Prevalence and clinical characteristics of recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients with positive anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody

Diabetes and Metabolism Journal

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 136-143

  Hwangbo, Yul ^a   Kim, Jin Taek ^b   Kim, Eun Ky ^a   Khang, Ah Reum ^a   Oh, Tae Jung ^a   Jang, Hak Chul ^a   Park, Kyong Soo ^a   Kim, Seong Yeon ^a   Lee, Hong Kyu ^b   Cho, Young Min ^a  

^a Seoul National University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

^b Eulji General Hospital   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Diabetes mellitus; Glutamate decarboxylase; Type 1; Type 2

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864631629     PISSN: 22336079     EISSN: 22336087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2012.36.2.136     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. MacCuish AC, Irvine WJ, Barnes EW, Duncan LJ. Antibodies to pancreatic islet cells in insulin-dependent diabetics with coexistent autoimmune disease. Lancet 1974;2:1529-31.
2. Baekkeskov S, Aanstoot HJ, Christgau S, Reetz A, Solimena M, Cascalho M, Folli F, Richter-Olesen H, De Camilli P. Identification of the 64K autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. Nature 1990;347:151-6.
3. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2011;34 Suppl 1:S62-9.
4. Irvine WJ, McCallum CJ, Gray RS, Duncan LJ. Clinical and pathogenic significance of pancreatic-islet-cell antibodies in diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Lancet 1977; 1:1025-7.
5. Gottsater A, Landin-Olsson M, Fernlund P, Lernmark A, Sundkvist G. Beta-cell function in relation to islet cell antibodies during the first 3 yr after clinical diagnosis of diabetes in type II diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1993;16:902-10.
6. Tuomi T, Groop LC, Zimmet PZ, Rowley MJ, Knowles W, Mackay IR. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase reveal latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults with a non-insulin-dependent onset of disease. Diabetes 1993;42:359-62.
7. Turner R, Stratton I, Horton V, Manley S, Zimmet P, Mackay IR, Shattock M, Bottazzo GF, Holman R. UKPDS 25: autoantibodies to islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxylase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Lancet 1997;350:1288-93.
8. Zimmet PZ, Tuomi T, Mackay IR, Rowley MJ, Knowles W, Cohen M, Lang DA. Latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults (LADA): the role of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in diagnosis and prediction of insulin dependency. Diabet Med 1994;11:299-303.
9. Niskanen LK, Tuomi T, Karjalainen J, Groop LC, Uusitupa MI. GAD antibodies in NIDDM. Ten-year follow-up from the diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1995;18:1557-65.
10. Groop L, Groop PH, Koskimies S. Relationship between B-cell function and HLA antigens in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1986;29:757-60.
11. Juneja R, Palmer JP. Type 1 1/2 diabetes: myth or reality? Autoimmunity 1999;29:65-83.
12. World Health Organization Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO consultation. Part 1, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1999. p59.
13. Fourlanos S, Perry C, Stein MS, Stankovich J, Harrison LC, Colman PG. A clinical screening tool identifies autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetes Care 2006;29:970-5.
14. Gale EA. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: a guide for the perplexed. Diabetologia 2005;48:2195-9.
15. Hosszufalusi N, Vatay A, Rajczy K, Prohaszka Z, Pozsonyi E, Horvath L, Grosz A, Gero L, Madacsy L, Romics L, Karadi I, Fust G, Panczel P. Similar genetic features and different islet cell autoantibody pattern of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) compared with adult-onset type 1 diabetes with rapid progression. Diabetes Care 2003;26:452-7.
16. Hawa MI, Thivolet C, Mauricio D, Alemanno I, Cipponeri E, Collier D, Hunter S, Buzzetti R, de Leiva A, Pozzilli P, Leslie R.D; Action LADA Group. Metabolic syndrome and autoimmune diabetes: action LADA 3. Diabetes Care 2009;32:160-4.
17. Tuomi T, Carlsson A, Li H, Isomaa B, Miettinen A, Nilsson A, Nissen M, Ehrnstrom BO, Forsen B, Snickars B, Lahti K, Forsblom C, Saloranta C, Taskinen MR, Groop LC. Clinical and genetic characteristics of type 2 diabetes with and without GAD antibodies. Diabetes 1999;48:150-7.
18. Cervin C, Lyssenko V, Bakhtadze E, Lindholm E, Nilsson P, Tuomi T, Cilio CM, Groop L. Genetic similarities between latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2008;57:1433-7.
19. Park Y, Lee H, Koh CS, Min H, Rowley M, Mackay IR, Zimmet P, McCarthy B, McCanlies E, Dorman J, Trucco M. The low prevalence of immunogenetic markers in Korean adult-onset IDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1996;19:241-5.
20. Kim KA, Ahn KJ, Chung JH, Min YK, Lee MK, Oh PS, Jin DK, Kim BT, Park HJ, Kim KW, Lee MS. Combined measurements of anti-ICA512 and anti-GAD antibodies in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and slowly progressive insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Korea. J Korean Diabetes Assoc 1998;22: 484-5.
21. Lee HH, Shin YG, Kim HS, Kim CY, Jeong YS, Kim HS, Park DW, Yoon KJ, Chung CH. Measurement of anti-GAD antibody by EIA and RIA methods in Korean diabetic patients: study for pathogenesis of slowly progressive IDDM. J Korean Diabetes Assoc 1997;21:234-5.
22. Ko KS, Hong SK, Lee KU, Kim NH, Choi DS, Ihm SH, ParkSW, Kim CH, Byun DW, Suh KI, Chang HC, Rhee BD. The frequency of ICA and anti-GAD antibody in Korean IDDM and NIDDM patients. J Korean Diabetes Assoc 1998;22:313-4.
23. Kim CS, Park JA, Cho MH, Park JS, Nam JY, Kim DM, Ahn CW, Cha BS, Lim SK, Kim KR, Lee HC. The frequency of anti-GAD antibody in non-obese, adult-onset type 2 diabetes in Korea and clinical and biological characteristics according to anti-GAD antibody. J Korean Diabetes Assoc 2004;22:66-74.
24. Oh JH, Yoon JS, Won KC, Lee HW. Antibodies to GAD and ICA in type 2 DM with secondary failure of oral hypoglycemic therapy. J Korean Diabetes Assoc 2007;31:402-9.
25. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412-9.
26. Kasuga A, Maruyama T, Nakamoto S, Ozawa Y, Suzuki Y, Saruta T. High-titer autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase plus autoantibodies against insulin and IA-2 predicts insulin requirement in adult diabetic patients. J Autoimmun 1999;12:131-5.
27. Riley WJ, Maclaren NK, Krischer J, Spillar RP, Silverstein JH, Schatz DA, Schwartz S, Malone J, Shah S, Vadheim C, Rotter JI. A prospective study of the development of diabetes in relatives of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1167-72.
28. Pozzilli P, Di Mario U. Autoimmune diabetes not requiring insulin at diagnosis (latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult): definition, characterization, and potential prevention. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1460-7.
29. Fourlanos S, Dotta F, Greenbaum CJ, Palmer JP, Rolandsson O, Colman PG, Harrison LC. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) should be less latent. Diabetologia 2005;48: 2206-12.
30. Naik RG, Palmer JP. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2003;4:233-41.
31. Lee SA, Kim EY, Kim EH, Jeong JY, Jeong EH, Kim DW, Cho EH, Koh EH, Joong MS, Park Y, Lee KU. Anti-GAD antibody in patients with adult-onset diabetes in Korea. J Korean Diabetes Assoc 2009;33:16-23.
32. Takeda H, Kawasaki E, Shimizu I, Konoue E, Fujiyama M, Murao S, Tanaka K, Mori K, Tarumi Y, Seto I, Fujii Y, Kato K, Kondo S, Takada Y, Kitsuki N, Kaino Y, Kida K, Hashimoto N, Yamane Y, Yamawaki T, Onuma H, Nishimiya T, Osawa H, Saito Y, Makino H; Ehime Study. Clinical, autoimmune, and genetic characteristics of adult-onset diabetic patients withGAD autoantibodies in Japan (Ehime Study). Diabetes Care 2002;25:995-1001.
33. Fukui M, Nakano K, Shigeta H, Yoshimori K, Fujii M, Kitagawa Y, Mori H, Kajiyama S, Nakamura N, Abe N, Obayashi H, Fukui I, Ohta K, Ohta M, Kondo M. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in Japanese diabetic patients with secondary failure of oral hypoglycaemic therapy. Diabet Med 1997;14: 148-52.
34. Thai AC, Ng WY, Loke KY, Lee WR, Lui KF, Cheah JS. Anti-GAD antibodies in Chinese patients with youth and adult-onset IDDM and NIDDM. Diabetologia 1997;40:1425-30.
35. Zinman B, Kahn SE, Haffner SM, O'Neill MC, Heise MA, Freed MI; ADOPT Study Group. Phenotypic characteristics of GAD antibody-positive recently diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetesin North America and Europe. Diabetes 2004;53:3193-200.
36. Brophy S, Brunt H, Davies H, Mannan S, Williams R. Interventions for latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(3):CD006165.
37. Bosi EP, Garancini MP, Poggiali F, Bonifacio E, Gallus G. Low prevalence of islet autoimmunity in adult diabetes and low predictive value of islet autoantibodies in the general adult population of northern Italy. Diabetologia 1999;42:840-4.
38. Ruige JB, Batstra MR, Aanstoot HJ, Bouter LM, Bruining GJ, De Neeling JN, Heine RJ. Low prevalence of antibodies to GAD65 in a 50- to 74-year-old general Dutch population. The Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1108-10.