Psychophysiological responses to sport-specific affective pictures: A study of morality and emotion in athletes

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 840-848

  Stanger, Nicholas ^a   Kavussanu, Maria ^a   Willoughby, Adrian ^a   Ring, Christopher ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antisocial behaviour; Empathy; Moral disengagement; Psychopathy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864404315     PISSN: 14690292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.06.004     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Aquino K., Reed A., Thau S., Freeman D. A grotesque and dark beauty: how moral identity and mechanisms of moral disengagement influence cognitive and emotional reactions to war. Journal of Experimental Psychology 2007, 43:385-392. 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.013.
2. Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory 1986, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
3. Bandura A. Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. Handbook of moral behavior and development: Theory, research, and applications 1991, 71-129. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. W.M. Kurtines, J.L. Gewirtz (Eds.).
4. Bandura A., Barbaranelli C., Caprara G.V., Pastorelli C. Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 71:364-374. 10.1037//0022-3514.71.2.364.
5. Benning S.D., Patrick C.J., Iacono W.G. Psychopathy, startle blink modulation, and electrodermal reactivity in twin men. Psychophysiology 2005, 42:753-762. 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00353.x.
6. Bernat E., Patrick C.J., Benning S.D., Tellegen A. Effects of picture content and intensity on affective physiological response. Psychophysiology 2006, 43:93-103. 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00380.x.
7. Blair J., Mitchell D., Blair K. The psychopath, emotion and the brain 2005, Blackwell Publishing Limited, Oxford, UK.
8. Blascovich J. Bridging social psychology and physiology. Bridging social psychology: Benefits of a transdisciplinary approach 2006, 111-116. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London. P.A.M. Van Lange (Ed.).
9. Blumenthal T.D., Cuthbert B.N., Filion D.L., Hackley S., Lipp O.V., Boxtel A. Committee report: guidelines for human startle eyeblink electromyographic studies. Psychophysiology 2005, 42:1-15. 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00271.x.
10. Boardley I.D., Kavussanu M. Development and validation of the moral disengagement in sport scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2007, 29:608-628.
11. Boardley I.D., Kavussanu M. The moral disengagement in sport scale - short. Journal of Sports Sciences 2008, 26:1507-1517. 10.1080/02640410802315054.
12. Boardley I.D., Kavussanu M. The influence of social variables and moral disengagement on prosocial and antisocial behaviour in field hockey and netball. Journal of Sports Sciences 2009, 27:843-854. 10.1080/02640410902887283.
13. Bradley M.M., Lang P.J. Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry 1994, 25:49-59. 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9.
14. Bredemeier B.J., Weiss M.R., Shields D.L., Cooper B.A.B. The relationship of sport involvement with children's moral reasoning and aggression tendencies. Journal of Sport Psychology 1986, 8:304-318.
15. Cacioppo J.T., Berntson G.G., Larsen J.T., Poehlmann K.M., Ito T.A. The psychophysiology of emotion. Handbook of emotions 2000, 173-191. Guilford Press, New York. M. Lewis, J.M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.).
16. Carlo G., Raffaelli M., Laible D.J., Meyer K.A. Why are girls less physically aggressive than boys? Personality and parenting mediators of physical aggression. Sex Roles 1999, 40:711-729.
17. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychological Bulletin 1992, 112:155-159. 10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155.
18. Collins D., Hale B., Loomis J. Differences in emotional responsivity and anger in athletes and nonathletes: startle reflex modulation and attributional response. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 1995, 17:171-184.
19. Cronbach L.J. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 1951, 22:297-334. 10.1007/BF02310555.
20. Cuthbert B.N., Bradley M.N., Lang P.J. Probing picture perception: activation and emotion. Psychophysiology 1996, 33:103-111. 10.1111/j.1469-1986.1996.tb02114.x.
21. Davis M. Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1983, 44:113-126. 10.1037//0022-3514.44.1.113.
22. Decety J., Lamm C. Human empathy through the lens of social neuroscience. The Scientific World Journal 2006, 6:1146-1163. 10.1100/tsw.2006.221.
23. Delorme A., Makeig S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 2004, 134:9-21. 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009.
24. Eisenberg N. Empathy-related responding: links with self-regulation, moral judgment, and moral behavior. Prosocial motives, emotions and behavior: The better angels of our nature 2010, 129-148. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. M. Mikulincer, P.R. Shaver (Eds.).
25. Eisenberg N., Strayer J. Critical issues in the study of empathy. Empathy and its development 1987, 3-16. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. N. Eisenberg, J. Strayer (Eds.).
26. Fan Y., Han S. Temporal dynamic of neural mechanisms involved in empathy for pain: an event-related brain potential study. Neuropsychologia 2008, 46:160-173. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.023.
27. Feshbach N.D. Studies of empathic behavior in children. Progress in experimental personality research 1978, 1-47. Academic Press, New York. B.A. Maher (Ed.).
28. Frick P.J., White S.F. Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2008, 49:359-375. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x.
29. Herpertz S.C., Werth U., Lukas G., Qunaibi M., Schuerkens A., Kunert H.-J., et al. Emotion in criminal offenders with psychopathy and borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001, 58:737-745. 10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.737.
30. Hume D. An enquiry concerning the principles of morals 1960, Open Court, La Salle, IL, (Original work published 1777).
31. Jasper H.H. Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1958, 10:370-375.
32. Kavussanu M. Morality in sport. Social psychology in sport 2007, 265-278. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL. S. Jowett, D.E. Lavallee (Eds.).
33. Kavussanu M. Moral behaviour in sport: a critical review of the literature. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2008, 1:124-138. 10.1080/17509840802277417.
34. Kavussanu M., Boardley I.D. The prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2009, 31:97-117.
35. Kavussanu M., Stamp R., Slade G., Ring C. Observed prosocial and antisocial behaviors in male and female soccer players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 2009, 21:S62-S76. 10.1080/10413200802624292.
36. Kimonis E.R., Frick P.J., Fazekas H., Loney B.R. Psychopathy, aggression, and the emotional processing of emotional stimuli in non-referred girls and boys. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2006, 24:21-37. 10.1002/bsl.668.
37. Kring A.M., Gordon A.H. Sex differences in emotion: expression, experience, and physiology. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 1998, 74:685-703. 10.1037//0022-3514.74.3.686.
38. Lacey J.I., Lacey B.C. Some autonomic-central nervous system interrelationships. Physiological correlates of emotion 1970, 205-227. Academic Press, New York. P. Black (Ed.).
39. Lang P.J. The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion: fear and anxiety. Anxiety and the anxiety disorders 1985, 131-170. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. A.H. Tuma, J.D. Maser (Eds.).
40. Lang P.J., Bradley M.M. Emotion and the motivational brain. Biological Psychology 2010, 84:437-450. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.007.
41. Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., Cuthbert B.N. Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biological Psychiatry 1998, 44:1248-1263. 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00275-3.
42. Lang P.J., Davis M. Emotion, motivation, and the brain: reflex foundations in animal and human research. Progress in Brain Research 2006, 156:3-29. 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56001-7.
43. Lang P.J., Greenwald M.K. The international affective picture system standardization procedure and initial group results for affective judgments: Technical reports 1A & 1B 1988, Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida, Gainesville.
44. Mauss I.B., Robinson M.D. Measures of emotion: a review. Cognition and Emotion 2009, 23:209-237. 10.1080/02699930802204677.
45. Miller P.A., Eisenberg N. The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin 1988, 103:324-344. 10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.324.
46. Olofsson J.K., Nordin S., Sequeira H., Polich J. Affective picture processing: an integrative review of ERP findings. Biological Psychology 2008, 77:247-265. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.006.
47. Osborne J.W., Overbay A. The power of outliers (and why researchers should always check for them). Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 2004, 9. Retrieved from. http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp%3fv%3d9%26n%3d6.
48. Palomba D., Angrilli A., Mini A. Visual evoked potentials, heart rate responses and memory to emotional pictorial stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology 1997, 27:55-67. 10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00751-4.
49. Patrick C.J., Bradley M.M., Lang P.J. Emotion in the criminal psychopath: startle reflex modulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1993, 102:82-92. 10.1037//0021-843X.102.1.82.
50. Paulhus D.L., Hemphill J.D., Hare R.D. Manual for the self-report psychopathy scale 2009, Multi-Health Systems, Toronto.
51. Sagar S., Boardley I.D., Kavussanu M. Fear of failure and students' interpersonal antisocial behaviour in education and sport. British Journal of Educational Psychology 2011, 81(3):391-408.
52. Sharp C., van Goozen S., Goodyer I. Children's subjective emotional reactivity to affective pictures: gender differences and their antisocial correlates in an unselected sample of 7-11 year olds. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2006, 47:143-150.
53. Singer T., Seymour B., O'Doherty J., Kaube H., Dolan R.J., Frith C. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 2004, 303:1157-1162. 10.1126/science.1093535.
54. Smith A. The theory of moral sentiments 1759, A. Millar, London.
55. Stanger N., Kavussanu M., Ring C. Put yourself in their boots: effects of empathy on emotion and aggression. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2012, 34:208-222.
56. Stotland E. Exploratory investigations of empathy. Advances in experimental social psychology 1969, Vol. 4:271-313. Academic Press, New York.
57. Tabachnick B.G., Fidell L.S. Using multivariate statistics 2007, Harper & Row, New York. 5th ed.
58. Vasey M.W., Thayer J.F. The continuing problem of false positives in repeated measures ANOVA in psychophysiology: a multivariate solution. Psychophysiology 1987, 24:479-486. 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00324.x.
59. Vrana S.R., Spence E.L., Lang P.J. The startle probe response: a new measure of emotion?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1988, 97:487-491.