Salinity and solid fraction of frazil and grease ice

Journal of Glaciology

Volumn 58, Issue 209, 2012, Pages 594-612

  Maus, Sönke ^a   De La Rosa, Sara ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^b NANSEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND REMOTE SENSING CENTER   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; GLACIER DYNAMICS; ICE COVER; SALINITY; SEAWATER; THERMODYNAMICS; TURBULENCE;

EID: 84864580609     PISSN: 00221430     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3189/2012JoG11J110     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Ackermann NL, Shen HT and Sanders B (1994) Experimental studies of sediment enrichment of Arctic ice covers due to wave action and frazil entrainment. J. Geophys. Res., 99(C4), 7761-7770 (Pubitemid 24403237)
2. Altberg WJ (1936) Twenty years of work in the domain of underwater ice formation (1915-1935). IASH Bull., 23, 373-407
3. Andersson A and Daly SF (1992) Laboratory investigation of trash rack freezeup by frazil ice. CRREL Spec. Rep. 92-16
4. Andreasson P, Hammar L and Shen HT (1998) The influence of surface turbulence on the formation of ice pans. In Shen HT ed. Ice in Surface Waters: Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Ice, 27-31 July 1998, Potsdam, New York, USA. Balkema, Rotterdam, 69-76 (Pubitemid 29498713)
5. Arakawa K (1954) Studies on the freezing of water. II: formation of disc crystals. J. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser. 2, 4(5), 311-339
6. Ashton GD ed. (1986) River and lake ice engineering. Water Resources Publications, Littleton, CO
7. Barnes HT (1906) Ice formation: with special reference to anchor-ice and frazil. John Wiley, New York
8. Barnes HT (1928) Ice engineering. Renouf Publishing, Montréal, Que.
9. Barnes PW, Reimnitz E and Fox D (1982) Ice rafting of fine-grained sediment, a sorting and transport mechanism, Beaufort Sea, Alaska. J. Sediment. Petrol., 52(2), 493-502
10. Bauer J and Martin S (1983) A model of grease ice in small leads. J. Geophys. Res., 88(C5), 2917-2925
11. Berryman JG (1983) Random close packing of hard spheres and disks. Phys. Rev. A, 27(2), 1053-1061 (doi: 10.1103/ PhysRevA.27.1053)
12. Blouwolff J and Fraden S (2006) The coordination number of granular cylinders. Europhys. Lett., 76(6), 1095-1101 (doi: 10.1209/epl/i2006-10376-1)
13. Bukina LA (1963) On the relation between temperature and ratio of thickness to diameter of frazil ice crystals of disc-like form. Bull. (Izv.) Acad. Sci. USSR, Geophys., 1, 112-114
14. Carstens T (1966) Experiments with supercooling and ice formation in flowing water. Geofys. Publ., 26(9), 1-18
15. Cherepanov NV and Kozlovskii AM (1973) Underwater ice in the coastal waters of Antarctica. Sov. Antarct. Exped. Inf. Bull., 8(6), 335-338
16. Clark S and Doering J (2006) Laboratory experiments on frazilsize characteristics in a counterrotating flume. J. Hydraul. Eng., 132(1), 94-101 (doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2006)132:1) (Pubitemid 43149462)
17. Clark SP and Doering JC (2009) Frazil flocculation and secondary nucleation in a counter-rotating flume. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 55(2), 221-229 (doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.04.002)
18. Coachman LK (1966) Production of supercooled water during sea ice formation. In Fletcher JO ed. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Arctic Heat Budget and Atmospheric Circulation, 31 January-4 February 1966, Lake Arrowhead, CA, USA. Rand Corporation, Los Angeles, 497-529 (Rand Corporation Research Memorandum RM-5233-NSF)
19. Daly SF (1991) Frazil ice. In Cheng KC and Seki N eds. Freezing and melting heat transfer in engineering: selected topics on ice- water systems and welding and casting processes. Hemisphere, New York
20. De Carolis G, Olla P and Pignagnoli L (2005) Effective viscosity of grease ice in linearized gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech., 535, 369-381 (doi: 10.1017/S002211200500474X) (Pubitemid 41052113)
21. De la Rosa S and Maus S (2011) Laboratory study of frazil ice accumulation under wave conditions. Cryos. Discuss., 5(4), 1835-1886 (doi: 10.5194/tcd-5-1835-2011)
22. De la Rosa S, Maus S and Kern S (2011) Thermodynamic investigation of an evolving grease to pancake ice field. Ann. Glaciol., 52(57 Pt 2), 206-214 (doi: 10.3189/172756411795931787)
23. Dempsey DE, Langhorne PJ, Robinson NJ, Williams MJM, Haskell TG and Frew RD (2010) Observation and modeling of platelet ice fabric in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 115(C1), C01007 (doi: 10.1029/2008JC005264)
24. Devik O (1944) Ice formation in lakes and rivers. Geogr. J., 103(5), 193-203
25. Doble MJ (2007) Growth and motion at the Weddell Sea ice edge. (PhD thesis, University of Southampton)
26. Doble MJ, Coon MD and Wadhams P (2003) Pancake ice formation in the Weddell Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C7), 3029-3030 (doi: 1029/2002JC001373)
27. Doronin YuP and Kheisin DE (1977) Sea ice. Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi.
28. Ettema R, Karim MF and Kennedy JF (1984) Laboratory experiments on frazil growth in supercooled water. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 10(1), 43-58 (Pubitemid 15424559)
29. Ettema R, Kirkil G and Daly S (2009) Frazil ice concerns for channels, pump-lines, penstocks, siphons, and tunnels in mountainous regions. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 55(2), 202-211 (doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.04.008)
30. Fofonoff NP and Millard RC, Jr (1983) Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Tech. Pap. Mar. Sci. 44
31. Frankenstein G and Garner R (1967) Equations for determining the brine volume of sea ice from ?0.5 to ?22.9°C. J. Glaciol., 6(48), 943-944
32. Gosink JP and Osterkamp TE (1983) Measurements and analyses of velocity profiles and frazil ice-crystal rise velocities during periods of frazil-ice formation in rivers. Ann. Glaciol., 4, 79-84
33. Gradinger R and Ikävalko J (1998) Organism incorporation into newly forming Arctic sea ice in the Greenland Sea. J. Plankton Res., 20(5), 871-886 (Pubitemid 28309858)
34. Gross GW, Wong PM and Humes K (1977) Concentration dependent solute redistribution at the ice-water phase boundary. III. Spontaneous convection. Chloride solutions. J. Chem. Phys., 67(11), 5264-5274
35. Hanley TO and Tsang G (1984) Formation and properties of frazil in saline water. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 8(3), 209-221
36. Holland PR and Feltham DL (2005) Frazil dynamics and precipitation in a water column with depth-dependent supercooling. J. Fluid Mech., 530, 101-124 (doi: 10.1017/ S002211200400285X) (Pubitemid 40746822)
37. Jenkins A and Bombosch A (1995) Modeling the effects of frazil ice crystals on the dynamics and thermodynamics of ice shelf water plumes. J. Geophys. Res., 100(C4), 6967-6981
38. Kaufmann D (1960) Sodium chloride: the production and properties of salt and brine. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
39. Kempema EW, Reimnitz E and Barnes PW (1989) Sea ice sediment entrainment and rafting in the Arctic. J. Sediment. Petrol., 59(2), 308-317
40. Lake RA and Lewis EL (1970) Salt rejection by sea ice during growth. J. Geophys. Res., 75(3), 583-597
41. Lewis EL and Lake RA (1971) Sea ice and supercooled water. J. Geophys. Res., 76(24), 5836-5841
42. Martin S (1981) Frazil ice in rivers and oceans. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 13, 379-397
43. Martin S and Kauffman P (1974) The evolution of under-ice melt ponds, or double diffusion at the freezing point. J. Fluid Mech., 64(3), 507-528 (doi: 10.1017/S0022112074002527)
44. Martin S and Kauffman P (1981) A field and laboratory study of wave damping by grease ice. J. Glaciol., 27(96), 283-313
45. Martin S, Kauffman P and Welander PE (1977) A laboratory study of the dispersion of crude oil within sea ice grown in a wave field. In Proceeedings of the Twenty-seventh Alaska Science Conference, vol. II. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fairbanks, AK, 261-287
46. MathWorks (2010) MATLAB, version 7.10.0 (R2010a) Statistics Toolbox. The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA
47. Maus S (2007) On brine entrapment in sea ice: morphological stability, microstructure and convection. Logos Verlag, Berlin
48. Maus S and 9 others (2009) Synchrotron-based X-ray tomography: insights into sea ice microstructure. In Leppäranta M ed. Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Baltic Sea Ice Climate, 25- 27 August 2008, Lammi Biological Station, Finland. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 28-45
49. Maus S and 7 others (2011) Ion fractionation in young sea ice from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Ann. Glaciol., 52(57 Pt 2), 301-310 (doi: 10.3189/172756411795931804)
50. McGuiness MJ, Williams MJM, Langhorne PJ, Purdie C and Crook J (2009) Frazil deposition under growing sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 114(C7), C07014 (doi: 10.1029/2007JC004414)
51. Michaels AS, Brian PLT and Sperry PR (1966) Impurity effects on the basal plane solidification kinetics of supercooled water. J. Appl. Phys., 37(13), 4649-4661 (doi: 10.1063/1.1708113)
52. Michel B (1978) Ice mechanics. Presses de L'Université Laval, Quebec
53. Millero FJ, Feistel R, Wright DG and McDougall TJ (2008) The composition of standard seawater and the definition of the reference-composition salinity scale. Deep-Sea Res. I, 55, 50-72
54. Morse B and Richard M (2009) A field study of suspended frazil ice particles. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 55(1), 86-102 (doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions. 2008.03.004)
55. Nakawo M (1983) Measurements on air porosity of sea ice. Ann. Glaciol., 4, 204-208
56. Newyear K and Martin S (1997) A comparison of theory and laboratory measurements of wave propagation and attenuation in grease ice. J. Geophys. Res., 102(C11), 25 091-25 099
57. Omstedt A and Svensson U (1984) Modeling supercooling and ice formation in a turbulent Ekman layer. J. Geophys. Res., 89(C1), 735-744 (Pubitemid 14549460)
58. Ono N (1967) Specific heat and heat of fusion of sea ice. In Oura H ed. Physics of snow and ice. Hokkaido University. Institute of Low Temperature Science, Sapporo, 599-610
59. Onstott RG, Grenfell TC, Perovich DK and Swift CT (1998) Electromagnetic and physical properties of sea ice formed in the presence of wave action. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36(5), 1764-1783 (Pubitemid 128748575)
60. Pease CH (1987) The size of wind-driven coastal polynyas. J. Geophys. Res., 92(C7), 7049-7059
61. Pounder ER (1965) The physics of ice. Pergamon Press, Oxford
62. Pringle DJ, Miner JE, Eicken H and Golden KM (2009) Pore-space percolation in sea ice single crystals. J. Geophys. Res., 114(C12), C12017 (doi: 10.1029/2008JC005145)
63. Pronk P, Infante Ferreira CA and Witkamp GJ (2005) A dynamic model of Ostwald ripening in ice suspensions. J. Cryst. Growth, 275(1-2), e1355-e1361 (doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.11.173) (Pubitemid 40421241)
64. Rahli O, Tadrist L and Blanc R (1999) Experimental analysis of the porosity of randomly packed rigid fibres. C. R. Acad. Sci. [Paris], Sér. IIB, 327(8), 725-729 (doi: 0.1016/S1287-4620(99)80127-6) (Pubitemid 29399869)
65. Reimnitz E, Clayton JR, Jr, Kempema EW, Payne JR and Weber WS (1993) Interaction of rising frazil with suspended particles: tank experiments with applications to nature. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 21(2), 117-135
66. Shen HT ed. (1999) Ice in Surface Waters: Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Ice, 27-31 July 1998, Potsdam, New York, USA. Vols. 1 and 2. AA Balkema, Rotterdam
67. Smedsrud LH (2001) Frazil-ice entrainment of sediment: largetank laboratory experiments. J. Glaciol., 47(158), 461-471 (doi: 10.3189/ 172756501781832142)
68. Smedsrud LH and Skogseth R (2006) Field measurements of Arctic grease ice properties and processes. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 44(3), 171-183 (doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2005.11.002)
69. Song C, Wang P and Makse HA (2008) A phase diagram for jammed matter. Nature, 453(7195), 629-632 (doi: 10.1038/nature06981) (Pubitemid 351771304)
70. Svensson U and Omstedt A (1994) Simulation of supercooling and size distribution in frazil ice dynamics. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 22(3), 221-233
71. Thibert E and Domine F (1997) Thermodynamics and kinetics of the solid solution of HCl in ice. J. Phys. Chem., B, 101(18), 3554-3565 (Pubitemid 127611910)
72. Tiller WA (1991) The science of crystallization: macroscopic phenomena and defect generation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
73. Tison J-L, Ronveaux D and Lorrain RD (1993) Low salinity frazil ice generation at the base of a small Antarctic ice shelf. Antarct. Sci., 5(3), 309-322 (Pubitemid 24395866)
74. Tison, J-L, Haas C, Gowing MM, Sleewaegen S and Bernard A (2002) Tank study of physico-chemical controls on gas content and composition during growth of young ice, J. Glaciol., 48(161), 177-191
75. Torquato S, Truskett TM and Debenedetti PG (2000) Is random close packing of spheres well defined? Phys. Rev. Lett., 84(10), 2064-2067 (doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.2064)
76. Tsang G and Hanley TO (1985) Frazil formation in water of different salinities and supercoolings. J. Glaciol., 31(108), 74-85
77. Tyshko KP and Cherepanov NV (1998) Supercooling of large water volumes: laboratory experiments. In Shen HT ed. Ice in Surface Waters: Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Ice, 27-31 July 1998, Potsdam, New York, USA. Balkema, Rotterdam, 371-377
78. Untersteiner N and Sommerfeld R (1964) Supercooled water and the bottom topography of floating ice. J. Geophys. Res., 69(6), 1057-1062
79. Ushio S and Wakatsuchi M (1993) A laboratory study on supercooling and frazil ice production processes in winter coastal polynyas. J. Geophys. Res., 98(C11), 20 321-20 328
80. Voropayev SI, Fernando HJS and Mitchell LA (1995) On the rate of frazil ice formation in polar regions in the presence of turbulence. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26(6), 1441-1450
81. Wadhams P and Wilkinson JP (1999) The physical properties of sea ice in the Odden ice tongue. Deep-Sea Res. II, 46(6-7), 1275-1300 (Pubitemid 29303188)
82. Wang R and Shen HH (2010) Experimental study of surface wave propagating through a grease-pancake ice mixture. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 61(23), 90-96
83. Wang SM and Doering JC (2005) Numerical simulation of supercooling process and frazil ice evolution. J. Hydraul. Eng., 131(10), 889-897 (doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005) 131:10(889)) (Pubitemid 41419824)
84. Weeks WF and Gow AJ (1978) Preferred crystal orientations in the fast ice along the margins of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 83(C10), 5105-5121
85. Weeks WF and Lofgren G (1967) The effective solute distribution coefficient during the freezing of NaCl solutions. In Oura H ed. Physics of snow and ice. Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 579-597
86. White KD and Lawson DE (1992) Determining the intrinsic npermeability of frazil ice. Pt. 2, Field investigations. CRREL Rep. 92-07
87. Wilkinson J (2005) Sea ice, convection and the Greenland Sea. (PhD thesis, University of Southampton)
88. Williams SR and Philipse AP (2003) Random packings of spheres and spherocylinders simulated by mechanical contraction. Phys. Rev. E, 67(5), 051301 (doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.67.051301)
89. Wouterse A, Williams SR and Philipse AP (2007) Effect of particle shape on the density and microstructure of random packings. J. Phys. Condensed Matter, 19(40), 406215 (doi: 10.1088/ 0953-8984/19/40/406215)
90. Yokoyama E, Sekerka RF and Furukawa Y (2000) Growth trajectories of disk crystals of ice growing from supercooled water. J. Phys. Chem. B, 104(1), 65-67 (doi: 10.1021/jp991280b)
91. Zaytsev ID and Aseyev GG (1992) Properties of aqueous solutions of electrolytes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL