The holocaust and genocide

The Historiography of the Holocaust

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 533-555

  Moses, A Dirk ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84864351087     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230524507     Document Type: Chapter

References (157)

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2. Z. Garber and B. Zuckerman, 'Why do we call the Holocaust "the Holocaust?"', Modern Judaism, 9, 2 (1989), 197-211.
3. Y. Bauer, 'Whose Holocaust?' in Genocide and Human Rights: A Global Anthology, ed. J. N. Porter (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1982), p. 42
4. P. Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), p. 220.
5. Bauer, 'Whose Holocaust?', 35, 38.
6. D. Levy and N. Sznaider, 'Memory Unbound: The Holocaust and the Formation of Cosmopolitan Memory', European Journal of Social Theory, 5, 1 (2002), 100
7. H. Flanzbaum, 'The Americanization of the Holocaust', Journal of Genocide Research, 1 (1999), 91-104.
8. J.C. Alexander, 'On the Social Construction of Moral Universals: The "Holocaust" from War Crime to Trauma Drama', European Journal of Social Theory, 5, 1 (2002), 5-85.
9. D.E. Stannard, American Holocaust (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)
10. I. Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (New York: Basic Books, 1997)
11. R.C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986)
12. V.N. Dadrian, 'The Convergent Aspects of the Armenian and Jewish Cases of Genocide', Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 3, 2 (1988), 151-69.
13. G. Heinsohn, 'What Makes the Holocaust a Uniquely Unique Genocide?', Journal of Genocide Research, 2 (2000), 411-30
14. P. Papazian, 'A "Unique Uniqueness"?' Midstream, 30, 4 (1984), 14-18
15. S.T. Katz, The Holocaust in Historical Context, vol. 1 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994)
16. Y. Bauer, 'Comparison of Genocides', in Studies in Comparative Genocide, ed. L. Chorbajian and G. Shirinian (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1999), pp. 31-43
17. D. Stone, Constructing the Holocaust: A Study in Historiography (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2003), chapter 5.
18. I.W. Charny, 'Comparative Study of Genocide', in The Encyclopedia of Genocide, vol. 1, ed. I.W. Charny (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1999), pp. 10
19. S. Totten and S.L. Jacobs, eds., Pioneers of Genocide Studies: Confronting Mass Death in the Century of Genocide (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002).
20. M. Levene, 'Is the Holocaust Simply Another Example of Genocide?', Patterns of Prejudice, 28, 2 (1994), 3-26
21. H.H. Huttenbach, 'Locating the Holocaust on the Genocide Spectrum', Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 3 (1988), 289-303.
22. D.E. Stannard, 'Uniqueness as Denial: The Politics of Genocide Scholarship', in Is the Holocaust Unique?, ed. A.S. Rosenbaum, 2nd edition (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001), pp. 163-208.
23. M.I. Sherman, 'Holocaust and Genocide Studies', in Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, ed. Charny, p. 295.
24. D. Moshman, 'Conceptual Constraints on Thinking about Genocide', Journal of Genocide Research, 3 (2001), 434.
25. I. Clendinnen, 'First Contact', The Australian's Review of Books (May 2001), 6-7. 26.
26. Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, pp. 37, 65, 100f, 306, n. 77.
27. R. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals of Redress (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment of International Peace, 1944).
28. S.L. Jacobs, 'Genesis of the Concept of Genocide according to its Author from the Original Sources', Human Rights Review (January-March 2002), 102.
29. Jacobs, 'Genesis of the Concept of Genocide', 102.
30. A. Walicki, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: The Case of Poland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982).
31. Jacobs, 'Genesis of the Concept of Genocide', 102.
32. Lemkin, quoted in H. Fein, Genocide: A Sociological Inquiry (London: Sage, 1993), pp. 11-12.
33. S. Holmes, 'Looking Away', London Review of Books (14 November 2002).
34. M. Ignatieff, 'The Danger of a World without Enemies: Lemkin's Word', The New Republic (21 February 2001).
35. S. Power, 'A Problem from Hell': America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 2002), p. 21.
36. Lemkin, Axis Rule, p. xiii.
37. Jacobs, 'Genesis of the Concept of Genocide', 99-100.
38. L.J. LeBlanc, The United States and the Genocide Convention (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991), pp. 16-19.
39. R. Lemkin, 'Acts Constituting a General (Transnational) Danger Considered as Offences against the Law of Nations', 1933: http://www.preventgenocide.org/ lemkin/madrid1933-english.htm
40. Lemkin, Axis Rule, pp. 91-2.
41. Power, 'A Problem from Hell', p. 24.
42. Power, 'A Problem from Hell', p. 29, n. 32, p. 522:
43. Churchill was referring to Russians rather than Jews. On 49 family members: Jacobs, 'Genesis of the Concept of Genocide', 102.
44. Katz, Holocaust in Historical Context, p. 129.
45. Y. Ternon, 'Reflections on Genocide', in Minority Peoples in the Age of Nation-States, ed. G. Chaliand (London: Pluto Press, 1989), p. 127.
46. W. Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1997), pp. 67-75.
47. Lemkin, Axis Rule, p. 81.
48. Lemkin, Axis Rule, p. xi.
49. Lemkin, Axis Rule, p. 79.
50. Lemkin, Axis Rule, pp. 138f., 196, 236f.
51. R. Lemkin, 'Genocide as a Crime under International Law', American Journal of International Law, 41, 1 (1947), 147.
52. Lemkin, Axis Rule, p. 91.
53. Lemkin, Axis Rule, p. 80.
54. Lemkin, Axis Rule, p. 79.
55. Lemkin, Axis Rule, p. 80.
56. Lemkin, Axis Rule, p. 8f.
57. R. Lemkin, 'Genocide: A Modern Crime', Free World , 4 (April, 1945), 39-43.
58. Bauer, 'Whose Holocaust?', 39
59. Bauer, 'The Place of the Holocaust in Contemporary History', in Studies in Contemporary Jewry, Vol. 1, ed. J. Frankel (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1984), pp. 204-5
60. Bauer, 'The Place of the Holocaust in History', Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2 (1987), 211f, 215.
61. Cf. Katz, Holocaust in Historical Context, pp. 129-30, n. 15.
62. Lemkin, Axis Rule, pp. 89, 77f.
63. Lemkin, Axis Rule, pp. 21f.
64. Lemkin, Axis Rule, p. 81.
65. Making Law and History in the Trials of the Holocaust (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001)
66. M. Lippman, 'The Drafting of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide', Boston University International Law Journal, 3, 1 (1985), 45.
67. M.R. Marrus, 'The Holocaust at Nuremberg', Yad Vashem Studies, 26 (1998), 41.
68. Lippman, 'The Drafting of the 1948 Convention', 7.
69. Power, 'A Problem from Hell', pp. 51-4.
70. L. Kuper, Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), 19-40.
71. Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide, pp. 410f.
72. N. Robinson, The Genocide Convention: A Commentary (New York: Institute of Jewish Affairs, 1960), p. 123.
73. W.A. Schabas, Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 179
74. R. Lemkin, 'Totally Unofficial Man', in Pioneers of Genocide Studies, eds. S. Totten and S.L. Jacobs (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002), p. 393.
75. Lippman, 'The Drafting of the 1948 Convention', 7.
76. Lippman, 'The Drafting of the 1948 Convention', 31.
77. J. Morsink, 'Cultural Genocide, the Universal Declaration, and Minority Rights', Human Rights Quarterly, 21 (1999), 1009-60.
78. Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide, pp. 410f.
79. Robinson, The Genocide Convention, p. 132.
80. M. Lippman, 'Genocide: The Crime of the Century. The Jurisprudence of Death at the Dawn of the Millenium', Houston Journal of International Law, 23, 3 (2001), 477.
81. S.L. Jacobs, 'Raphael Lemkin and the Armenian Genocide', in Looking Backward, Moving Forward: Confronting the Armenian Genocide, ed. R.G. Hovannisian (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003), pp. 125-36.
82. Lippman, 'The Drafting of the 1948 Convention', 29.
83. Schabas, Genocide in International Law, p. 63.
84. Robinson, The Genocide Convention, p. 147.
85. V.N. Dadrian, 'The Historical and Legal Interconnections between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust', Yale Journal of International Law, 23, 2 (1998), 504, 553.
86. Y. Beigbeder, Judging War Criminals: The Politics of International Justice (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1999), p. 28.
87. M.C. Bassiouni, Crimes against Humanity in International Criminal Law, 2nd revised edition (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999), pp. 73f.
88. Schabas, Genocide in International Law, pp. 36-8.
89. D. Bloxham, Genocide on Trial: War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
90. Beigbeder, Judging War Criminals, p. 48.
91. Power, 'A Problem from Hell', pp. 49.
92. Bloxham, Genocide on Trial, p. 67.
93. Schabas, Genocide in International Law, p. 42.
94. A. Dirk Moses, 'Conceptual Blockages and Definitional Dilemmas in the "Racial Century": Genocides of Indigenous Peoples and the Holocaust', Patterns of Prejudice, 36, 4 (2002), 7-36.
95. K. Jonassohn and F. Chalk, 'A Typology of Genocide and Some Implications for the Human Rights Agenda', in Genocide and the Modern Age, ed. I. Walliman and M.N. Dobkowski (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987), pp. 3-20
96. F. Chalk and K. Jonassohn, 'The History and Sociology of Genocidal Killings', in Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review, ed. I. Charny (London: Mansell, 1988)
97. F. Chalk and K. Jonassohn, eds., The History and Sociology of Genocide (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990).
98. Chalk and Jonassohn, History and Sociology of Genocide, p. 23.
99. P.N. Drost, The Crime of State, 2 vols (Leyden: A.W. Sythoff, 1959).
100. B. Harff, 'Genocide as State Terrorism', in Government Violence and Repression, ed. M. Stohl and G. A. Lopez (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), pp. 165f.
101. Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955', American Political Science Review, 97, 1 (2003), 57-73.
102. B. Harff and T.R. Gurr, 'Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides', International Studies Quarterly, 32 (1988), 360.
103. I. Horowitz, Genocide: State Power and Mass Murder (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1976)
104. L.H. Legters, 'The Soviet Gulag: Is it Genocidal?', in Toward the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide, ed. I.W. Charny (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988), pp. 60-6
105. V.N. Dadrian, 'A Typology of Genocide', International Review of Modern Sociology, 5 (1975), 201-12.
106. C.P. Scherrer, 'Towards a Theory of Modern Genocide', Journal of Genocide Research, 1 (1999), 15
107. A. Kimenyi and O.L. Scott, Anatomy of Genocide: State Sponsored Mass-Killings in the Twentieth Century (Lewiston, ME: Edwin Mellen Press, 2001).
108. F. Chalk, 'Definitions of Genocide and their Implications for Prediction and Prevention', Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 4, 2 (1989), 158.
109. Lippman, 'Drafting of the 1948 Convention', 9.
110. H. Fein, Accounting for Genocide: National Responses and Jewish Victimization During the Holocaust (New York: Free Press, 1979), p. 4.
111. Fein, Genocide: A Sociological Perspective, pp. 13, xv. First published in Current Sociology, 38, 1 (1990).
112. R. Arens, Genocide in Paraguay (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976).
113. R. Lemarchand and D. Martin, Selective Genocide in Burundi (London: Minority Rights Group, 1974)
114. K. Chaudhui, Genocide in Bangladesh (Bombay: Orient Longman, 1972).
115. R.W. Smith, 'Human Destructiveness and Politics: The Twentieth Century as an Age of Genocide', in Genocide and the Modern Age, eds. Wallimann and Dobkowski, pp. 21-40.
116. J.-P. Sartre, 'On Genocide', New Left Review, 48 (1968)
117. Sartre expanded his essay into a book: On Genocide (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986).
118. L. Kuper, Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), pp. 35f, 55.
119. I.W. Charny, 'Toward a Generic Definition of Genocide', in Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions, ed. G.J. Andreopolous (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994).
120. W. Churchill, 'Genocide: Toward a Functional Definition', Alternatives, 11 (1986), 403-30.
121. Helen Fein conceded that Churchill's notion was 'creative', but dismissed it because it was legal rather than sociological: Genocide: A Sociological Perspective, p. 15.
122. Wallimann and Dobkowski, 'Introduction', Genocide and the Modern Age, p. xvi.
123. T. Barta, 'Relations of Genocide: Land and Lives in the Colonization of Australia', in Genocide and the Modern Age, ed. Wallimann and Dobkowski, pp. 237-52.
124. Typical criticisms are Chalk, 'Definitions of Genocide', 155-7 and Fein, Genocide: A Sociological Perspective, pp. 15f, 79f.
125. Lemkin, Axis Rule, p. 79.
126. L. Rey, 'Holocaust in Indonesia', New Left Review, 36 (March-April 1966), 26-40.
127. Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide, p. 4.
128. G.D. Rosenfeld, 'The Politics of Uniqueness: Reflections on the Recent Polemical Turn in Holocaust and Genocide Scholarship', Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 13 (1999), 48.
129. Moshman, 'Conceptual Constraints on Thinking about Genocide', 432.
130. P. Ronayne, Never Again? The United States and the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide since the Holocaust (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001).
131. R. Melson, Revolution and Genocide (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
132. B. Kiernan, 'Myth, Nationalism and Genocide', Journal of Genocide Research, 3 (2001), 190.
133. D. Bloxham, 'Cumulative Radicalisation and the Armenian Genocide: War, National Re-Casting and the Development of a Destruction Policy', Past and Present (forthcoming).
134. M. Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 13.
135. P.R. Bartrop, 'The Holocaust, the Aborigines, and the Bureaucracy of Destruction: An Australian Dimension of Genocide', Journal of Genocide Research, 3 (2001), 84f.
136. D. Stone, 'Modernity and Violence: Theoretical Reflections on the Einsatzgruppen', Journal of Genocide Research, 1 (1999), 367-78.
137. A recent example of this genre is P. Raszelenberg, 'The Khmer Rouge and the Final Solution', History and Memory, 11, 2 (1999), 62-93.
138. M. Levene, 'The Chittagong Hill Tracts: A Case Study in the Political Economy of "Creeping" Genocide', Third World Quarterly, 20 (1999), 339-69
139. M. Levene, 'A Moving Target, the Usual Suspects and (Maybe) a Smoking Gun: The Problem of Pinning Blame in Modern Genocide', Patterns of Prejudice, 33, 4 (1999), 3-24
140. M. Levene, 'The Limits of Tolerance: Nation-State Building and What It Means for Minority Groups', Patterns of Prejudice, 34, 2 (2000), 19-40
141. M. Levene, 'Why is the Twentieth Century the Century of Genocide?', Journal of World History, 11 (2000), 305-36
142. M. Levene, Genocide in the Modern Age, Vol. 1: The Coming of Genocide (London: I.B. Tauris, forthcoming).
143. J. Zimmerer, 'Colonialism and the Holocaust: Towards an Archaeology of Genocide', in Genocide and Settler Society, ed. A. Dirk Moses (New York: Berghahn Books, 2003)
144. I. Hull, 'Military Culture and the Production of "Final Solutions" in the Colonies: the Example of Wilhelminian Germany', in The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, eds. R. Gellately and B. Kiernan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 141-62
145. T. Barta, 'Discourses of Genocide in Germany and Australia: A Linked History', Aboriginal History, 25 (2001), 37-56.
146. M. Mazower, 'Violence and the State in the Twentieth Century', American Historical Review, 107 (2002), 1178.
147. A.L. Hinton, ed., Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).
148. A. Curthoys and J. Docker, eds., special issue of Aboriginal History, 25 (2001)
149. C. Tatz et al., Genocide Perspectives II: Essays on Holocaust and Genocide (Blackheath, NSW: Brandl and Schlesinger, 2003)
150. O. Bartov, Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide and Modern Identity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000)
151. N. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth Century Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001)
152. E.D. Weitz, A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).
153. Lemkin, Axis Rule, p. 80.
154. R. Lemkin, 'Genocide', American Scholar, 15, 2 (1946), 227-30.
155. Lemkin, cited in U. Markino, 'Final Solutions, Crimes Against Mankind: On the Genesis and Criticism of the Concept of Genocide', Journal of Genocide Research, 3 (2001), 55.
156. R.J. Evans, 'History, Memory, and the Law: The Historian as Expert Witness', History and Theory, 41 (2002), 326.
157. M. Chmiel shows, however, that the spirit visited Wiesel on regrettably few occasions. See his Elie Wiesel and the Politics of Moral Leadership (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001).