Finance, Medicare and Medicaid: Problems, Issues, and Alternatives (Washington, D.C. 1970), 249.
71. Lowell Eliezer Bellin, “Local Health Departments: A Prescription Against Obsolescence,” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 32 (1977): 42-52;
72. Martin Cherkasky, “Voluntary Hospitals,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 43 (1967): 456-62.
73. Lowell Eliezer Bellin and Florence Kavaler, “Policing Publicly Funded Health Care for Poor Quality, Overutilization, and Fraud–The New York City Medicaid Experience,” American Journal of Public Health 60 (1970): 811-20.
74. Paul C. Nutt, “The Merits of Using Experts or Consumers as Members of Planning Groups: A Field Experiment in Health Planning,” Academy of Management Journal 19 (1976): 378-94.
75. The merits and drawbacks of community involvement have been subject to considerable analysis and commentary, perhaps most famously by Daniel Patrick Moynihan in his memoir of disillusionment, Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty (New York, 1970).
76. Basil J. F. Mott, “The New Health Planning System,” Proceeds of the American Academy of Political Science 32 (1977): 238-54.
77. Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner, Children, Race, and Power: Kenneth and Mamie Clark's Northside Center (Charlottesville, Va. 1996), 56-58.
78. Jeoffrey B. Gordon, “The Politics of Community Medicine Projects: A Conflict Analysis,” Medical Care 8 (1969): 419-28;
79. Citizens' Committee for Children, Lower East Side Neighborhood Association, and North East Neighborhood Association to John Lindsay, 6 February 1968, NYCDOH, Box 142240, Folder: Ambulatory Care.
80. A. Ruben Mora to Mayor, Members of the City Council, and Board of Estimate, 21 August 1968, NYCDOH, Box 142030, Folder: Legislation.
81. Herbert Hyman, “The Unfulfilled Health Hopes in New York City,” in Hyman, ed. The Politics of Health Care;
82. Jonas, “Organized Ambulatory Services and the Enforcement of Health Care Quality Standards in New York State.”
83. McLaughlin, Kavaler, and Stiles, “Ghetto Medicine Program in New York City,” 2321–25; 2323.
84. Ghetto Medicine Program in New York City
85. Ghetto Medicine Program in New York City
86. See also Jennifer A. Nelson, “'Abortions Under Community Control': Feminism, Nationalism, and the Politics of Reproduction Among New York City's Young Lords,” Journal of Women's History 13 (2001): 157-80.
87. Young Lords Party, Palante
88. “10-Point Health Program,” flyer, NYCDOH, Box 142260, Folder: Bureau of Chronic Disease.
89. M. Specter, Vincent Guinee, and B. Davidow, “The Unsuitability of Random Urinary Delta Aminolevulinic Acid Samples as a Screening Test for Lead Poisoning,” Journal of Pediatrics 79 (1971): 799-804.
90. Jack Newfield, “Fighting an Epidemic of the Environment,” Village Voice, 18 December 1969, 12.
91. Jack Newfield, “My Back Pages,” Village Voice, 25 December 1969, 24.
92. See, for example, Joseph Lelyveld, “Brownsville Erupts in Violence Over Huge Accumulations of Garbage,” New York Times, 13 June 1970, 1;
93. “Garbage Burned in East Harlem,” New York Times, 4 August 1970, 18;
94. “Community Groups Criticize Garbage Collections as 'Sporadic,'” New York Times, 6 August 1970, 25.
95. Alfonso Narvaez, “The Young Lords Seize X-Ray Unit,” New York Times, 18 June 1970, 17.
96. “Agreement Between the Young Lords Party and the City Department of Health,” 17 June 1970, NYCDOH, Box 142271, Folder: Tuberculosis.
97. Jonas, “Organized Ambulatory Services and the Enforcement of Health Care Quality Standards in New York State.”
98. Steven R. Weisman, “How New York Became a Fiscal Junkie,” New York Times, 17 August 1971.
99. Pascal James Imperato, “The Effect of New York City's Fiscal Crisis on the Department of Health,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 54 (1978): 276-89.
100. Davis and Schoen, Health and the War on Poverty, 170.
101. Paul B. Cornely, “The Hidden Enemies of Health and the American Public Health Association,” American Journal of Public Health 61 (1971): 7-18.