The role of docosahexaenoic and the marine food web as determinants of evolution and hominid brain development: The challenge for human sustainability

Nutrition and Health

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 17-39

  Crawford, Michael A ^a   Broadhurst, C Leigh ^b  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

3; arachidonic; brain; cerebral expansion; Darwin; docosahexaenoic; evolution; fish; genomics; lipids; marine ingredients; oceanic agriculture; omega 6; seafood; sustainability of humanity; vascular development

Indexed keywords

HOMINIDAE;

DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID;

ANIMAL; AQUACULTURE; ARTICLE; BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASE; CELL MEMBRANE; CHEMISTRY; EVOLUTION; GENETICS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HOMINID; HUMAN; MARINE BIOLOGY; METABOLISM; NUTRITION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SEA FOOD;

ANIMALS; AQUACULTURE; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASES; CELL MEMBRANE; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACIDS; HOMINIDAE; HUMANS; MARINE BIOLOGY; NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; SEAFOOD;

EID: 84864517708     PISSN: 02601060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0260106012437550     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Andlin-Sobocki P, Jonsson J, Wittchen H-U, Olesen J. Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe. European Journal of Neurology. 2005 ; 12 (Suppl 1). 1-27
2. Anderle P, Farmer P, Berger A, Roberts MA. Nutrigenomic approach to understanding the mechanisms by which dietary long chain fatty acids induce gene signals and control mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis. Nutrition. 2004 ; 20: 103-108
3. Barcelo Coblijn G, Kitajka K, Puskas LG, et al. Gene expression and molecular composition of phospholipids in rat brain in relation to dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio. Biochimistry Biophysics Acta. 2003a ; 1632: 72-79
4. Barcelo Coblijn G, Hogyes E, Kitajka K, et al. Modification by docosahexaenoic acid of age induced alterations in gene expression and molecular composition of rat brain phospholipids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA. 2003b ; 100: 11321-11326
5. Bazan NG. The metabolism of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the eye: the possible role of docosahexaenoic acid and docosanoids in retinal physiology and ocular pathology. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. 1989 ; 312: 95-112
6. Benolken RM, Anderson RE, Wheeler TG. Membrane fatty acids associated with the electrical response in visual excitation. Science. 1973 ; 182 (118). 1253-1254
7. Birch EE, Garfield S, Hoffman DE, et al. A randomised trial of early dietary supply of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental development in term infants. Developmental Medicine in Child Neurology. 2000 ; 42: 174-181
8. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, et al. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of Neural Development) Study: a double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010 ; 91 (4). 848-859
9. Blasbalg TL, Hibbeln JR, Ramsden CE, Majchrzak SF, Rawlings RR. Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011 ; 93: 950-962
10. Bloom M, Linseisen F, Lloyd-Smith J, Crawford MA Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function - Approaches from Physics. Maraviglia B, ed. Varenna, Italy: Proceedings of the 1998 Enrico Fermi International School of Physics, Enrico Fermi Lecture ; 1999
11. Brand A, Crawford MA, Yavin E. Retailoring docosahexaenoic acid-containing phospholipid species during impaired neurogenesis following omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid deprivation. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2010 ; 114 (5). 1393-404
12. Brenna JT, Lapillonne A. Background paper on fat and fatty acid requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2009 ; 55 ((1-3)). 97-122
13. Brenna JT, Salem N, Sinclair AJ, Cunnane SC. alpha-Linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans. International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids, ISSFAL. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2009 ; 80 ((2-3)). 85-91
14. Broadhurst CL, Cunnane SC, Crawford MA. Rift Valley lake fish and shellfish provided brain-specific nutrition for early Homo. British Journal of Nutrition. 1998 ; 79: 3-21
15. Broadhurst CL, Wang Y, Crawford MA, Cunnane S, Parkington J, Schmid WF. Brain-specific lipids from marine, lacustrine, or terrestrial food resources: potential impact on early African Homo sapiens. Journal of Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2002 ; 131: 653-673
16. Brown MF. Modulation of rhodopsin function by properties of the membrane bilayer. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 1994 ; 73: 159-180
17. Budowski P, Crawford MA. Alpha-linolenic acid as a regulator of the metabolism of arachidonic acid: dietary implications of the ratio n-6: n-3 fatty acids. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1985 ; 44: 221-229
18. Budowski P, Leighfield MJ, Crawford MA. Nutritional encephalomalacia in the chick: an exposure of the vulnerable period for cerebellar development and the possible need for both ω6 and ω3 fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition. 1987 ; 58: 511-520
19. Burr GO, Burr MM. A new deficiency disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1929 ; 82: 345-367
20. Carlson SE, Werkman SH. A randomized trial of visual attention in of preterm infants fed docosahexaenoic acid until two months. Lipids. 1996 ; 31: 85-90
21. Catalan J, Moriguchi T, Slotnick B, Murthy M, Greiner RS, Salem N. Cognitive deficits in docosahexaenoic acid deficient rats. Behavioral Neuroscience. 2002 ; 116: 1022-1031
22. Caraveo-Patin J, Wang Y, Soto LA, Ghebremeskel K, Lehane C, Crawford MA. Eco-physiological repercussions of dietary arachidonic acid in cell membranes of active tissues of the Gray whale. Marine Ecology. 2009 ;: 1-11
23. Crawford MA, Crawford SM What We Eat Today. London: Neville Searman ; 1972
24. Crawford MA, Sinclair AJ Lipids, Malnutrition and Developing Brain. Elliot K Knight J, ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier ; 1972: 267-292.
25. Crawford MA, Gale MM, Woodford MH. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid elongation products in muscle tissue of Syncerus caffer and other ruminant species. Biochemistry Journal. 1969 ; 115: 25-27
26. Crawford MA, Casperd NM, Sinclair AJ. The long chain metabolites of linoleic and linolenic acids in liver and brain in herbivores and carnivores. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 1976a ; 54B: 395-401
27. Crawford MA, Hassam AG, Williams G, Whitehouse WL. Essential fatty acids and fetal brain growth. Lancet. 1976b ; (i). 452-453
28. Crawford MA, Cunnane SC, Harbige LS IIIrd International Congress on essential fatty acids and eicosanoids Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. Sinclair AJ Gibson R, ed. Australia: Adelaide ; 1993: 87-95.
29. Crawford MA, Bloom M, Broadhurst CL, et al. Evidence for the unique function of DHA during the evolution of the modern hominid brain. Lipids. 1999 ; 34: S39 - S47
30. Crawford MA, Broadhurst CL, Galli C, et al 5th World Fisheries Congress 2008. Tsukamoto K Kawamura T Takeuchi T Beard TD Kaiser, 2008 MJ, ed. Tokyo: Terrapub ; 2008: 57-76.
31. Cunnane SC, Francescutti V, Brenna JT, Crawford MA. Breast fed infants achieve a higher rate of brain and whole body docosahexaenoate accumulation than formula fed infants not consuming dietary docosahexaenoate. Lipids. 2000 ; 35: 105-111
32. Ehringer W, Belcher D, Wassall SR, Stillwell W. A comparison of the effects of linoleic (18:3ω3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6ω3) acids on phospholipid bilayers. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 1990 ; 54: 79-88
33. Rome: FAO ; 2010
34. Fiennes RNT-W, Sinclair AJ, Crawford MA. Essential fatty acid studies in primates: linolenic acid requirements of Capuchins. Journal of Medical Primatology. 1973 ; 2: 155-169
35. Gawrisch K, Eldho NV, Holte LL. The structure of DHA in phospholipid membranes. Lipids. 2003 ; 38 (4). 445-452
36. Hibbeln JR. Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers' milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross-national, ecological analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 ; 69 ((1-3)). 15-29
37. Hibbeln JR, Nieminen LR, Lands WE. Increasing homicide rates and linoleic acid consumption among five Western countries, 1961-2000. Lipids. 2004 ; 39 (12). 1207-1213
38. Hibbeln J, Davis J, Steer C, et al. Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2007 ; 369: 578-585
39. Holte LL, Peter SA, Sinnwell TM, Gawrisch K. 2H nuclear F magnetic resonance order parameter profiles suggest a change of molecular shape for phosphatidylcholines containing a polyunsaturated acyl chain. Biophysical Journal. 1995 ; 68: 2396-2403
40. Hopfield JJ. Electron transfer between biological molecules by thermally activated tunnelling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1974 ; 71: 3640-3644
41. Jump DB. The biochemistry of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 ; 277 (11). 8755-8758
42. Kitajka K, Puskas LG, Zvara A, et al. The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain: Modulation of rat brain gene expression by dietary n-3 fatty acids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2002 ; 99: 2619-2624
43. Kitajka K, Sinclair AJ, Weisinger RS, et al. Effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain gene expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2004 ; 101: 10931-10936
44. Klein RG, Avery G, Cruz-Uribe K, et al. The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age site, South Africa, and early human exploitation of coastal resources. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2004 ; 101 (16). 5708-5715
45. Lamptey MS, Walker BL. Learning behavior and brain lipid composition in rats subjected to essential fatty acid deficiency during gestation, lactation and growth. Journal of Nutrition. 1978 ; 108: 358-367
46. Leyton J, Drury PJ, Crawford MA. Differential oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in vivo in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition. 1987 ; 57: 383-393
47. Marean CW. Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral kingdom, shellfish, and modern human origins. Journal of Human Evolution. 2010 ; 59 (3-4). 425-443
48. Martinez M, Vazquez E. MRI evidence that docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester improves myelination in generalized peroxisomal disorders. Neurology. 1998 ; 51 (1). 26-32
49. McAmis AJ, Anderson WE, Mendel LB. Growth of rats on "Fat-Free" diets. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1929 ; 82: 247-262
50. Mihailescu M, Gawrisch K. The structure of polyunsaturated lipid bilayers important for rhodopsin function: a neutron diffraction study. Biophysical Journal. 2006 ; 90 (1). L04 - L06
51. Min Y, Crawford MA The Eicosanoids. Curtis Prior P, ed. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ; 2004: 257-276.
52. Neuringer M, Connor WE, Lin DS, Barstad L, Luck S. Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal omega 3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1986 ; 83 (11). 4021-4025
53. Niemoller TD. Stark DT and Bazan NG (2009) Omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid is the precursor of neuroprotectin D1 in the nervous system. World Review of Nutrition and Diet. 2009 ; 99: 46-54
54. Puskas LG, Kitajka K. Nutrigenomic approaches to study the effects of n-3 PUFA diet in the central nervous system. Nutrition and Health. 2006 ; 18 (3). 227-232
55. Puskas LG, Kitajka K, Nyakas C, Farkas T. Short term administration of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil results in increased transthyretin transcription in old rat hippocampus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2003 ; 100: 1580-1585
56. Saugstad LF. Manic depressive psychosis and schizophrenia are neurological disorders at the extremes of CNS maturation and nutritional disorders associated with a deficit in marine fat. Medical Hypotheses. 2001 ; 57 (6). 679-692
57. Saugstad LF. Infantile autism: a chronic psychosis since infancy due to synaptic pruning of the supplementary motor area. Nutrition and Health. 2011 ; 20 ((3-4)). 171-182
58. Sinclair HM. Deficiency of essential fatty acids and atherosclerosis, etcetera. Lancet. 1956 ; 270 (6919). 381-383
59. Sinclair AJ, Crawford MA. The incorporation of linolenic and docosahexaenoic acid into liver and brain lipids of developing rats. FEBS Letters. 1972 ; 26: 127-129
60. Sinclair AJ. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the mammalian brain. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1975 ; 34 (3). 287-291
61. Simmer K. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2000 ; (2). CD000376
62. Soubias O, Teague WE, Gawrisch K. Evidence for specificity in lipid-rhodopsin interactions. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2006 ; 281 (44). 33233-33241
63. Sprecher H IIIrd International Congress on essential fatty acids and eicosanoids Journal of the American Oil Chemists'. Sinclair AJ Gibson R, ed. Adelaide, Australia ; 1993: 18-22.
64. Sprecher H, Chen Q, Yin FQ. Regulation of the biosynthesis of 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3: a complex intracellular process. Lipids. 1999 ; 34 (suppl). S153 - S156
65. Suzuki H, Manabe S, Wada O, Crawford MA. Rapid incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid from dietary sources into brain microsomal, synaptosomal and mitochondrial membranes in adult mice. International Journal of Vital Resources. 1997 ; 67: 272-278
66. Thomas D. The mineral depletion of foods available to us as a nation (1940-2002) - a review of the 6th Edition of McCance and Widdowson. Nutrition and Health. 2007 ; 19 ((1-2)). 21-55
67. Trapani J. Quaternary fossil fish from the Kibish Formation, Omo Valley, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution. 2008 ; 55 (3). 521-530
68. Uauy R, Dangour AD. Fat and fatty acid requirements and recommendations for infants of 0-2 years and children of 2-18 years. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2009 ; 55 ((1-3)). 76-96
69. Weisinger HS, Vingrys AJ, Bui BV, Sinclair AJ. Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acid deficiency and repletion in the guinea pig retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. 1999 ; 40: 327-338
70. Yavin E, Himovichi E, Eilam R. Delayed cell migration in the developing rat brain following maternal omega 3 alpha linolenic acid dietary deficiency. Neuroscience. 2009 ; 162 (4). 1011-1022