Risk factors for death among children less than 5 years old hospitalized with diarrhea in rural Western Kenya, 2005-2007: A cohort study

PLoS Medicine

Volumn 9, Issue 7, 2012, Pages

  O'Reilly, Ciara E ^a   Jaron, Peter ^b   Ochieng, Benjamin ^b   Nyaguara, Amek ^b   Tate, Jacqueline E ^c   Parsons, Michele B ^a   Bopp, Cheryl A ^a   Williams, Kara A ^c   Vinjé, Jan ^c   Blanton, Elizabeth ^a   Wannemuehler, Kathleen A ^a   Vulule, John ^d   Laserson, Kayla F ^b   Breiman, Robert F ^b   Feikin, Daniel R ^b   Widdowson, Marc Alain ^c   Mintz, Eric ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^b CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR IMMUNIZATION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES   (United States)

^d KENYA MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Kenya)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; CEFTRIAXONE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPROFLOXACIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; GENTAMICIN; KANAMYCIN; NALIDIXIC ACID; STREPTOMYCIN; SULFAFURAZOLE; TETRACYCLINE;

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; CAMPYLOBACTER; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; DEATH; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DISK DIFFUSION; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FECES ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; KENYA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RISK FACTOR; ROTAVIRUS; SALMONELLA TYPHI; SHIGELLA;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; CHILD MORTALITY; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES; DIARRHEA; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; INFANT; KENYA; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; RISK FACTORS; RURAL POPULATION;

EID: 84864428364     PISSN: 15491277     EISSN: 15491676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001256     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Boschi-Pinto C, Young M, Black RE, (2010) The Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group reviews of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce maternal, neonatal and child mortality. Int J Epidemiol 39 (Suppl 1): i3-i6.
2. UNICEF/WHO (2009) Diarrhea: Why children are still dying and what can be done Geneva The United Nations Children's Fund/World Health Organization pp. 1-58.
3. Black RE, Cousens S, Johnson HL, Lawn JE, Rudan I, et al. (2010) Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet 375: 1969-1987.
4. Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE, (2005) WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 365: 1147-1152.
5. Madhi SA, Cunliffe NA, Steele D, Witte D, Kirsten M, et al. (2010) Effect of human rotavirus vaccine on severe diarrhea in African infants. N Engl J Med 362: 289-298.
6. Santosham M, (2010) Rotavirus vaccine-a powerful tool to combat deaths from diarrhea. N Engl J Med 362: 358-360.
7. Armah GE, Sow SO, Breiman RF, Dallas MJ, Tapia MD, et al. (2010) Efficacy of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 376: 606-614.
8. World Health Organization (2009) Meeting of the Immunization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts, April 2009 - conclusions and recommendations. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 84: 220-236.
9. WHO/UNICEF (2004) Joint Statement on clinical management of acute diarrhea Geneva WHO/UNICEF.
10. Boschi-Pinto C, Bahl R, Martines J, (2009) Limited progress in increasing coverage of neonatal and child-health interventions in Africa and Asia. J Health Popul Nutr 27: 755-762.
11. Fischer Walker CL, Fontaine O, Young MW, Black RE, (2009) Zinc and low osmolarity oral rehydration salts for diarrhoea: a renewed call to action. Bull World Health Organ 87: 780-786.
12. Ram PK, Choi M, Blum LS, Wamae AW, Mintz ED, et al. (2008) Declines in case management of diarrhoea among children less than five years old. Bull World Health Organ 86: E-F.
13. Boschi-Pinto C, Lanata CF, Mendoza W, Habte D, (2006) Diarrheal disease. In: Jamison DT, Feachem RG, Makgoba MW, Bos ER, Baingana FK, editors. Disease and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa Washington (D.C.) World Bank pp. 107-234.
14. Moges T, Haidar J, (2009) Management and outcome of severely malnourished children admitted to Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Ethiopia. East Afr J Public Health 6: 162-167.
15. Sunguya BF, Koola JI, Atkinson S, (2006) Infections associated with severe malnutrition among hospitalised children in East Africa. Tanzan Health Res Bull 8: 189-192.
16. Moisi JC, Gatakaa H, Berkeley JA, Maitland K, Mturi N, et al. (2011) Excess child mortality after discharge from hospital in Kilifi, Kenya: a retrospective cohort analysis. Bull World Health Organ 89: 725-732A.
17. Griffin PM, Ryan CA, Nyaphisi M, Hargrett-Bean N, Waldman RJ, et al. (1988) Risk factors for fatal diarrhea: a case-control study of African children. Am J Epidemiol 128: 1322-1329.
18. Irena AH, Wambazi M, Lenga V, (2011) Diarrhea is a major killer of children with severe acute malnutrition admitted to inpatient set-up in Lusaka, Zambia. Nutr J 10: 110.
19. Girma B, Berhane Y, (2011) Children who were vaccinated, breast fed and from low parity mothers live longer: a community based case-control study in Jimma, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 11: 197-203.
20. Zanoni BC, Phungula T, Zanoni HM, France H, Feeney ME, (2011) Risk factors associated with increased mortality among HIV infected children initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South Africa. PLoS One 6: e22706 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022706.
21. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2010) Population and Housing Statistics, Population Projections by Province, 1999-2010 Nairobi, Kenya Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
22. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2004) Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2003 Calverton (Maryland) Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Kenya Ministry of Health and ORC Macro.
23. Adazu K, Lindblade KA, Rosen DH, Odhiambo F, Ofware P, et al. (2005) Health and demographic surveillance in rural western Kenya: a platform for evaluating interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1151-1158.
24. World Health Organization (1995) The management of acute respiratory infections in children: practical guidelines for outpatient care Geneva World Health Organization.
25. World Health Organization (2010) WHO child growth standards, SAS macros Geneva World Health Organization.
26. World Health Organization (2006) WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development Geneva World Health Organization.
27. Ewing WH, (1986) Identification of enterobacteriaciae. 4th ed New York Elsevier Science.
28. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2005) Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 15th informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S15 Wayne (Pennsylvania) CLSI.
29. Fields PI, Popovic T, Wachsmuth K, Olsvik O, (1992) Use of polymerase chain reaction for detection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 strains from the Latin American cholera epidemic. J Clin Microbiol 30: 2118-2121.
30. Keasler SP, Hall RH, (1993) Detecting and biotyping Vibrio cholerae O1 with multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Lancet 341: 1661.
31. Ghosh C, Nandy RK, Dasgupta SK, Nair GB, Hall RH, et al. (1997) A search for cholera toxin (CT), toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), the regulatory element ToxR and other virulence factors in non-01/non-0139 Vibrio cholerae. Microb Pathog 22: 199-208.
32. Nandi B, Nandy RK, Mukhopadhyay S, Nair GB, Shimada T, et al. (2000) Rapid method for species-specific identification of Vibrio cholerae using primers targeted to the gene of outer membrane protein OmpW. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4145-4151.
33. Hull JJ, Teel EN, Kerin TK, Freeman MM, Esona MD, et al. (2011) United States rotavirus strain surveillance from 2005 to 2008: genotype prevalence before and after vaccine introduction. Pediatr Infect Dis J 30: S42-S47.
34. Schmidt H, Knop C, Franke S, Aleksic S, Heesemann J, et al. (1995) Development of PCR for screening of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 33: 701-705.
35. Gunzburg ST, Tornieporth NG, Riley LW, (1995) Identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by PCR-based detection of the bundle-forming pilus gene. J Clin Microbiol 33: 1375-1377.
36. Paton AW, Paton JC, (1998) Detection and characterization of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli by using multiplex PCR assays for stx1, stx2, eaeA, enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA, rfbO111, and rfbO157. J Clin Microbiol 36: 598-602.
37. Schultsz C, Pool GJ, van Ketel R, de Wever B, Speelman P, et al. (1994) Detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in stool samples by using nonradioactively labeled oligonucleotide DNA probes and PCR. J Clin Microbiol 32: 2393-2397.
38. Sethabutr O, Venkatesan M, Murphy GS, Eampokalap B, Hoge CW, et al. (1993) Detection of Shigellae and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli by amplification of the invasion plasmid antigen H DNA sequence in patients with dysentery. J Infect Dis 167: 458-461.
39. Vega E, Barclay L, Gregoricus N, Williams K, Lee D, et al. (2011) CaliciNet: A novel surveillance network for norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States. Emerg Infect Diseases 17: 1389-1395.
40. Oka T, Katayama K, Hansman GS, Kageyama T, Ogawa S, et al. (2006) Detection of human sapovirus by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Med Virol 78: 1347-1353.
41. Furnival GM, Wilson RW, (1974) Regressions by leaps and bounds. Technometrics 16: 499-511.
42. Harris JR, Greene SK, Thomas TK, Ndivo R, Okanda J, et al. (2009) Effect of a point-of-use water treatment and safe water storage intervention on diarrhea in infants of HIV-infected mothers. J Infect Dis 200: 1186-1193.
43. Lanata CF, Black RE, (2008) Diarrheal diseases. Semba RD, Bloem MW, editors. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. 2nd ed New York Humana Press pp. 139-178.
44. MacLennan CA, Gondwe EN, Msefula CL, Kingsley RA, Thomson NR, et al. (2008) The neglected role of antibody in protection against bacteremia caused by nontyphoidal strains of Salmonella in African children. J Clin Invest 118: 1553-1562.
45. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2009) Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008-2009 Preliminary Report Calverton (Maryland) Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, ORC Macro.
46. Brooks JT, Ochieng JB, Kumar L, Okoth G, Shapiro RL, et al. (2006) Surveillance for bacterial diarrhea and antimicrobial resistance in rural western Kenya, 1997-2003. Clin Infect Dis 43: 393-401.
47. Bolas S, Olson C, Kinnery N, Mathingau A, Odidi B, et al. (2008) Availability of oral rehydration solution packets at small shops in two areas of Kenya, 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 30.
48. Ram P, Olson C, Kinnery N, Blum L, Boore A, et al. (2008) Recommendation of oral rehydration solution for diarrhea case management by pharmacy workers in Kenya, 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 30.
49. Berkeley JA, Ross A, Mwangi I, Osier FHA, Mohammed M, et al. (2003) Prognostic indicators of early and late death in children admitted to district hospital in Kenya: cohort study. Br Med J 326: 1-6.
50. Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation (2010) Policy guidelines on control and management of diarrhoeal diseases in children below five years in Kenya. 1-11 Nairobi Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation.