Clinical controversies in thrombolytic therapy for the management of acute pulmonary embolism

Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 158-172

  Daley, Mitchell J ^a   Lat, Ishaq ^b  

^a SETON FAMILY OF HOSPITALS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Alteplase; Fibrinolytic therapy; Pulmonary embolism; Streptokinase; Urokinase

Indexed keywords

ALTEPLASE; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; DESMOTEPLASE; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; PLACEBO; PLASMINOGEN; RETEPLASE; STREPTOKINASE; TENECTEPLASE; TROPONIN; UROKINASE;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EMBOLECTOMY; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INTENSIVE CARE; LENGTH OF STAY; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG EMBOLISM; MORTALITY; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIDE EFFECT;

ACUTE DISEASE; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; PULMONARY EMBOLISM; THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84864631093     PISSN: 02770008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/PHAR.1051     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Stein PD, Henry JW. Prevalence of acute pulmonary embolism among patients in a general hospital and at autopsy. Chest 1995;108:978-81.
2. Horlander KT, Mannino DM, Leeper KV. Pulmonary embolism mortality in the United States, 1979-1998: an analysis using multiple-cause mortality data. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:1711-7.
3. Goldhaber SZ, Visani L, De Rosa M. Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the international cooperative pulmonary embolism registry (ICOPER). Lancet 1999;353:1386-9.
4. Sandler DA, Martin JF. Autopsy proven pulmonary embolism in hospital patients: are we detecting enough deep vein thrombosis? J R Soc Med 1989;82:203-5.
5. Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II. Am J Med 2007;20:871-9.
6. Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. Chest 2008;133(suppl): S445-54.
7. Smith SB, Geske JB, Maguire JM, Zane NA, Carter RE, Morgenthaler TI. Early anticoagulation is associated with reduced mortality for acute pulmonary embolism. Chest 2010;137:1382-90.
8. The Urokinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial Group. The urokinase pulmonary embolism trial: a national cooperative study. Circulation 1973;47(suppl):II1- 108.
9. Tibbutt DA, Davies JA, Anderson JA, et al. Comparison by controlled clinical trial of streptokinase and heparin in the treatment of life-threatening pulmonary embolism. BMJ 1974;1:343-7.
10. Ly B, Arnesen H, Eie H, Hol R. A controlled clinical trial of streptokinase and heparin in the treatment of major pulmonary embolism. Acta Med Scand 1978;203:465-70.
11. Dotter CT, Seamon AJ, Rosch J, et al. Streptokinase and heparin in the treatment of pulmonary embolism: a randomized clinical trial. Vasc Surg 1979;13:42-52.
12. Marini C, Di Ricco G, Rossi G, Rindi M, Palla R, Giuntini C. Fibrinolytic effects of urokinase and heparin in acute pulmonary embolism: a randomized clinical trial. Respiration 1988;54:162-73.
13. Levine M, Hirsh J, Weitz J, et al. A randomized trial of a single bolus dosage regimen of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Chest 1990;98:1473-9.
14. The PIOPED Investigators. Tissue plasminogen activator for the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism: a collaborative study by the PIOPED investigators. Chest 1990;97:528-33.
15. Dalla-Volta S, Palla A, Santolicandro A, et al. PAIMS 2: alteplase combined with heparin versus heparin in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism-plasminogen activator Italian multicenter study 2. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:520-6.
16. Goldhaber SZ, Haire WD, Feldstein ML, et al. Alteplase versus heparin in acute pulmonary embolism: randomized trial assessing right-ventricular function and pulmonary perfusion. Lancet 1993;341:507-11.
17. Jerjes-Sanchez C, Ramiez-Rivera A, de Lourdes Garcia M, et al. Streptokinase and heparin versus heparin alone in massive pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1995;2:227-9.
18. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FTT) Collaborative Group. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomized trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet 1994; 343:311-22.
19. Torbicki A, van Beek EJR, Charbonnier B, et al. Guidelines on diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1301-36.
20. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee Pulmonary Embolism Guideline Development Group. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Thorax 2003;58:470-83.
21. Tapson VF. Acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1037-52.
22. Todd JL, Tapson VF. Thrombolytic therapy for acute pulmonary embolism: a critical appraisal. Chest 2009;135:1321-9.
23. Piazza G, Goldhaber SZ. Acute pulmonary embolism. II. Treatment and prophylaxis. Circulation 2006;114:e42-7.
24. ten Wolde M, Söhne M, Quak E, Mac Gillavry MR, Buller HR. Pronostic value of echocardiographically assessed right ventricular dysfunction in patients with pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1685-9.
25. Becattini C, Vedovati MC, Agnelli G. Prognostic value of troponins in acute pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2007;116:427-33.
26. Schoepf UJ, Kucher N, Kipfmueller F, Quiroz R, Costello P, Goldhaber SZ. Right ventricular enlargement on chest computed tomography: a predictor of early death in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2004;110:3276-80.
27. Goldhaber SZ. Thrombolytic therapy for patients with pulmonary embolism who are hemodynamically stable but have right ventricular dysfunction: pro. Arch Intern Med 2005;165: 2197-9.
28. Grifoni S, Olivotto I, Cecchini P, et al. Short-term clinical outcome of patients with acute pulmonary embolism, normal blood pressure, and echocardiographic right ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2000;101:2817-22.
29. Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Olschewski M, et al. Importance of cardiac troponins I and T in risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2002;106:1263-8.
30. Giannitsis E, Muller-Bardorff M, Kurowski V, et al. Independent prognostic value of cardiac troponin T in patients with confirmed pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2000;102:211-17.
31. Pruszczyk P, Bochowicz A, Torbicki A, et al. Cardiac troponin T monitoring identifies high-risk group of normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Chest 2003;123:1947-52.
32. ten Wolde M, Tulevski II, Mulder JW, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide as a predictor of adverse outcome in patients with pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2003;107:2082-4.
33. Kucher N, Printzen G, Goldhaber SZ. Prognostic role of brain natriuretic peptide in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2003;107:2545-7.
34. Kucher N, Printzen G, Doernhoefer T, Windecker S, Meier B, Hess OM. Low pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels predict benign clinical outcome in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2003;107:1576-8.
35. Tebbe U, Graf A, Kamke W, et al. Hemodynamic effects of double bolus reteplase versus alteplase infusion in massive pulmonary embolism. Am Heart J 1999;138:39-44.
36. Keyt BA, Paoni NF, Refino CJ, et al. A faster-acting and more potent form of tissue plasminogen activator. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:3670-4.
37. Sze DY, Carey MBL, Razavi MK. Treatment of massive pulmonary embolus with catheter-directed tenecteplase. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12:1456-7.
38. Caldicott D, Parasivam S, Harding J, Edwards N, Bochner F. Tenecteplase for massive pulmonary embolus. Resuscitation 2002;55:211-3.
39. Kline J, Hernanedz-Nino J, Jones AE. Tenecteplase to treat pulmonary embolism in the emergency department. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2007;23:101-5.
40. Tebbe U, Graf A, Bramlage P, et al. Desmoteplase in acute massive pulmonary thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2009;101:557-62.
41. Wan S, Agnelli G, Quinlan DJ, et al. Thrombolysis compared with heparin for the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2004;110:744-9.
42. Konstantanides S, Geibel A, Heusel G, Heinrich F, Kasper W. Heparin plus alteplase compared with heparin alone in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1143-50.
43. Piazza G, Goldhaber SZ. Management of submassive pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2010;122:124-9.
44. Becattini C, Agnelli G, Salvi A, et al. Bolus tenecteplase for right ventricle dysfunction in hemodynamically stable patients with pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2010;125:e82-6.
45. Fasullo S, Scalzo S, Maringhini G, et al. Six-month echocardiographic study in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism and right ventricle dysfunction: comparison of thrombolysis with heparin. Am J Med Sci 2011;341:33-9.
46. Nakanishi M, Nakanishi N, Yamada N, et al. Effectiveness and safety of the thrombolytic therapy for acute pulmonary thromboembolism: results of a multicenter registry in the Japanese Society of Pulmonary Embolism Research. Int J Cardiol 2005;99:83-9.
47. Hatipoǧlu ON, Perinçek G, Cakir Edis E, Tabakoǧlu E, Altiay G. Effecting factors on survival in patients taking thrombolytic treatment due to massive pulmonary embolism. Tuberk Toraks 2010;58:268-77.
48. Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris. PEITHO pulmonary embolism thrombolysis study. ClinicalTrials.gov. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine. Available from http://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT00639743?term= PEITHO+pulmonary+embolism+ thrombolysis+study&rank=1. Accessed December 21, 2011.
49. National Quality Forum. National voluntary consensus standards for patient outcomes measure summary: intensive care unit length of stay, May 2010. Available from qualityforum. org. Accessed March 14, 2011.
50. Wells PS, Kovacs MJ, Bormanis J, et al. Expanding eligibility for outpatient treatment of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism with low-molecular weight heparin: a comparison of patient self-injection with homecare injection. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1809-12.
51. Kovacs MJ, Anderson D, Morrow B, Gray L, Touchie D, Wells PS. Outpatient treatment of pulmonary embolism with dalteparin. Thromb Haemost 2000;83:209-11.
52. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger MA, et al. A randomized trial comparing 2 low molecular-weight heparins for the outpatient treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:733-8.
53. Aujesky D, Stone RA, Kim S, Crick EJ, Fine MJ. Length of hospital stay and post discharge mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:706-12.
54. Aujesky D, Smith KJ, Cornuz J, Roberts MS. Cost-effectiveness of low-molecular weight heparin for treatment of pulmonary embolism. Chest 2005;128:1601-10.
55. Berghaus TM, Thilo C, Bluethgen A, von Scheidt W, Schwaiblmair M. Effectiveness of thrombolysis in patients with intermediate risk pulmonary embolism: influence on length of hospital stay. Adv Ther 2010;27:648-54.
56. Stein PD, Hull RD, Patel KC, et al. Venous thromboembolic disease: comparison of the diagnostic process in men and women. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1689-94.
57. Kyrle PA, Minar E, Bialonczyk C, Hirschl M, Weltermann A, Eichinger S. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in men and women. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2558-63.
58. Patel SR, Parker JA, Grodstein F, Goldhaber SZ. Similarity in presentation and response to thrombolysis among women and men with pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1998;5:95-100.
59. Geibel A, Olschewski M, Zehender M, et al. Possible genderrelated differences in the risk to benefit ratio of thrombolysis for acute submassive pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:103-7.
60. Braithwaite BD, Birch PA, Poskitt KR, Heather BP, Earnshaw JJ. Accelerated thrombolysis with high dose bolus t-PA extends the role of peripheral thombolysis but may increase risks. Clin Radiol 1995;50:747-50.
61. Genentech. Activase (alteplase) package insert. Roche Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, CA; 2005.
62. Goldhaber SZ, Kessler CM, Heit J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator versus urokinase in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1988;2:293-8.
63. Diehl JL, Meyer G, Igual J, et al. Effectiveness and safety of bolus administration of alteplase in massive pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:1477-80.
64. Le Conte P, Huchet L, Trewick D, et al. Efficacy of alteplase thrombolysis for ED treatment of pulmonary embolism with shock. Am J Emerg Med 2003;21:438-40.
65. Sors H, Pacouret G, Azarian R, Meyer G, Charbonnier B, Simonneau G. Hemodynamic effects of bolus vs. 2-h infusion of alteplase in acute massive pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled multicenter trial. Chest 1994;106:712-7.
66. Goldhaber SZ, Agnelli G, Levine MN. Reduced dose bolus alteplase vs conventional alteplase infusion for pulmonary embolism thrombolysis: an international multicenter randomized trial. Chest 1994;106:718-24.
67. Meyer G, Gisselbrecht M, Diehl JL, Journois D, Sors H. Incidence and predictors of major haemorrhagic complications from thrombolytic therapy in patients with massive pulmonary embolism. Am J Med 1998;105:472-7.
68. Wang C, Zhai Z, Yang Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of low dose recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for the treatment of acute pulmonary thromboembolism: a randomized, multicenter, controlled trial. Chest 2010;137:254-62.
69. Capstick T, Henry MT. Efficacy of thrombolytic agents in the treatment of pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J 2005;26:864-74.
70. Jaff MR, McMurtry S, Archer SL, et al. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis and chronic thromboembolic pumlonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;123:1788-830.
71. Goldhaber SZ. Bolus and accelerated thrombolysis: experimental observations and clinical myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism. Chest 1995;107:889-92.
72. Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW, et al. 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA 2004 guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2008;117:296-329.
73. Meneveau N, Seronde MF, Blonde MC, et al. Management of unsuccessful thrombolysis in acute massive pulmonary embolism. Chest 2006;129:1043-50.
74. Curtis JP, Portnay EL, Wang Y, et al. The pre-hospital electrocardiogram and time to reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction, 2000-2002: findings from the national registry of myocardial infarction-4. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1544-52.
75. Mikkola KM, Patel SR, Parker JA, Grodstein F, Goldhaber SZ. Increasing age is a major risk factor for hemorrhagic complications after pulmonary embolism thrombolysis. Am Heart J 1997;134:69-72.
76. Agnelli G, Becattini C, Kirschstein T. Thrombolysis vs heparin in the treatment of pulmonary embolism: a clinical outcome-based meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2002;162: 2537-41.
77. Kanter DS, Mikkola KM, Patel SR, Parker JA, Goldhaber SZ. Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism: frequency of intracranial hemorrhage and associated risk factors. Chest 1997;111:1241-5.
78. Simoons ML, Maggioni AP, Knatterud G, et al. Individual risk assessment for intracranial hemorrhage during thrombolytic therapy. Lancet 1993;342:1523-8.
79. Fengler BT, Brady WJ. Fibrinolytic therapy in pulmonary embolism: an evidence-based treatment algorithm. Am J Emer Med 2009;27:84-95.
80. Witty LA, Krichman A, Tapson VF. Thrombolytic therapy for venous thromboembolism; utilization by practicing pulmonologists. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1601-4.