Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: Managing the risks in light of new oral anticoagulants

Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 331-338

  Strobeck, John E ^a,b  

^a VALLEY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Apixaban; Atrial fibrillation; Dabigatran; Rivaroxaban; Stroke prevention; Warfarin

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; APIXABAN; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A INHIBITOR; CREATININE; DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE; HEPARIN; PLACEBO; RIVAROXABAN; THROMBIN INHIBITOR; WARFARIN; XIMELAGATRAN;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARTICLE; BLEEDING; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CHA2DS2 VASC SCORE; CHADS2 SCORE; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DYSPEPSIA; EMBOLISM; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HAS BLED SCORE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; LIVER TOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCORING SYSTEM; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 84864432667     PISSN: 09203206     EISSN: 15737241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10557-012-6396-y     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: National implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: The AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA. 2001;285:2370-5. (Pubitemid 32424106)
2. Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: The Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2369-429.
3. Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Reith J, et al. Factors delaying hospital admission in acute stroke: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Neurology. 1996;47:383-7. (Pubitemid 26324031)
4. You JJ, Singer DE, Howard DE, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th edn. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence- Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e531S-75S.
5. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, et al. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: Results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2001;285:2864-70. (Pubitemid 32537350)
6. Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, et al. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: The Euro Heart Survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2010;137:263-72.
7. Karthikeyan G, Eikelboom JW. The CHADS2 score for stroke risk stratification in atrial fibrillation-friend or foe? Thromb Haemost. 2010;104:45-8.
8. Keogh C, Wallace E, Dillon C, et al. Validation of the CHADS2 clinical prediction rule to predict ischaemic stroke. A systemic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2011;106:528-38.
9. Lip GY, Frison L, Halperin JL, et al. Identifying patients at high risk for stroke despite anticoagulation: A comparison of contemporary stroke risk stratification schemes in an anticoagulated atrial fibrillation cohort. Stroke. 2010;41:2731-8.
10. Hobbs FD, Roalfe AK, Lip GY, et al. Performance of stroke risk scores in older people with atrial fibrillation not taking warfarin: Comparative cohort study from BAFTA trial. BMJ. 2011.
11. Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, et al. A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: The Euro Heart Survey. Chest. 2010;138:1093-100.
12. Cairns JA, Connolly S, McMurtry S, et al. Canadian cardiovascular society atrial fibrillation guidelines 2010: Prevention of stroke and systemic thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation and flutter. Can J Cardiol. 2011;27:74-90.
13. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2006;114:e257-354.
14. Petersen P, Boysen G, Godtfredsen J, et al. Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen AFASAK study. Lancet. 1989;1:175-9. (Pubitemid 19038801)
15. Fihn SD, McDonell M, Martin D, et al. Risk factors for complications of chronic anticoagulation. A multicenter study. Warfarin Optimized Outpatient Follow-up Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:511-20. (Pubitemid 23085793)
16. Hirsh J, Dalen J, Anderson DR, et al. Oral anticoagulants: Mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimal therapeutic range. Chest. 2001;119:8S-21S. (Pubitemid 32154192)
17. Garcia DA, Lopes RD, Hylek EM. New-onset atrial fibrillation and warfarin initiation: High risk periods and implications for new antithrombotic drugs. Thromb Haemost. 2010;104:1099-105.
18. Albers GW, Diener HC, Frison L, et al. Ximelagatran vs warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: A randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;293:690-8.
19. AstraZeneca Decides to Withdraw Exanta. Available at: Http://www. astrazeneca.com/Media/Press-releases/Article/20060214-AstraZeneca- Decides-to-Withdraw-Exanta. Accessed February 28, 2012.
20. PRADAXA® (Dabigatran etexilate mesylate) prescribing information. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals. Ridgewood, CT, USA. Revised 11/2011.
21. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1139-51.
22. Beasley BN, Unger EF, Temple R. Anticoagulant options-why the FDA approved a higher but not a lower dose of dabigatran. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1788-90.
23. Hohnloser SH, Oldgren J, Yang S, et al. Myocardial ischemic events in patients with atrial fibrillation with dabigatran or warfarin in the RE-LY (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy) trial. Circulation. 2012;125:669-75.
24. Uchino K, Hernandez AV. Dabigatran association with higher risk of acute coronary events: Meta-analysis of noninferiority randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2012; [epub ahead of print].
25. XARELTO® (Rivaroxaban) prescribing information. Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Titusville, NJ, USA. Revised 11/2011.
26. Arixtra®(fondaparinux sodium) prescribing information. GlaxoSmithKline. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. Revised 2/2011.
27. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:883-91.
28. ELIQUIS® (Apixaban) summary of product characteristics. Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer EEIG. Middlesex, UK. Revised 05/ 2011.
29. Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Joyner C, et al. Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:806-17.
30. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:981-92.
31. Raghavan N, Frost CE, Yu Z, et al. Apixaban metabolism and pharmacokinetics after oral administration to humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009;37:74-81.
32. Lopes RD, Alexander JH, Al Khatib SM, et al. Apixaban for reduction in stroke and other ThromboemboLic events in atrial fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial: Design and rationale. Am Heart J. 2010;159:331-9.
33. Ahrens I, Lip GY, Peter K. What do the RE-LY, AVERROES and ROCKET-AF trials tell us for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation? Thromb Haemost. 2011;105:574-8.
34. Mega JL. A new era for anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1052-4.
35. Olesen JB, Lip GY, Lindhardsen J, et al. Risks of thromboembolism and bleeding with thromboprophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation: A net clinical benefit analysis using a 'real world' nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost. 2011;106:739-49.
36. Banerjee A, Lane DA, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Net clinical benefit of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus no treatment in a 'real world' atrial fibrillation population: A modeling analysis based on a nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2011;107. [epub ahead of print].
37. Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Antman EM, et al. Evaluation of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: Design and rationale for the Effective aNticoaGulation with factor x. A next GEneration in Atrial Fibrillation- Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction study 48 (ENGAGE AFTIMI 48). Am Heart J. 2010;160:635-41.
38. Lip GY, Rasmussen LH, Olsson SB, et al. Oral direct thrombin inhibitor AZD0837 for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A Phase II study of AZD0837 in patients who are appropriate for but unable or unwilling to take vitamin K antagonist therapy. Thromb Res. 2011;127:91-9.